Chapter 1 Basic psychological knowledge
Section 1 Introduction
1. Briefly describe the classification of psychological phenomena. Psychological phenomena can be divided into two categories: psychological process and personality.
2. Briefly describe the essence of human psychology. Psychology is the function of the brain, and the brain is the organ of psychological activity. No brains. The normal development of the brain provides a material basis for psychological development. But objective reality is the source and content of psychology. When we look at the psychology of treating others from the objective reality, psychology becomes passive water. Therefore, psychology is also a product of society. In other words, psychological phenomenon is not only the function of the brain, but also restricted by society, which is the product of the combination of nature and society. Only by studying nature and society can we reveal the essence and laws of psychology.
3. What is the main orientation of contemporary psychological research? People realize that it is difficult to outline the essence of psychological phenomena with a perfect theoretical model, so in the 1930s, they gradually shifted their mind and energy to the discussion of the laws and rules of psychological phenomena, ending the school dispute, but opening up a broader world for the development of psychological research. After World War II, some new psychological thoughts emerged one after another, which influenced various research fields of psychology with new ideas or discoveries, thus strengthening the integration trend of psychological research.
4. What are the main features of humanistic psychology? It came into being in 1950s and 1960s, represented by Rogers and Maslow. The main features are: emphasizing that psychologists should care about human values and dignity, study issues that are meaningful to human progress, and oppose biological reductionism and mechanical determinism that belittle human nature. It is believed that people are purely subjective and need self-realization. As long as there is a suitable environment, people will strive to realize themselves, improve themselves and finally realize themselves. That is, humanism attaches importance to people's own value and advocates giving full play to people's potential.
5. What are the main points of cognitive psychology? Cognitive psychology developed in the 1960s. It regards people as an information processing system similar to a computer, and studies people's cognitive activities from the viewpoint of information processing, that is, from the processing processes of information input, coding, conversion, storage and extraction. The cognitive model of human beings is established by simulating computer programs as a way to reveal the laws of human psychological activities.
The physiological basis of psychological activities in the second quarter
1. Briefly describe the main structure of the nervous system. The nerve cells that make up the nervous system are called neurons. Neurons are the basic structural units and functional units of the nervous system, which are composed of cell bodies, dendrites and axons. Neurons are divided into sensory neurons, motor neurons and intermediate neurons.
2. Briefly describe the function of autonomic nervous system. Autonomic nerve, also called autonomic nerve, is the fiber that dominates the movement of internal organs. According to the central position and morphological characteristics of autonomic nerve, it can be divided into sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve. Their activities are antagonistic. The function of sympathetic nerve is to wake up the body and mobilize its energy; The function of parasympathetic nerve is to restore or maintain the quiet state of the body, that is, to store energy and maintain the functional balance of the body. Autonomic nerves are generally not dominated by consciousness. After special training, consciousness or concept can regulate the activity of autonomic nerve to some extent. People will have obvious physiological changes in emotional state, so the activity of autonomic nerve is closely related to emotion.
3. Briefly describe the main structure of the brain. The brain, also called telencephalon, covers the brain stem, diencephalon and cerebellum. The fissure in the middle of the brain is called longitudinal fissure, which divides the brain into two hemispheres. There is a large transverse fiber bundle corpus callosum at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure, which connects the two hemispheres of the brain. The outer layer of the brain is a dense nerve cell body called gray matter or cerebral cortex or cerebral cortex; There are myelinated nerve fibers called white matter in the brain; There is a gray matter nucleus in white matter, which is called basal nucleus. The lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes by the lateral fissure and the central sulcus: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe.
4. Briefly describe the function of brainstem reticular structure. The reticular structure of brain stem is composed of many neurons of different sizes and types, which are scattered in the crisscross neural network and run through most areas of brain stem. Diffuse projection of nerve fibers regulates the excitability level of brain structure, that is, the nerve structure of sleep and awakening. It can keep the body awake and awake to a certain extent under certain stimulation, maintain attention and activate emotions.
5. Briefly describe the functional asymmetry of the two hemispheres of the brain. The anatomical structures of the two hemispheres of the brain are basically symmetrical, but their functions are asymmetrical, which is called "unilateralism". The division of labor between the two hemispheres of the brain is related to the habit of using hands in life. For right-handed people, the speech function of the left hemisphere is dominant, and speech-related activities, such as concept formation, logical reasoning and mathematical operation, are also dominant. The dominant function of the right hemisphere is spatial perception and image thinking activities without language participation, such as musical artistic ability, emotional expression and recognition ability. Some left-handers and right-handers are opposite, while others are not unilateral. After the division of labor between left and right hands is formed, if the left hemisphere of right-handed people is damaged, the speech function will be damaged, and it is difficult to re-establish the speech center of the right hemisphere.
