(1) quality assurance system: In order to ensure the completion of the project quality objectives, we have established and improved a two-level management and three-level assurance quality assurance system. The second-level management refers to the quality management of the project management department and the quality management of the company's quality inspection department and security department. The third-level guarantee means that the project manager guarantees the project quality, the quality inspector and safety officer guarantee the project quality, and the chief engineer guarantees the project quality.
(2) Quality assurance measures:
1, earnestly implement the post responsibility system.
2. Establish daily, weekly, monthly and quarterly inspection systems.
(1) The on-site quality inspector shall conduct daily inspection every day, and make inspection records, which shall be submitted to the quality inspection department of the company for the record.
(2) Weekly inspection: that is, the company's material quality inspection agency, the company's quality inspectors, safety officers, project managers, project builders, quality inspectors and safety officers participate in quality inspection every Saturday, and the company's quality inspectors make records and report them to the Chief Engineer's Office for the record.
(3) Monthly inspection: organized by the General Engineer's Office of the Company, with the participation of Quality Inspection Department, Safety Department, ministry of materials and equipment and Project Management Department, the quality inspection will be conducted every month 10, and the inspection results will be recorded and filed by the General Engineer's Office.
(4) Quarterly inspection: organized by the company manager's office, attended by the chief engineer, department heads and project managers. The inspection results are sent to all departments in the form of company documents, with the number 15 in the middle of each quarter.
3, establish a reward and punishment system, make the project quality and economic benefits, according to the results of weekly inspection, monthly inspection and quarterly inspection, the person in charge will be rewarded and punished.
4, completes the team quality disclosure, organize workers to learn norms and standards once a week, learning time shall not be less than 2 hours.
5, strictly control the admission of materials, unqualified materials resolutely are not allowed to enter the arena.
6, strengthen the process management, the previous process inspection is unqualified, shall not enter the next process.
7. Strengthen the contact and close cooperation with the owner and the supervisor, obey the supervision engineer's command, and ensure the realization of the project quality objectives.
8. After11winter construction, the seedlings should be well packaged and insulated, such as straw ropes and plastic sheets, and the roots of the seedlings should be insulated from freezing.
(3) Technical measures
Strictly speaking, conservation management includes two aspects: first, plant conservation, timely taking horticultural technical measures such as fertilization, pruning, pest control, irrigation and intertillage weeding according to different growth needs and specific requirements of plants; The second is management, such as the cleaning of green space, landscape architecture and other ancillary facilities. Our protective measures include:
(1) Landscape technical measures for green space conservation.
1, pruning of garden trees
(1) Pruning period of garden trees
Divided into dormancy and growth pruning. The former and the sap flow forward. Trees with bleeding should avoid the bleeding period. Trees with poor cold resistance should be pruned in early spring, and trees with easy gum flow, such as peaches, should not be pruned in the growing period. Elongation and pruning also include bud peeling, core removal, residual flower removal, fruit picking, etc.
(2) Pruning points of different planting types of trees
A. Pruning of street trees
Street trees cover roads because of their main functions, and also have health care functions (dust prevention, reducing motor vehicle and exhaust pollution, etc.). ) to oxidize the streets. The environment in which street trees are located is more complicated. First of all, it has a greater relationship with vehicle traffic, which is partly influenced by street trend, building width and height. In urban areas, in order to facilitate traffic, the branch points of street trees should be controlled at 2.5-3.5 meters. If there are wires, in order to keep a proper distance, the branch point should be at least 2 meters above, the main branches should grow obliquely, and the drooping branches must be kept above 2.5 meters to prevent the branches from scratching pedestrians and vehicles. The roadside trees and branch points of suburban roads are higher, depending on the growth of trees, and the branch points of tall trees can even be mentioned between 4 and 6 meters. The roadside trees in the same street should be neatly trimmed and consistent. The height difference between adjacent trees should not be too big. Street trees are inclined, the crown is inclined, and it is easy to fall down in strong wind. The tree type should be adjusted as soon as possible through proper pruning. As long as the branches in the other direction do not conflict with wires and buildings, they should be lightly cut and the growth of branches should be adjusted, so that the inclination can be corrected to some extent. In a word, street trees should be trimmed with beautiful leaves, so as not to prevent vehicles and pedestrians from going down or contacting overhead lines from going up, and round heads or umbrellas with high inner cavities and low outer edges should be trimmed in cities.
