The construction unit, also known as the owner unit or project owner, refers to the investment subject or investor of the construction project, and is also the main body of the construction project management.
For example, a real estate development company is an enterprise specializing in real estate (land) development. It obtained land use rights through bidding, and then built real estate for sale. This is the business project of a real estate open company.
The company was the owner of the property before it was sold. After the sale, the tenant is the owner. Generally speaking, the owners refer to the owners of real estate, who are the customers or gods of real estate development companies.
The design of the real estate company is undertaken by the design institute. Design institute is an enterprise specializing in various designs, including bridges, houses, factories, machinery and equipment, real estate development companies, etc. The design of real estate development companies is generally undertaken by architectural design institutes.
The construction of real estate is undertaken by the construction unit (generally the general contractor) and has a contractual relationship with the real estate development company. The construction unit will decompose the project and contract it to the construction unit or the construction team respectively, and the two parties will conclude a contractual relationship.
In a word, this is a * * * isomorphism formed by division of labor and interests.
Second, the general contracting enterprises and construction enterprises
"Qualification Grade Standard for Construction Enterprises" is an industry standard formulated by the Ministry of Construction in conjunction with the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Information Industry, the Civil Aviation Administration and other relevant departments in accordance with the Regulations on the Administration of Construction Enterprise Qualification (Order No.87 of the Ministry of Construction).
"Qualification Grade Standard for Construction Enterprises" came into effect on July 1 2006. Qualification Grade Standard for Construction Enterprises (Trial) issued by the Ministry of Construction (J.J. [1995] No.666), Qualification Management Regulations for Precast Concrete Components and Commercial Concrete Production Enterprises (Trial) (J.J. [1993] No.770) and Qualification Grade Standard for Construction Enterprises of Building Curtain Wall Engineering (J.J.
The qualification grade standards of construction enterprises are divided into three parts: the qualification grade standards of construction general contracting enterprises include 12 standard, the qualification grade standards of professional contracting enterprises include 60 standard and the qualification standards of labor subcontracting enterprises include 13 standard.
Construction companies in China are divided into three sequences: general contracting, professional contracting and labor subcontracting. Grading: first, second, third and non-grading. Among them, the first level is the highest.
In this way, engineering companies can be divided into: general contracting level 1, general contracting level 2, general contracting level 3 and general contracting (stepless). Professional contracting level 1, professional contracting level 2, professional contracting level 3, professional contracting (stepless). Labor subcontracting level 1, labor subcontracting level 2, labor subcontracting level 3, labor subcontracting (stepless).
Third, the supervision unit
concept
16 issued by the Ministry of Construction on June 8, 1992 stipulates in Article 2 of the Trial Measures for Qualification Management of Construction Supervision Units that supervision units refer to supervision companies, supervision firms and units that have obtained supervision qualification certificates, have legal person qualifications and undertake engineering design, scientific research and engineering construction consulting of supervision business.
meaning
The supervision unit is an independent business unit entrusted by the owner to supervise the project construction by a third party. With professional knowledge and technology, help users solve complex engineering and technical problems, collect supervision fees, and bear economic and technical responsibilities for the construction supervision services they provide.
Qualification management
Article 13 of the Building Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "Construction enterprises, survey units, design units and engineering supervision units engaged in construction activities can be divided into different qualification grades according to their registered capital, professional and technical personnel, technical equipment and the achievements of completed construction projects. After passing the qualification examination and obtaining the qualification certificate of the corresponding level, they can engage in construction activities within the scope permitted by their qualification level. Article 3 1 stipulates: "The construction unit shall entrust an engineering supervision unit with corresponding qualifications to supervise the supervised construction project. "
Four, engineering consulting and service units
Internationally, the services provided by construction supervision units are classified as engineering consulting services.
Engineering consulting units are divided into three types: comprehensive, professional and management.
The qualification of engineering consulting unit includes three parts: qualification grade, consulting specialty and service scope.
The qualification grades of engineering consulting units are divided into Grade A, Grade B and Grade C. ..
