Rational suggestion is a psychological process that makes people act in a certain way or accept certain beliefs and opinions through indirect methods.
Case 1:
A female college student suddenly lost her memory of college life because her relationship with her boyfriend deteriorated. She claimed to be preparing for the mock exam of the college entrance examination and called the high school teacher to ask about the college entrance examination. Although everyone around her tried to prove it, she never accepted it. Refuse to go to college after school starts. When asked about her boyfriend, she said that they had always had a good relationship, had no memory of breaking up, and their expressions were unusually calm, as if nothing had happened.
Case 2:
A 30-year-old woman underwent surgery for ovarian lesions. Although the operation was successful, she felt numb in her lower limbs and could not move after the operation. Go home and stay in bed for a few weeks. The left leg is still heavy, but the right leg is beginning to recover. After half a year's treatment, I can walk on the ground with crutches, and my right leg is basically the same. One day, I heard the doctor say, "If you don't walk for half a year, your good leg will be paralyzed." So I felt more and more tired when I walked, and finally I was bedridden and really paralyzed.
Case study:
These are all psychological hints at work. Psychological suggestion is to believe everything others say in secret, without doubt, or to believe everything you feel without doubt. It is a special way of information transmission and the most common special psychological phenomenon in daily life. Psychological suggestion is very powerful because people are very emotional animals. Generally speaking, people who are emotional, imaginative, self-centered, women, children and people with low education are easy to accept hints, and they are easy to accept hints when they are confused or in poor health. Have a high degree of belief or admiration for someone, then the more you can accept his hints. The so-called "sincerity is the spirit" is the truth. Psychological suggestion is a "double-edged sword"
In fact, psychological suggestion has both positive and negative results. It is often what kind of self-suggestion you are used to. Happiness and depression, health and disease have different results. There are two main differences between normal and abnormal psychological hints: one is to see if the ending of the hint is good; The second is to see if the implied content is divorced from reality.
The idiom allusions of "looking at plum to quench thirst", the suggestion training to improve athletes' potential before the competition, and the encouragement and affirmation in the education process are all positive psychological suggestions, which are helpful to form the expected ending.
Bad psychological suggestion is also ubiquitous in life. For example, on weekdays, seeing relatives and friends die of a certain disease, they are extremely sensitive to some physical discomfort, and they suspect that they are also suffering from the diseases of relatives and friends. The hint in drug advertisements is "playing the edge ball", and scammers often use people's hints to cheat. Experts warn that if someone asks you a simple question and you answer six "yes" in a row, you may be hypnotized or cheated.
Psychological suggestion therapy is an ancient treatment method. Usually used for the treatment of mental illness, but in internal medicine, dentistry, obstetrics and gynecology, as well as some functional diseases and psychosomatic diseases, hypnosis is often used in combination.
At present, there is no unified definition of suggestion therapy, which can be understood as a treatment method for doctors to eliminate or alleviate the symptoms of diseases by giving positive suggestions to patients.
Here are some conceptual things:
abstract
Psychological suggestion refers to the psychological characteristics that people accept the influence of the wishes, ideas, emotions, judgments and attitudes of the outside world or others. It is the most common psychological phenomenon in people's daily life. It is a psychological phenomenon that people or environment transmit information to individuals in a very natural way, and individuals inadvertently accept this information and respond accordingly. Psychologist Pavlov believes that suggestion is the simplest and most typical conditioned reflex of human beings. From the psychological mechanism, it is a hypothesis affirmed by subjective will, which may not be justified, but because it has been subjectively affirmed, it tries its best to favor this content psychologically. In our life, we accept hints from the outside world all the time. For example, the suggestive effect of TV advertisements on shopping psychology. Unconsciously, advertising information will enter people's subconscious. This information is constantly repeated and accumulated in people's subconscious. When people are shopping, people's consciousness is subconsciously influenced by these advertising messages, thus affecting your purchasing tendency.
Everyone will be hinted. Hint is a psychological feature of human beings. It is an unconscious self-protection ability formed in the long process of evolution. When people are in a strange and dangerous situation, people will catch clues in the environment according to past experience and make judgments quickly. This process of capture is also a process of being hinted. Therefore, people's suggestibility can not be judged by good or bad, it is an instinct of people.
