First, the concept and characteristics of bidding
Bidding is an economic activity process between equal subjects, which is caused by the tender's quotation and finally forms an agreement and contract relationship through the tender's choice. It is a paid and binding legal act between "legal persons".
Bidding is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage, and it is a special way of commodity trading. The commodities traded by the tenderee and the bidder are collectively referred to as "targets". In project construction, this "goal" refers to the instructions of project engineering design, civil construction, complete sets of equipment, installation and debugging.
Bidding has the following basic characteristics:
1. Equality, equality of bidding, should be analyzed from the essential attribute of commodity economy, and the basic law of commodity economy is equivalent exchange. Bidding is an economic activity between independent legal persons, which is carried out in accordance with the principles of equality, voluntariness and mutual benefit and standardized procedures. Both parties enjoy equal rights and obligations and are protected and supervised by law. The tenderer shall provide all bidders with the same conditions to enable them to compete fairly.
2. Competitiveness. The core of bidding is competition. According to the regulations, there must be more than three bidders for each tender, forming competition among bidders. They beat other bidders with their own strength, reputation, service and quotation. In addition, there is competition between tenderers and bidders. The tenderer can "select the best" among the bidders, and there is competition if there is choice.
3. openness. Formal bidding activities must publish bidding announcements in publicly issued newspapers and periodicals, break the boundaries of industries, departments, regions and even countries, break the blockade, interference and monopoly of ownership, let all qualified bidders come to bid and compete freely to the maximum extent.
Second, the bidding method
At present, there are five bidding methods adopted at home and abroad:
1. Open tender. Open tender is a tender announcement issued by the tender unit through newspapers, radio, television and other propaganda tools. Any legal person who is interested in the project subject to tender and meets the bidding conditions may submit a letter of intent to the tendering unit within the specified time, and the tendering unit will conduct qualification examination, purchase the bidding documents after approval and bid. Open bidding can give all qualified bidders equal opportunities to compete and attract many bidders, so it is called unlimited bidding. International (domestic) competitive bidding for World Bank loan projects belongs to public bidding.
2. Invite bids. Invited bidding means that the tenderer selects some qualified units to send invitations according to the information accumulated by himself or provided by authoritative consulting institutions, and the invited units (there must be more than three) submit their bidding intentions to the tenderer within the specified time and purchase the bidding documents for bidding.
Invitation bidding is a kind of limited competitive bidding, also known as selective bidding. The advantage of this method is that the invited bidders have advantages in technical level, economic strength, reputation and so on, which can basically ensure the smooth completion of the bidding objectives. Its disadvantage is that if the invitation is emotional, it will make some more competitive bidders lose opportunities.
3. Two-stage bidding. Two-stage bidding is a combination of public bidding and invitation bidding. This method is generally suitable for large-scale bidding projects with complex technology. First of all, the tendering units attract bidders by means of public bidding, prequalify the bidders, and invite more than three bidders with the best conditions to make detailed quotations, bid opening and bid evaluation.
4. Negotiate the bid. For projects that are limited by objective conditions or difficult to form a competitive situation, such as projects with strong professionalism, only a few units have the ability to undertake, and the time is tight, and it is too late to bid according to formal procedures. The competent department may recommend or invite 3 14 companies that are relatively knowledgeable to compare their quotations, and relevant matters shall be determined by both parties through consultation. Bidding negotiation is essentially a non-competitive bidding, strictly speaking, it can't be called bidding. Because the core of bidding behavior is competition, without competition, the original meaning of bidding will be lost.
5. International bidding. The above four bidding methods, if the bidding scope is relaxed to foreign countries, are called international bidding. This bidding method is called ICB for short. In general, ICB is adopted for major engineering construction projects, high-tech projects, technology introduction projects and projects financed by IBRD, IDA and ADB.
Third, the general procedure of bidding
Bidding activities are generally divided into four stages, and now the construction project is taken as an example for analysis.