6. Briefly describe Blocker's findings. 1860, French surgeon Blocker found that the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain was damaged, which led to motor aphasia, that is, although the patient had no problem with the pronunciation organs, he lost his ability to speak. However, patients retain the ability to understand others and read and write. This discovery proves the linguistic superiority of the left hemisphere. Therefore, the area responsible for speech in the left hemisphere is called Bullokar area.
7. Briefly describe Spery, R.W's experiment of splitting brain. In 1960s, Roger Sperry, an American neuropsychologist, did an experiment of "splitting the brain". That is, the corpus callosum, the nerve fiber bundle connecting the left and right hemispheres of the patient, is cut off and the two hemispheres are split. Both patients are right-handed, and they can write and draw with their left and right hands before the operation, but after the operation, they only retain the ability to write with their right hand and draw with their left hand. So at this time, the right hand is only dominated by the left hemisphere, and the left hand is only dominated by the right hemisphere. This result further proves that for right-handed people, the speech function of the left hemisphere is dominant, and the spatial perception and image thinking of the right hemisphere are dominant.
8. What is the basic law of higher nervous activity discovered by Pavlov? (1) inhibition of conditioned reflex conditioned reflex does not appear in all cases, and sometimes conditioned reflex is suppressed. Including external inhibition, over-limit inhibition or protective inhibition, regression inhibition, differentiation inhibition and so on. (2) The basic form of diffusion and concentration of neurites in cerebral cortex. (3) The neural processes of mutual excitation and inhibition are interrelated and interactive. When a neural process is in progress, it can lead to another neural process. Positive induction and negative induction; Simultaneous induction and sequential induction. (4) Dynamic Stereotype The response of the cerebral cortex to stimuli The stereotype system is called the dynamic stereotype system.
Section 3 Feeling and Perception
1, briefly describe the sensitivity and sensory threshold. Sensitivity is the sensory ability of sensory organs to appropriate stimuli. Sensory threshold is the minimum stimulus that can cause sensation. Sensitivity is measured by the size of the sensory threshold, which is inversely proportional, with low threshold and high sensitivity.
2. Briefly describe Weber's law. Only the perceptible difference is not fixed, but varies with the original stimulus intensity. However, the ratio of the just obvious difference to the original stimulus intensity is a constant. That is, δ I/I = K. Weber's law is only applicable to moderate stimulus intensity, and Weber's score increases near the lower limit; Weber's score dropped near the upper limit.
3. Briefly describe Fechner's law. There is not a one-to-one correspondence between psychological quantity and physical quantity of stimulus. It does not mean that the physical quantity of stimulation increases by one unit, and the psychological intensity caused by it also increases by one unit. Fechner thinks that just perceptible difference can be used as the unit of feeling, and the psychological intensity caused by a stimulus can be expressed by the difference threshold contained in this stimulus. S=KlgR .s stands for psychological quantity, r stands for physical quantity, and k is a constant. The intensity of sensation is directly proportional to the logarithm of stimulus intensity, which increases in logarithmic series, but the psychological intensity it causes only increases in arithmetic series, which is Fechner's law. It is only suitable for moderate intensity stimulation.
4. Briefly describe visual adaptation. The suitable visual stimulus is visible light with a wavelength of 380~780nm. The most typical visual adaptation is dark adaptation. The so-called dark adaptation refers to the phenomenon that visual sensitivity changes due to working in a dark environment for a long time. Dark adaptation usually takes 30 to 40 minutes, while light adaptation only takes one or two minutes to complete. After dark adaptation, I was accidentally stimulated by light, and dark adaptation was broken. The process of light adaptation is the process of rhodopsin decomposition on retina under the action of light; Dark adaptation is a process of rhodopsin biosynthesis.
5. Briefly describe the abnormal color vision and its causes. Some people have difficulty in distinguishing colors, or even can't tell them apart. This is called abnormal color vision. Divided into: weak color, partial color blindness and color blindness. Color vision abnormalities are mostly caused by genetic reasons. Genetic approach: the boy's grandfather passed it on to himself through his mother. Only when both parents are color blind can a daughter be color blind. So male color blindness is far more than female color blindness.
6. Briefly describe the characteristics of human auditory sensitivity. The suitable auditory stimulus is 16~20000Hz. In the hearing threshold range, people are most sensitive to the sound of 1000~4000Hz, and have relatively high tolerance for the sound in this range. People's hearing sensitivity is related to age, and it gradually increases with age before the age of 20; After the age of 60, with the increase of age, the sensitivity gradually decreases. The hearing loss of the elderly is characterized by first losing the hearing of high-frequency sounds. With the increase of age, the range of hearing loss gradually develops in the direction of low frequency, and when it extends to the range of intermediate frequency, it affects the hearing of speech. Auditory sensitivity can be divided into auditory adaptation and auditory fatigue.