In order to pursue success and avoid pain, people will unconsciously use various suggestive methods. For example, when difficulties come, people will comfort each other: "It's almost over, it's almost over." Thereby reducing the pain of patience. When people pursue success, they will imagine a beautiful and exciting scene when their goals are realized. This beautiful scenery hints people, provides them with motivation, improves their frustration tolerance and maintains a positive mental state.
Hypnosis is a method or technique of psychological suggestion. Meditation, yoga, qigong and meditation in religion are all psychological suggestion techniques. In this regard, we should have a scientific attitude and correctly explain people's suggestibility.
kind
Hints can be divided into self-suggestion and other hints. Self-suggestion refers to accepting a certain idea, exerting some influence on one's own psychology, and making emotions and will play a role. For example, some people look in the mirror, get dressed and have their hair cut before going to work or going out for business in the morning. Some people look at their faces in the mirror and feel that their upper eyelids are swollen. "Why they didn't sleep well last night. At this time, they immediately felt unhappy. They wonder if they have kidney disease, and then they feel weak and have low back pain. So they felt unable to go to work and even went to the hospital for medical treatment. This is the negative self-suggestion that is harmful to health. And some people are not. When you see yourself pale in the mirror, feeling a little depressed due to poor sleep, and your eyes are black, you should immediately control your nervousness with reason, and suggest to yourself that you will go outdoors, do exercise, practice Tai Ji Chuan and breathe fresh air, and you will be refreshed and go to work happily. This positive self-suggestion is beneficial to physical and mental health.
He suggested that it refers to a psychological phenomenon when individuals interact with others, and others make their emotions and will work. For example, the army of Cao Cao in ancient Wei was marching on the road, and the soldiers were thirsty because of the hot weather. Cao Cao saw it and said loudly to the soldiers, "There is Merlin ahead." Hearing this, the soldier was refreshed and his mouth immediately began to salivate. This is Cao Cao's clever use of the hint of "looking at plum to quench thirst" to boost morale.
function
Hint has a great influence on people.
1. Negative effects: Sometimes it will bring bad effects to the human body. For example, "fake pregnancy" means that some lesbians really want to get pregnant after marriage, and they are very afraid of menstruating on time because of anxiety, which leads to pregnancy failure. Because of this urgent mood, I feel pregnant after my menstruation expires. Soon I began to feel anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and like to eat irritating food, so I went to the hospital. But after the doctor's examination, I found that I was not pregnant. This is because the psychological factors of strong pregnancy desire and anxiety destroy the normal progress of human endocrine function, especially affect the regulation of ovarian function by hypothalamus and pituitary gland, increase progesterone in the body, inhibit ovulation, and cause temporary amenorrhea.
2. Positive effect: Hint can also have a positive effect on human body. For example, hints can tap people's memory potential. Someone did an experiment in which two groups of students were asked to read the same poem. Before reading aloud, the first group tried to tell them that it was a poem by a famous poet, which was a hint. For the second group, the master tried not to tell them who wrote this poem. Ask students to write silently immediately after reading aloud. The results showed that the memory rate of the first group was 56.6%. The memory rate of the second group was 30.65438 0%. This shows that authoritative tips have a great influence on students' memory.
App application
Clinically, suggestion can also treat diseases. In psychological counseling, counselors often use verbal or non-verbal means (language, gestures, expressions, actions and certain situations, etc.). ) exert implicit and indirect influence on the psychology and behavior of visitors, and guide them to obey the opinions of consultants, so as to achieve a certain purpose of consultation, that is, the use of psychological hints. For example, a woman, whose husband died suddenly in a car accident, was mentally stimulated and became blind because of grief. However, after examination by a doctor, there was no lesion in the eye structure and it was diagnosed as psychological blindness. Many aspects have not been cured. Later, during hypnotherapy, the hypnotist suggested that her vision had recovered and said to her, "I'll count to five, count to five, and you can see when you wake up." The hypnotist slowly counted to one, two, three, four and five. When the patient woke up, he found that his vision had completely recovered.