The professional qualifications of engineering consulting units are divided into the following 365,438+0 majors: (1) Highway; (2) Railways; (3) Urban rail transit; (4) Civil aviation; (5) water and electricity; (6) nuclear power and nuclear industry; (7) thermal power; (8) Coal; (9) Oil and natural gas; (10) petrochemical industry; (xi) Chemical industry and medicine; (12) Building materials; (13) machinery; (14) electronics; (15) light industry; (sixteen) textiles and chemical fibers; (17) steel; (eighteen) non-ferrous metallurgy; (XIX) Agriculture; (20) forestry; (2 1) communication information; (twenty-two) radio, film and television; (twenty-three) hydrogeology, engineering investigation, geotechnical engineering; (24) water conservancy projects; (twenty-five) port river and sea engineering; (twenty-six) ecological construction and environmental engineering; (twenty-seven) municipal public works; (28) architecture; (29) urban planning; (thirty) comprehensive economy (not limited to specific majors); (thirty-one) other (fill in by specific major).
The qualification service scope of the engineering consulting unit includes the following eight contents:
(1) Planning consultation: including industry, special and regional development planning consultation;
(2) Preparation of project proposal (including project opportunity study and pre-feasibility study);
(three) the preparation of project feasibility study report, project application report and fund application report;
(4) Evaluation consultation: including project proposal, feasibility study report, project application report, preliminary design evaluation, post-project evaluation, budget and final accounts review, etc. ;
(5) engineering design;
(6) Tendering agency;
(7) Engineering supervision and equipment supervision;
(eight) project management: including the whole process of the project or several stages of management services.
Generally speaking, a unit's qualifications include "Grade B comprehensive" and "Grade A comprehensive". The specific specialty and service scope depends on how NDRC approves it.
But it will not include the total investment of the project and the nature of the project construction.
Five, the general process of engineering construction
General procedure of building engineering
1. Early design
The pre-design stage generally refers to the exploratory stage of the construction project, that is, the pre-investment stage.
This stage includes the formulation of project proposals; Approve the feasibility study report; Form the project evaluation report and other three contents to achieve the final project goal.
⑴.。 project proposal
Project proposal is the initial stage in the development cycle of construction projects. This paper puts forward an outline idea and observes the necessity of project construction from a macro perspective. Its main function is to serve as the basis for selecting construction projects.
The main contents of the project proposal:
1)。 The basis and reason of the construction project, background materials, long-term planning of the proposed site, industry and regional planning materials.
2)。 Preliminary assumption and demonstration of the proposed scale and construction site.
3)。 Resources, construction conditions, feasibility and cooperation reliability.
4)。 Investment estimation and financing assumption.
5)。 Design and construction project schedule.
6)。 Analysis and preliminary estimation of economic and social benefits.
(2). Feasibility study report
The feasibility study report of the project is to compare, demonstrate and predict the benefits after the project is completed by investigating, studying and analyzing the engineering, technology and economic conditions related to the project before the project investment decision is made. On this basis, the technical advancement and applicability of the construction project, the rationality of comprehensive benefits, the possibility and feasibility of construction are comprehensively studied. From this, we can determine whether and how to invest in the project, provide scientific basis for the final decision of project investment, and serve as the basis for the next work.
The feasibility study report of the project shall be compiled by a qualified design unit or consulting company.
The compilation basis and relevant materials of the project feasibility study should mainly include: relevant laws and regulations, construction planning policies, opinions on site selection of construction projects, approval documents of project proposals, environmental testing, market research, natural environment, society, economy and other relevant materials.
The main contents of the feasibility study report shall include:
1)。 On the necessity and foundation of project construction.
2)。 Demand forecast and suggested scale.
3)。 Status of resources, raw materials, fuel and public facilities.
4)。 Construction conditions and general plan.
5)。 Project design scheme.
6)。 Environmental protection.
7)。 Enterprise organization, labor ability and personnel training evaluation.
8)。 Implement the construction schedule and schedule requirements.
9)。 Investment estimation and fund raising.
10)。 Analysis and evaluation conclusion of social and economic benefits.
⑶ 。 Project evaluation report
The project evaluation report is to put forward opinions on the feasibility study report of the proposed project, recognize whether the final project investment is feasible, and determine the best investment scheme.
The main contents of the project evaluation report include:
1)。 Whether the various situations reflected in the comprehensive audit report are determined.
2)。 Analyze whether the indicators in the report are correct.
3)。 Comprehensively analyze and judge the environmental, economic, social and resource benefits of the project from three aspects: enterprise, country and society.
4)。 Analyze and judge the reliability, authenticity and objectivity of the report, put forward conclusive opinions and suggestions on the selection of the project, and make decisions on the final investment limit.
2. Prepare design documents
(1). Bidding for architectural design
In the early stage of design, architectural design planning was also carried out. Architects can analyze and evaluate the site selection according to the project proposal and basic design data, draw up a scheme or carry out conceptual design, and make corresponding pre-design planning for project demonstration and construction project completion.