7. Briefly describe the meaning of physiological zero. The temperature of the skin surface is called physiological zero, and the same temperature as physiological zero stimulates the skin without causing cold and hot feelings. The physiological zero of skin in different parts of the body is different, and the physiological zero of the same skin surface will also change.
8. Briefly describe the main contents of visceral sensation. Visceral sensation is also called body sensation, including hunger, fullness and thirst, suffocation, fatigue, defecation, sex and pain. When the work of the internal organs is in a normal state, the feeling of the internal organs cannot be aroused. Moreover, visceral activity has a certain rhythm and changes little, so the information transmitted by visceral organs to the brain is less and less and weaker. Only when the internal organs are abnormal or diseased can obvious visceral sensation be caused.
9. Briefly describe the biological significance of pain. Pain has protective effect on the body. The occurrence of pain tells us that a certain part of the body has been hurt and diseased, and gives us a signal to protect it. In other words, pain has biological significance. Therefore, pain is the most difficult to adapt to. No pain is dangerous.
10, briefly describe the basic characteristics of perception. Perception is the overall reflection of objective things directly acting on sensory organs in human brain. Its basic characteristics are: integrity, selectivity, constancy and understanding.
1 1. Briefly describe the concept of binocular parallax. Two slightly different visual images formed on the retina of both eyes are called binocular parallax. It is the most important clue to form depth perception.
12, briefly describe the concept of motion-like phenomenon. The phenomenon that an object does not move in space, but is perceived as moving is called motion-like phenomenon, also known as moving scene phenomenon and phenomenon.
13, briefly describe the types of illusion. Illusion is a distorted perception of objective things under certain conditions. There are orientation and orientation illusion, Miller-Lyle illusion, linear direction illusion, area illusion, shape-weight illusion, audio-visual illusion and so on.
Section 4 Memory
1, what is the basic link of the memory process? Remember, keep, recall and get to know each other again.
2. Briefly describe the law of forgetting process. According to Ebbinghaus's experiment, the process of forgetting has the following rules: the process of forgetting is fast first and then slow. That is, in the initial stage after memory, the speed of forgetting is very fast, but with the passage of time, the speed of forgetting is getting slower and slower, and even after a day or two, the storage capacity has not changed much.
3. Briefly describe the characteristics of three memory systems. (1) The characteristics of instantaneous memory: the encoding method is the image of external stimulus; Large capacity, but short storage time; If we pay attention to the information in instantaneous memory, it will be transferred to short-term memory. (2) Short-term memory characteristics: limited capacity (5-9); Most verbal materials are auditory coding, while non-verbal materials are mainly memory of images; The information in short-term memory is currently being processed, so it can be realized; After retelling, the information of short-term memory may be transferred to long-term memory system. (3) Long-term memory characteristics: unlimited capacity; Coding includes semantic coding and image coding; If it is not intentional memory, the information in long-term memory will not be realized; The forgetting of long-term memory is caused by natural decline or interference.
Section 5 Thinking, Speech and Imagination
1. Briefly describe thinking and its characteristics. Thinking is the human brain's understanding of the nature of objective things and the internal relations between things. As a form of reflection, its main characteristics are indirectness and generality.
2. Briefly describe the differences and connections between language and speech. Language is a social phenomenon, which comes into being with the emergence of society and develops with the development of society. Language is a tool for normal adults to think and exchange ideas with each other. But it is a social phenomenon and the object of linguistic research. Speech is a process in which people use language to communicate. It is a person's psychological activity, attached to the individual rather than the whole society. It is a psychological phenomenon and the object of psychological research. Speech is inseparable from language, and only with the help of language can people exchange ideas. Language is produced on the basis of people's social life needs of mutual communication. Language is a living language only if it plays its role as a communication tool and has the value of existence. Without people's communication activities, language will become a kind of extinct language. Therefore, language cannot be separated from words.
3. Briefly describe the voice centers and their functions. Speech activity is the result of the same activity in all parts of the cerebral cortex, but different parts of the cortex have a relative division of functions. Speech activities include several different forms, such as speaking, listening, writing and reading. Therefore, there are also cortical parts involved in these forms of language activities in the cerebral cortex, namely the speech center. Mainly includes: speech motor center (Bullokar center): in charge of speech function. Expressive aphasia will appear after injury. Verbal auditory pathway (Wilnick center): responsible for auditory function, receptive aphasia after injury. Visual speech center: responsible for reading. After injury, alexia appears. Writing speech center: in charge of writing function, agraphia occurs after being damaged.