1. Other people's hints and their own hints
Other people's hints: that is, the hints given by the consultant to the visitors. It mainly uses the prestige of the consultant to convey some ideas to the visitors implicitly, so as to enhance or improve the psychological state of the visitors, adjust their behavior or physiological functions, and achieve the purpose of consultation and treatment.
Self-suggestion: that is, the visitor's own suggestion to himself. In psychological counseling, on the one hand, the consultant's diagnosis and treatment language and behavior are very important and should be used with caution to avoid negative hints; On the other hand, counselors must inspire and guide visitors to exert their self-awareness adjustment ability, eliminate those self-suggestions that increase their mental burden and are not conducive to mental health, and cultivate positive and optimistic self-suggestions to make them develop in a direction that meets the treatment requirements and is conducive to eliminating diseases.
2. Direct suggestion and indirect suggestion
Direct suggestion: refers to the psychological counselor using skilled language or expression to induce and hint the visitors, so that the patients can change their original morbid feelings and bad attitudes and achieve the purpose of treatment.
Indirect suggestion: it refers to putting the treatment seeker in a specific environment with the help of some stimulus or instrument, and then combining the speech attitude of the treatment seeker with suggestion.
3. Preventive measures
The effect of suggestion can be positive or negative. Positive suggestion can help the implied person to stabilize his mood, build up self-confidence and overcome difficulties and setbacks, while negative suggestion will have a bad influence on the implied person. Therefore, teachers should consciously give students positive psychological hints and avoid negative psychological hints. At the same time, teachers should pay attention to guiding students to change negative self-suggestion into positive self-suggestion. For example, in the adjustment of examination psychology, teachers should guide students to change "I have no idea, I'm afraid I can't pass the exam" into "others can do it, so can I".
In other people's hints, the effect of hints depends largely on the prestige of the suggester in the mind of the hinted person. This requires the implementer of the proposal to have high prestige and convincing personality strength.
The more implicit the hint, the better the effect. Therefore, in psychological counseling and education, it is best to make requests in the form of orders as little as possible. If we can use subtle and ingenious methods to guide, we can get better results.
Hint to be artistic. Teachers should try their best to match students' activities with appropriate art forms, such as interesting stories and competitive games, and directly appeal to people's emotions through form, color, rhythm and rhythm and irrational intuition. Make students receive education in a positive atmosphere and promote students to form a positive psychological tendency.
The role of criminal investigation: criminal suspects will use the general psychological characteristics of people to commit crimes. Psychological crime is more terrible than actual behavior crime, especially the behavior of controlling others' thinking through psychological suggestion to achieve the purpose of crime is even more chilling. But psychological suggestion is not effective for everyone, and three conditions must be met: first, the victim must be the kind of person with strong psychological suggestion; Second, unexpected events have played a suggestive role in him and achieved remarkable results; Third, the victim must have accumulated serious psychological problems.
With the development of criminal investigation science, criminal investigation experts will also use the role of psychological suggestion to carefully screen cases, so as to find clues in detection and skillfully restore the whole process of criminal suspects committing crimes. Thereby greatly reducing the harm of such crimes to human beings.
Mystery of psychological suggestion
With regard to psychological suggestion, the Psychological Dictionary describes it as follows: "In an implicit and indirect way, it affects the psychology and behavior of others. Hints often make others unconsciously act in a certain way, or accept certain opinions or beliefs uncritically. " It can be seen that suggestion is essentially human emotions and ideas, which will be influenced by others' subconscious to varying degrees.