B. Pruning of shrubs
A. Clustered branches should grow in a balanced way, so that plants can maintain a natural plump sphere with high inside and low outside. The branches in the center of the bush should be sparse; The lateral tufted branches and polar branchlets should be cut short to promote multi-year oblique branches.
B. If there are too many old branches in the coffin planted for a long time, it is necessary to thin the old branches in batches in a planned way and cultivate new branches to make them flourish and stay young forever, except for some shrubs that need to be cultivated into tall shrubs or shrubs with flowers on their stems.
C) Often cut short and highlight the overgrown branches from the outside to keep the shrubs neat and even. However, for some loyal trees with arched branches (such as forsythia suspensa, etc. ), sprouted long branches are the exception.
D residual flowers and waste fruits not used for seed storage should be cut off as soon as possible to avoid consuming nutrients.
The pruning time of flowering shrubs must be observed according to the differentiation type or flowering type of trees: 1. Shrubs that bloom in summer and autumn, such as Lagerstroemia indica, hydrangea, Daikin, Chinese rose, etc. It should be pruned again during the dormant period (before flowering), which is conducive to promoting the growth of strong branches, promoting the differentiation of flower buds in that year, and blooming more. 2. Shrubs that bloom in alternate years in spring (summer and autumn differentiation type), such as plum blossom, hardening, winter jasmine, etc. Spring flower buds differentiated in summer and autumn last year, and after a certain accumulated low temperature period, they bloomed in this spring. It should be pruned properly within 1-2 weeks after flowering, and most fruit trees should be pruned during dormancy (before flowering). In order to make bloom bright, it can also be pruned properly before flowers, among which shrubs, such as bones, are both ornamental flowers and ornamental fruits, so they should be pruned lightly when sleeping.
C. Hedge pruning
Mainly to prevent the lower part of the hedge from being bald, defective in appearance and too large in the later stage.
A height types of hedges: according to current habits, they can be divided into:
Short fence: 20-25 cm; Middle fence: 50-120cm; High fence:120-160 cm; Hedge: 160 cm above.
B. Common shapes of hedge pruning: generally in neat form, the most common ones are dome shape and trapezoid shape.
C. Pruning method: After the hedge is planted, it should be pruned in time according to the specified height and shape. In order to facilitate the growth of branches and leaves on the dry base, the main tip block should be above 1/3, and the cut should be below the specified height of 5- 10 cm to ensure that the coarse cut is exposed. Finally, trim the surface branches and leaves with a large flat shear, and pay attention to the hedge surface (top and side).
D. Pruning time: generally in spring (April-May); Conifer trees are about 1 1 to the next year; Prune 2-4 times a year; Generally, it should be pruned 2-3 times in the first three quarters, once in the fourth quarter 1 time to welcome the festival, and it should be pruned 10 days before the festival.
2. Irrigation
After the garden trees are planted, they must be watered enough to meet the requirements of plants for water, so that they can flourish, blossom and bear fruit, and play their ornamental effect and greening function. Newly planted seedlings should be watered once to maintain vitality, so as to accelerate the close contact between soil and root system. The temperature rises in May and June, and plants grow vigorously. In order to promote the germination, flowering and shoot growth of trees and improve the fruit setting rate, it is necessary to meet the water demand of trees in time. The weather is hot and dry from July to September, which is the new shoot growth period of most trees, and the ground evaporation is large. At this time, the new trees must be watered frequently, and the irrigation amount should reach full irrigation. It is forbidden that the topsoil is wet and the subsoil is still dry. The suitable irrigation amount is generally 60% ~ 80% of the maximum soil water holding capacity. Before winter, when the weather is cold and windy, it is necessary to water frozen water once to protect trees from freezing damage and dead branches.