1. Bid preparation stage. It is basically divided into the following steps: (1) Units with tender conditions fill in the Application for Bidding of Construction Projects and submit it to relevant departments for examination and approval; After approval, organize a bidding team and a bid evaluation committee; Prepare bidding documents and pre-tender estimate. ; Issue a tender announcement; Examining and approving the tendering units; Release the tender documents; Organize bidding meetings and on-site inspections; Accept the tender documents.
2. Bidding preparation stage. According to the tender announcement or the invitation of the tender unit, select the project that meets the construction capacity of the unit, submit the bidding intention to the tender unit, and provide qualification documents and materials; After the prequalification is passed, organize the bidding team, follow up the bidding project and purchase the bidding documents; Participate in bidding meetings and on-site investigations; Prepare bidding documents and submit them to the tender unit within the specified time.
3. The bid opening and evaluation stage. According to the time and place specified in the tender announcement, open the bid opening in the presence of representatives of the tenderee and notaries; The tenderer shall conduct post-qualification examination, inquiry and evaluation of bidders; Bidders should be prepared to answer inquiries, accept inquiries and wait for bid evaluation and award.
4. Decide the labeling stage. The bid evaluation committee puts forward the bid evaluation opinions and submits them to the decision-making unit for determination; According to the contents of the tender, issue a bid-winning notice to the winning bidder. After receiving the notice, the winning bidder will sign a contract with the tendering unit within the prescribed time limit.
Four, China bidding management system and tasks.
(A) the bidding management system
The scale, location and duration of investment projects in China are all controlled by the state plan. Therefore, China's bidding activities are an application of the market mechanism within the control scope of the national plan, and are supervised and guided by the administrative department. At present, the national unified and standardized bidding management system has not yet been formed, but has been gradually established and improved in some industry systems.
1. Bidding for construction projects. The Ministry of Construction has set up a bidding management office, and the construction committees of all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have set up bidding management offices, which are specifically responsible for the organization, management, supervision and inspection of the bidding work of construction projects.
2. Bidding for imported equipment. The State Planning Commission has set up a national bidding center for mechanical and electrical equipment, eight central cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang, Wuhan, Xi and Chongqing have set up bidding companies for mechanical and electrical equipment, and nine provincial capital cities including Shijiazhuang, Jinan, Hefei, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Nanchang, Harbin and Changsha have set up bidding companies for mechanical and electrical equipment. These institutions are responsible for domestic review and international bidding for the introduction of mechanical and electrical equipment, and jointly supervise the import of mechanical and electrical equipment with the mechanical and electrical equipment import review office.
3. Bidding for complete sets of equipment, the complete sets of equipment department was established in ministry of materials and equipment, and complete sets of machinery and equipment bureaus (companies) were established in 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions under the dual leadership of ministry of materials and equipment and the Ministry of Machinery Industry. These institutions are specifically responsible for bidding for complete sets of equipment.
(two) the task of bidding management institutions
1. Formulate and implement the measures, regulations and clauses on tendering and bidding promulgated by the state, local authorities or this system.
2. Register the project subject to tender.
3. Review the qualifications and abilities of the tendering unit or the tendering team and the bid evaluation committee.
4. Approve the bidding documents and pre-tender estimate provided by the bidding team.
5. Supervise the bid opening, evaluation, award and signing.
6. Mediation and handling of disputes, disputes and illegal acts between the tendering and bidding parties.
7 in conjunction with the relevant departments to supervise the performance of the contract of the project subject to tender.
(3) The principles to be followed in bidding.
1. Bidders have equal opportunities and are encouraged to compete with each other.
2. Safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of both parties.
3. According to the procedures stipulated in the bidding method.
4. The bid opening, evaluation and award must be conducted under the supervision of a notary public and in accordance with the requirements and conditions stipulated in the tender.