So why do people unconsciously accept the influence of others? To answer this question, we must have a preliminary understanding of a person's psychological process of decision-making and judgment. In fact, people's judgment and decision-making process is made by the "self" part of personality after synthesizing personal needs and environmental restrictions. Such decisions and judgments are called "opinions". A healthy person with a developed "self" is usually what we call a "self-determined" and "self-controlled" person. However, people are not gods, have no omnipotent self and have no perfect self. In this way, "self" is not always right, nor is it always "self-righteous". The imperfection of "self" and some defects of "self" leave room for external influence and provide opportunities for others' hints. However, the existence of external influence space and the opportunity to be hinted easily do not mean that you will be hinted. The success of suggestion also needs a necessary condition, that is, the implied person must have an inferiority complex with the foreign suggester-he feels that he is not as good as the suggester, that he is better than himself, that he should consult the suggester, that he must accept his judgment, and that he must accept the influence of the suggester. In fact, in essence, this kind of advice is to replace or simply replace your own thinking and judgment with the wisdom of people who think they are better than you. Of course, such inferiority, self-mockery, and worship and exaggeration of the suggester's ability are rarely realized by the suggester. These psychological processes usually occur in the subconscious. So hinting usually happens unconsciously. Moreover, we will find that people will unconsciously accept the influence and hints of people they like, worship, trust and worship. This partial abandonment of independent judgment has certain adaptive significance, which enables people to accept the guidance of wise men as a supplement to the imperfect "self". This is a hint of the positive side. The premise of this positive effect is that a person must have enough self and a certain opinion, and hints can only be used as a supplement and assistance to "self" and "opinion". On the surface, some positive hints seem to play a decisive role. In fact, the effect of positive suggestion on the implied person is like "making the finishing point". For example, if an athlete's performance is very close to the world record, at this time, the teacher he admires euphemistically implies: "You can do it, you will definitely win the first place!" " "It was this hint that inspired all his potential and made him really win the first place in the competition. This kind of positive suggestion plays the role of making the finishing point. On the contrary, a poor athlete, because of his limited strength, can't create miracles even if he hints at perfection and better results.
Psychological suggestion also has a very negative side, that is, it is easy to be manipulated and controlled and become a victim of others or heresy. As we just discussed, the premise of psychological suggestion is self-imperfection and defect. Then if a person's ego is very weak and naive, it will be easily occupied and ruled by others' "hints". This kind of person's personality itself has a serious tendency to rely on. It can even be said that in their subconscious, there is a desire and need to accept hints, control and manipulation. Because these people have a serious sense of inferiority and insecurity, they often create all kinds of myths through fantasy, imagining that a powerful god can take over, dominate their destiny and bring them good luck.
This mentality often hits it off with foreign hints, as if there is a tacit understanding. Therefore, those who have no opinions, those who listen to other people's suggestions, those who are more dependent, those who are more naive, those who are sick or have suffered mental shock are often easy to become a member of the group that accepts bad hints. These people are more willing to believe all kinds of rumors about disasters or superstitions' magical powers and magical effects. Creators or legends of various superstitions are either super liars who know the weakness of human nature, or psychopaths who deceive themselves and others, and have the art of self-suggestion and others' suggestion that is abnormally developed because of metamorphosis. Creators and groups that need "God" to take over and enslave are a pair of morbid psychological complementary complexes that need each other. When the two demands converge, it will form the soil and environment where all kinds of superstitions breed. At this point, bad negative hints may be popular.
Because the personality basis of suggestion is fragile, and the theoretical basis of suggestion is based on false fantasy, suggestion is always in danger of failure, and those who seek suggestion to support themselves have to change their worship objects frequently. Therefore, those who swear to believe in a certain achievement method can suddenly attack it one day and fall at the feet of another magical achievement method. We can assert that people who are easy to accept hints are never true believers or religious believers, because they have no real opinions about themselves, they are not their own masters, and they will believe in anything magical, anything that can meet their dependent needs, and anything popular. From this, we can't understand that for so many years, no so-called "magic skill" has really spread, and almost all of them are short-lived. Because the people who create the "magic achievement method" and their followers are immature and unstable, of course, they have no accurate judgment ability, let alone firm belief.
To sum up, the essence of suggestion is that people will be influenced by others because of their own weaknesses, and they can seriously accept other people's views without analyzing and criticizing them, even heresy. The more dependent a person is, the more naive his personality is. The less self-righteous, the easier it is for others to hint, control, enslave, believe in heresy and be "possessed". From this perspective, being too sensitive to hints and willing to believe in miracles is actually a weakness and defect, which indicates a person's naivety and means a person's immaturity. If you don't fundamentally change, it's easy to just walk out of practice, re-enchant, and step from "fire" to "possession".