Correct irrigation methods can make water evenly distributed, save water, reduce soil erosion, maintain good soil structure and give full play to the role of water. Plate irrigation is to pour water into the tree tray, which is suitable for street trees, saves water and has low cost. Sprinkler irrigation is a kind of artificial rainfall with pipeline diversion, which is used to green lawns in a large area. Before irrigation, the soil should be loose, and the soil surface should not be hardened to facilitate water infiltration. When the soil surface is slightly dry, fine soil or intertillage soil should be covered in time to reduce water evaporation. It is hot in July and September, so water it in the morning and evening. Due to the high temperature at noon, once cold water is poured, the ground temperature suddenly drops, which will make it difficult for roots to absorb water and cause physiological drought.
3. Control pests and diseases
You can use the following different methods:
(1) Powder spraying method: powder poison is sprayed on the body surface of plants or pests with powder spraying equipment to make them die of poisoning. This method has high efficiency, no need of water and little harm to plants. The disadvantages are short toxicity to plants, large dosage and uneconomical.
(2) Spraying method: Using solution, emulsion or toxic agent suspended at night, spraying auxiliaries can form a fine five-point spray on plants or pests. This method is usually used in gardens at present.
(3) Fumigation method: toxic gas or pure gas is used to enter pests through their respiratory organs to kill pests.
(4) Poisonous bait of poisonous weeds: a mixture of solution or powder poison and bait, and then scattered in the place where pests occur or live.
Step 4 apply fertilizer
(1) Types and application methods of fertilizers
A. Base fertilizer: fertilizers that are mainly organic fertilizers and can be absorbed and utilized for a long time, such as manure, compost, green manure, cake fertilizer, etc. After fermentation, it is evenly mixed with fine soil according to a certain proportion and buried in the roots of trees, so that it can be gradually decomposed and absorbed by trees. Generally, the base fertilizer is longer, and it is better to apply base fertilizer in autumn, which is easy to heal damaged roots and promote new roots, which is beneficial to improve the storage nutrition level. Roots have a strong tendency to fertilize. In order to make the root system develop deeper and wider, base fertilizer should be applied appropriately, not less than 40 cm, and the range varies with the age of the tree. Young trees to mature trees are often applied to the outer edge of the crown, and old trees should be applied within the projection range of the crown.
Common fertilization methods are:
A. Hole application: Dig several evenly distributed holes at the outer edge of the crown orthographic projection, and step on them after fertilizer application to make the ground level. This method is convenient and labor-saving, and is suitable for immature lawns.
B, circular application: along the outer edge of the orthographic projection of the crown, dig a circular ditch with a width of 30-40 cm, apply fertilizer into the ditch, cover the soil and compact it to make it flush with the ground. This method can ensure that the root system of the tree absorbs fertilizer evenly, which is suitable for young trees and strong trees.
C radial furrow construction: take the trunk as the center and dig 4-6 evenly distributed radial furrows from shallow to deep not far from the trunk. The length of the ditch is slightly beyond the outer edge of the orthographic projection of the crown. When fertilizer is applied into the ditch, the overlying soil should be compacted to make it flush with the ground. This method can ensure that the inner roots can also absorb fertilizer, which is suitable for strong old trees.
B topdressing: in the growing season of trees, quick-acting fertilizers are applied as needed to promote the growth of trees, which is called topdressing. Garden trees are topdressing, because of urban environmental sanitation and other reasons, chemical fertilizers are generally used for topdressing; , topdressing can adopt the following two methods:
A. Root application method: according to the appropriate amount of fertilizer, the fertilizer is buried 65,438+00-20 cm below the surface by point application method, and then irrigated, or combined with irrigation, the fertilizer is applied to the irrigation weir, and it is absorbed by the root system with water.