Before the start of architectural design planning, in order to ensure an excellent design scheme, it is necessary to compare and select schemes openly, fairly and regularly through design bidding, bidding invitation and design competition, and determine the design unit.
During the design bidding, the following information shall be provided to the bidder:
1)。 The approval document of the project proposal.
2)。 Opinions on building planning and site selection shall be approved by the planning and management department.
3)。 Design task book drawn up by the construction unit.
4)。 Topographic and geomorphological surveying and mapping data provided by urban surveying department.
5)。 Geological exploration data.
Architectural design, as a comprehensive subject, has considerable particularity. No matter through design bidding, design invitation or design competition, there is no unified conclusion on how to choose the design scheme and determine the design unit. Need to be further improved and discussed. Otherwise, it will waste social costs and trample on intellectual property rights, and it is difficult to achieve the principles of fairness, openness and integrity.
(2). Architectural design scheme
Scheme design is the most important stage in engineering construction. The judges composed of experts and relevant departments, after full evaluation and demonstration, choose the best scheme from the bidding schemes on the principle of openness and equality. Generally, the best scheme is the winning scheme, and the winning unit is the design unit of this project.
The depth and specific requirements of the scheme design are clearly defined in the Provisions on the Depth of Design Documentation.
⑶ 。 Preliminary design
After the design scheme is determined and adjusted according to the examination and approval opinions, the preliminary design is generally started. For some simple projects, the construction drawing design can also be carried out directly on the basis of the approved scheme. Small and medium-sized projects of general nature should be preliminarily designed. For complex large-scale projects, after the preliminary design is approved, the preliminary design must be expanded and submitted for approval before the construction drawing design can be carried out.
The content and specific requirements of the preliminary design are clearly defined in the Provisions on the Depth of Design Documentation compiled by the Ministry of Construction. The preliminary design generally includes the adjusted plan, building elevation and section; Structural drawings, process technical drawings and detailed design descriptions of structures and equipment disciplines; This paper discusses the main technical and economic indicators and project budget estimate.
After the preliminary design is approved, it shall apply to the urban planning department for a planning permit for construction land, and apply to the land management department for requisition and allocation of land in time.
(4). Construction drawing design
The preliminary design documents shall be approved by the relevant departments before the construction drawing design can be carried out. At present, there are still many construction drawings that are designed and constructed at the same time, that is, the basic drawings are drawn first, and then all the construction details are gradually drawn according to the construction progress. Although this can meet the requirements of on-site construction, it is inevitable that the cooperation of various professions will not be in place, and there will be mistakes, leaks, bumps and deficiencies.
Before the construction drawing is delivered to the construction, the provincial and municipal construction departments must organize the drawing review institutions composed of various professional experts to review and put forward the review opinions. The design unit shall make a written rectification report and complete the construction drawing design after it is approved by the drawing examining unit.
3. Implement the construction process
(1). Build supervision bidding and determine the project supervision unit.
Engineering construction supervision mainly carries out supervision and management activities in the design stage (including design preparation), bidding stage, construction stage, completion acceptance and warranty stage of engineering project construction. At present, engineering construction supervision mainly occurs in the implementation stage of engineering construction.
(2) Bidding for engineering construction to determine the construction unit.
After the construction drawing design is completed, the construction unit will determine the construction unit through construction bidding and sign the construction contract.
(3) Organize the construction.
Before organizing the construction, it is necessary to hold the relevant approval documents and materials to the competent department of city planning administration to issue the construction project planning permit according to the planning and design requirements put forward by the city planning, and go through the commencement formalities.
The construction unit shall, in accordance with the proposed construction organization design scheme and construction progress requirements, ensure the quality and quantity, comprehensively coordinate the subcontracting projects and organize the construction in an orderly manner.
In the whole process of project construction, the project supervisor assists the owner to complete the project within the predetermined investment, schedule and quality objectives. Mainly responsible for investment, schedule, quality control, contract management, organization and coordination.
4. Project debugging, acceptance and final accounts
After the main body of the project and supporting facilities are completed one after another, they should be operated and debugged in time according to the design capacity. After repeated debugging, it can meet the original design requirements, and it can only be delivered after the competent department, design department, quality supervision department, fire protection, civil air defense, sanitation and other relevant units jointly organize inspections.
Generally, after acceptance, the final accounts of the project are made before delivery, and relevant data are filed.