Several psychological hints of happiness
To express one's inner feelings in language, there is an "introspection method" in psychological research, which is to let people calmly observe their inner depths and then tell the results truthfully. This can release nervous emotions and make people feel more relaxed. Treat every failure as if it were the last time. Everyone will have a bad day. Try to say to yourself when you are most unhappy and failed: "This is the worst thing, and nothing worse will happen." Now that the "worst thing" has happened, what is there to be afraid of? Now that we have reached the lowest point, it's time to come! When you give yourself such psychological hints at the worst time, you will enhance your sense of security and give yourself confidence.
Don't always emphasize negative results to yourself. We shouldn't always remind ourselves "I fell down here yesterday", "There are always traffic accidents on this road" and so on. Because the more we do this, the more nervous we will be. Therefore, smart people should avoid reminding themselves with the lessons of failure, but should use more positive hints, such as "you won't fall if you walk steadily" and "slow down when you pass this section" and so on. This kind of positive suggestion and guidance is much better than always emphasizing negative results to yourself.
Adjust your mood through "car preheating". Drivers all know that the engine should be warmed up before the car goes on the road, so as to ensure the good driving condition of the car and do things the same. Don't rush to work when you haven't completely got rid of the "weekend syndrome" on Monday morning. You can communicate with your colleagues first, or look through last week's work log first. After you "warm up" your mood, you can enter the working state with a brand-new look. Meet the challenge at the best time.
Everyone has their own "emotional cycle", and sometimes people will inevitably fall into an inexplicable emotional trough. At this time, you should do some simple work first, and don't add too much burden to yourself. We can deal with those thorny problems when we are in high spirits, because a good mood can stimulate full enthusiasm for work, promote people's confidence and produce a desire to overcome difficulties. People meet challenges in a good state, which can dilute the difficult mood. Don't label yourself as a failure. Don't always say to yourself "my ability is really poor", "I lack flexible skills", "everyone doesn't like me" and so on. You know, sometimes it's you who can really knock you down. Therefore, don't always label yourself as "this can't work, that can't work", but give yourself more encouragement and confidence. I believe that I am not worse than others, and success will definitely belong to confident people!
The influence of psychological suggestion on people
Psychology believes that people have a tendency to maintain their "autonomous" status consciously or unconsciously, and are unwilling to be interfered or controlled by others. From this perspective, the role of suggestion is often greater than direct persuasion or instruction or command. Simply tell the child: "Go to sleep!" "Close your eyes!" It often doesn't work, but sometimes it makes children more excited. At this time, you might as well tell your child a story under the covers: "One day, the duckling will go out to play. Mother told him that all the other children were asleep. The duckling won't listen. He came to the river and saw that all the fish were asleep. When I went to the Woods, I saw all the puppies asleep. Walking into the field, the chickens fell asleep, fell asleep, fell asleep, fell asleep, and closed their eyes. The duckling thinks, mom is right, and I want to sleep, too. So, he ... "When telling a story, pay attention to the monotonous and tired voice, and at the same time repeat" sleep "and" close your eyes ",the voice gradually weakens, and finally nothing happens. You close your eyes and keep yawning while telling a story. Try it, it works!
There is a factory in Tennessee, USA, which recruits many workers from the nearby countryside. Because these workers are not used to working in the workshop, they always feel that there is too little air in the workshop, so they are worried and their work efficiency naturally decreases. Later, the factory tied a thin silk scarf to the window and it kept fluttering, suggesting that the air was poured in from the window. Therefore, the workers got rid of the "heart disease" and improved their work efficiency.
Hint not only affects people's psychology or behavior, but also causes people's physiological changes. In the laboratory, experimenters were repeatedly given a lot of sugar water. After examination, he was found to have increased blood sugar, diabetes and increased urine output. Later, in the absence of sugar water, the experimenter hinted through language that the above physiological changes would also occur. This experiment shows that language clues can replace physical objects and give the human brain an exciting stimulus. Although the subjects did not drink sugar water, the human brain still participated in the metabolism of sugar in the body. People often say that "looking at plums to quench thirst" is also because of the positive influence of hints.
Someone has done the experiment of "artificial imprint". Stick a stamp-sized wet paper on the subject's skin and tell him that his skin will have a fever after sticking it. After a while, the paper was removed and the skin turned red. Others put a metal coin on the arm of the suggester, suggesting that the coin has just been baked on the fire, which will burn the skin and make it blister. Not long after, blisters really appeared under the coin, with traces of second-degree burns.