B, topdressing outside the roots: diluting the fertilizer with water at a ratio less than 10 ‰ and spraying it on the leaves with a sprayer. Because it is directly absorbed and utilized by the leaves on the ground, it can also be sprayed with pesticides.
(2) Fertilization times
Because the demand of trees and possible conditions (fertilizer source and labor force) are different, newly planted trees are generally fertilized 1-3 times within 1-3 years. In addition to fertilization, topdressing 1-2 times is needed; Ornamental trees should be applied once before and once after flowering.
(3) Matters needing attention during fattening
A. Organic fertilizers should be fully fermented and decomposed, and all fertilizers must be ground into powder.
B. After fertilization, water must be done in time to make the fertilizer permeate, otherwise the concentration of soil solution is too high, which is unfavorable to the root system.
C. topdressing outside the roots, preferably spraying in the evening.
D. Fertilization in urban green space is different from that in rural areas. When selecting and determining fertilization methods, fertilizer types and fertilization amounts, the city appearance and hygiene issues should be considered.
5. Maintenance and management of other garden trees
(1) Wind disaster prevention and control
Generally, there are many typhoons in summer and autumn, and the branches of trees are often broken by the wind. Because of heavy rain, soft soil and wind and rain, trees are more likely to be blown down, which will affect the growth of trees, cause death when planting, and even cause personal injury or other destructive accidents. Therefore, before the arrival of summer and autumn, some wind-proof measures should be taken, such as tying up columns and thinning the crown of trees.
A. Pruning crown: For trees with shallow roots or tall trees with shallow roots caused by shallow soil layer and high groundwater level, as well as tall trees with large crown on windward side, branches should be thinned and deleted in time to facilitate ventilation and reduce load, and branches that are too long in height and paper strips damaged by pests should also be cut off.
B. Soil raising: When planting shallow trees, soil should be raised in advance to thicken the soil layer.
C. Support: if necessary, erect wooden sticks or cement columns in the downwind, but pay attention to pad something soft between the support and the bark to prevent the bark from being scratched; There are typhoon prevention measures.
(2) intertillage weeding
Weeds at the roots of trees will compete with trees for water, especially newly planted trees, shrubs and shallow-rooted trees, which will not only affect the normal growth and development of trees, but also affect the beauty of trees. Therefore, weeding in time is one of the important steps of garden tree maintenance. For weeds growing in the roots of trees, we advocate intertillage to hoe off the roots and bury them in the soil, which will become fertilizer after decay. Where there is no grass, weeding should be done in time after rain or irrigation to improve the air permeability and protective ability of the soil, which is beneficial to the growth of roots and serious grass shortage. Chemical weeding is also possible, but attention should be paid to choosing the right herbicide to avoid phytotoxicity. Ornamental weeds should be considered in places where there is no lawn in drought.
(2) Landscape management of green space conservation
1, enclosure and isolation
Most trees like loose soil and good ventilation, but long-term trampling will cause soil hardening, hinder the normal growth of trees and cause premature aging, especially trees and shrubs with shallow roots and some evergreen trees, which are more sensitive to this reaction. After improving the ventilation conditions, this kind of tree should be enclosed by fences or fences, but on the principle of not obstructing the viewing sight, in order to highlight the main landscape, the fences should be appropriately low, the shape and color should be simple, and it is better not to pretend to be the owner. Fences can also be in the form of hedges.
2, storage, inspection
In order to protect trees from or less man-made damage, some key green spaces should be equipped with guards and patrol personnel, such as absorbing retired workers and migrant workers. Their main responsibilities are as follows:
(1) Take care of the managed green space, carry out publicity and education on caring for trees, and discourage and stop the destruction of green space and trees in time.
(2) Cooperate with relevant departments to protect trees and ensure the normal work of municipal departments (such as electricity, telecommunications and transportation). ).
(3) check the relevant situation of green space and trees, and report to the superior in time when problems are found, so as to handle them in time.
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