5. The main terms of an economic contract must meet the conditions stipulated in the tender.
6. Keep secrets.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) bidding procedure and bidding procedure
The purpose of project schedule planning method is to control time and save time, and one of the main characteristics of the project is strict time limit requirements, which determines the importance of schedule planning in project management.
The basic timetable should explain what work must be completed when and how long it will take to complete each task, but it is best to show the number of people required for each activity. The common methods for making progress plans are as follows:
(1) Key Dates Table This is the simplest schedule, which only lists some key activities and dates.
② Gantt chart is also called line chart or bar chart. It is a horizontal line, indicating the start and end time of each activity. Gantt chart is simple, clear, intuitive and easy to compile, so it is still a common tool in small projects. Even in large-scale engineering projects, it is a useful tool for senior managers to understand the overall situation and arrange progress at the grassroots level. On the Gantt chart, you can see the start and end time of each activity. When drawing the start and end time of each activity, their order is also considered. However, the relationship between various activities is not expressed, and the key points that affect the project life cycle are not pointed out. Therefore, for complex projects, Gantt chart is not enough to adapt.
③ Critical path method.
④ program evaluation and review technique (PERT).
CPM and PERT are two planning methods that appeared almost simultaneously in the late 1950s. With the rapid development of science, technology and production, many huge and complex scientific research and engineering projects have emerged. These projects have many working procedures and a wide range of cooperation, and often require a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Therefore, how to organize them reasonably and effectively, make them coordinate with each other, and complete the whole project in the shortest time and at the lowest cost with limited resources has become a prominent and important issue. It is against this background that CPM and PERT appear. These two planning methods are developed independently, but their basic principles are the same, that is, the network diagram is used to express the progress of various activities in the project and the relationship between them, and on this basis, the network analysis is carried out, the maximum time in the network is calculated, the key activities and key routes are determined, and the network is continuously adjusted and optimized through time difference to obtain the shortest cycle. Then, the cost and resources can be considered to obtain a comprehensive and optimized project plan. Because these two methods reflect the whole picture of the project through network diagram and corresponding calculation, they are also called network planning technology.
In addition, some new network technologies such as GERT (graphic evaluation and review technique) and VERT (risk evaluation and review technique) have also been proposed.
Obviously, the time and cost required to adopt the above different schedule planning methods are different. The key date table has the shortest time and the lowest cost. Gantt chart takes longer and costs more. CPM should analyze every activity. If there are many activities, it is necessary to calculate the total construction period and critical route by computer, which will cost more time and cost. PERT method can be said to be the most complicated method to make a project schedule, so it takes the most time and money.
Which scheduling method should be adopted should mainly consider the following factors:
① Project scale. Obviously, small projects should adopt simple schedule planning methods, and large projects need to consider adopting more complicated schedule planning methods to ensure that the project objectives can be achieved on time and with good quality.
② The complexity of the project. It should be noted here that the scale of the project is not always proportional to the complexity of the project. For example, building a expressway is not small in scale, but it is not too complicated, so a simpler schedule planning method can be used. However, developing a small electronic instrument requires complicated steps and a lot of professional knowledge, and may require more complicated schedule planning methods.
③ The urgency of the project. When the project is in urgent need, especially in the initial stage, all work must be given instructions in order to start work as soon as possible. At this time, if it takes a long time to prepare the schedule, it will delay the time.
(4) Mastery of project details. If you can't understand the details of the project from the beginning, CPM and PERT methods can't be applied.
⑤ Whether the overall progress is determined by one or two key issues. If one or two activities need a long time during the project, and other preparatory work can be arranged during this period, there is no need to make detailed and complicated progress plans for other work.
③ Whether there are corresponding technical forces and equipment. For example, if there is no computer, CPM and PERT planning methods are sometimes difficult to apply. Without well-trained and qualified technicians, it is not competent to make progress plans with complicated methods.
In addition, according to different situations, we need to consider the requirements of customers, the budget that can be used in the schedule and other factors. The above factors should be fully considered in the final method of preparing the schedule.
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