Many energetic people, once they know that they have some diseases (especially "incurable diseases" such as cancer). ), immediately became depressed, bedridden, did not think about diet, the condition deteriorated rapidly, and even died in a short time, which was largely caused by psychological hints. An old woman in Sweden just caught a cold, but because the church priest visited her three times a day, she suspected that she was terminally ill. A few days later, she died of a nervous breakdown. Readers, will you visit and care for patients? Please don't play with compassion on your face!
Hint has both positive and negative meanings. When children take the college entrance examination, parents always say, "Don't be nervous"; When the child's academic performance is not good, parents always scold him: "stupid"; When the child is picky about food, the parents tell him in front of the child: "He doesn't eat cabbage"; When a child wets the bed, his parents always defend him: "He can't pee"; All these will encourage some bad tendencies. Repeated hints will make the other person form a corresponding psychological orientation, which will have the opposite effect to the parents' wishes.
A short story about psychological suggestion
(1). The psychological novel Fresh Air by the British writer Soren tells a story like this:
Wilson, the hero, likes fresh air more than anyone else. One winter, he stayed in a high-end hotel in Finland. It was particularly cold that winter, and the windows were tightly closed to prevent the cold flow. Although the room was very comfortable, Wilson was uneasy at the thought that fresh air could not enter at all, and it was difficult for him to sleep. At last, he couldn't bear it any longer. He picked up a leather shoe and threw it at something like glass. He fell asleep peacefully after hearing the sound of broken glass.
When he woke up the next day, he saw intact windows and broken photo frames on the wall. Soren's novels involve an important psychological concept-suggestion.
② Looking at plum to quench thirst and psychological suggestion.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao led troops to crusade against Zhang Xiu. It was July and August, the sun was blazing, and there were no clouds in Wan Li. The soldiers were thirsty and the marching speed slowed down obviously. Several weak soldiers fainted on the side of the road. Cao Cao was very anxious when he saw this scene. He believes that if this continues, the troops will not reach their destination as scheduled and their combat effectiveness will be greatly weakened. So he called the tour guide and asked if there was any water nearby. The guide said that the nearest water source is on the other side of the valley and there is still a long way to go. After thinking for a while, Cao Cao grabbed the horse's stomach and quickly rushed to the front of the team. Then he happily turned his horse's head and said to the soldiers, "Soldiers, there is a large piece of Merlin in front, where the plums are all red." It must be delicious Let's speed up our steps, cross this hill and reach Meilin! " When the soldiers heard this, they couldn't help but breathe a sigh of relief, their spirits were greatly boosted, and their pace was much faster.
Psychoanalysis: Cao Cao, an outstanding strategist and politician in history, used a very important psychological phenomenon-suggestion consciously or unconsciously in psychology. Hint is the most common psychological phenomenon. It means that people or the surrounding environment transmit information to individuals in a verbal or nonverbal way, and individuals unconsciously accept this information, thus making certain psychological or behavioral responses. Russian psychologist Pavlov believes that suggestion is the simplest and most typical conditioned reflex of human beings.
Psychological suggestion is always widely used by people intentionally or unintentionally. For example, the famous "Rosenthal effect" is an authoritative suggestion. Teachers' positive expectations for children and leaders' proper praise for subordinates can be like "a large piece of merlin" described by Cao Cao to soldiers, which makes the implied object "refreshed and accelerated a lot"
Not only Cao Cao, but everyone living in society will carry out suggestive activities. A positive and kind attitude will often give positive hints, so that others can gain the strength to overcome difficulties and keep making progress; On the other hand, negative and bad mentality will make others be influenced by negative hints and become indifferent, discouraged, withdrawn and depressed. As the saying goes, "a good word warms three winters, and a bad word hurts the cold in June", which is the truth. Therefore, when we find that others may be hinted by ourselves, we should also pay attention to the way and degree of suggestion, and try our best to let others accept positive and moderate hints.
"You know everything. You can say anything. The reputation of a hundred people is not encrypted. Hundreds of people are not rare. " —— Zhuge Tingdong