4. Briefly describe the differences and connections between imagination and representation. Imagination is people's thinking process of processing and transforming existing images and creating new images. Imagination is based on the content of representation and originates from representation, but it is essentially different from representation. Representation is the representation of the image of things perceived in the past in the mind, and does not create new images. It is a process of image memory and belongs to the category of memory. Imagination is the processing and transformation of representation, creating a new image, which is creative and belongs to the category of thinking.
Section 6 Consciousness and Attention
1. What is the definition of consciousness? Consciousness is awareness in the state of awakening, including awareness of external things; It also includes awareness of one's inner state; Various direct experiences involving the moment of awareness, such as perception, thinking, emotion and desire; It also includes the evaluation of these contents and your own behavior. Consciousness has an important psychological function and plays a role in integrating, managing and regulating people's physical and mental systems.
2. What are the characteristics of rapid eye movement sleep? The rapid eye movement sleep stage appears after the completion of the four stages of sleep. The frequency is lower and the amplitude is higher at this stage? The wave disappears, which is similar to the appearance of high-frequency and low-amplitude brain waves in waking state. The eyeball begins to move up and down quickly and dreams begin to appear, lasting about 5~ 10 minutes. The next active sleep will be longer than the first one.
3. What are the characteristics of attention? Attention is the direction and concentration of psychological activities or conscious activities on an object. Its characteristics include: attention span, attention stability, attention transfer and attention distribution.
4. What's the difference between distraction and distraction? Distraction means that attention leaves the object pointed by psychological activities and is attracted by irrelevant objects. (passive) attention shift refers to the phenomenon that attention is shifted from one object to another due to the change of tasks. (activity)
Section 7 Needs and Motives
1. What is the relationship between motivation and behavior? The relationship between motivation and behavior is complex, and the same behavior can be caused by different motives; The same or similar motives may also lead to different activities. A person's motivation for activities is varied, some play a leading role, and some are in a subordinate position. Motivation is the premise of behavior, and behavior is the effect of motivation. Generally speaking, motivation and effect are consistent, that is, good motivation produces positive effects. But in real life, there may be inconsistencies.
2. Briefly describe the concept of stereotype. Stereotype refers to a pre-preparation state of psychological activities, which will play an important role in people's perception, memory, thinking, behavior and attitude. It can be caused not only by people's knowledge and experience, but also by what just happened.
3. Briefly describe the characteristics of lack demand and growth demand. (Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory) Missing needs refer to the low-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, such as physiological needs and security needs. Their satisfaction is directly related to the survival of individuals, so it is called lack of demand. The need for growth is a high-level need in Maslow's hierarchy theory, a need for love and belonging, a need for respect and a need for self-realization. The satisfaction of these needs is beneficial to health, longevity and vitality, so it is called growth demand. Only when the low-level demand is met will there be increased demand.
Section 8 Emotion, Emotion and Will
What is the essence of 1. expression? Expression is the external expression of emotional change.
2. Briefly describe the differences and connections between emotions and emotions. Emotion and emotion refer to the same process and the same phenomenon, but only emphasize two different aspects of the same psychological phenomenon respectively. Emotion refers to the process of emotional reflection, that is, the process of brain activity. Emotion is often used to describe feelings with profound and stable social significance. Therefore, emotion represents the content of emotion, that is, the experience and feeling of emotion; Emotion represents the process of emotional reflection. Emotions are expressed through emotions. Without emotion, emotion cannot be expressed. Compared with emotion, emotion is more stable, profound and lasting. Therefore, emotions and emotions are both different and inseparable.
3. What are the main points of tomkins and Ezard's theory of emotional motivation-differentiation? Emotion is not an incidental phenomenon accompanying other psychological activities, but an independent psychological process. Emotion has its unique mechanism and plays a unique role in adapting to the environment in people's psychological life.
4. Briefly describe the dimensions of emotional change. Emotional change has four dimensions: motivation has two poles: increase and decrease; Excitement has two poles: excitement and calm; Strength has strong and weak poles; There are tension and lightness poles.
5. Briefly describe the classification of emotional states. According to the emotional state, that is, the speed, intensity and duration of emotion, emotion can be divided into: emotion: a weak, persistent and diffuse emotional experience state, usually called mood. Mentality is to treat everything with the same attitude. Passion: a strong, explosive and short-lasting emotional state with obvious physiological response and external behavior. It is often caused by major emergencies or fierce conflicts of intention. There are positive and negative ones. Stress: A highly nervous emotional state when an accident or dangerous situation occurs.
6. What is the basic stage of will action? The basic stages of will action include: preparation stage, that is, analyzing the purpose of action and establishing the action plan; The stage of implementing decisions, that is, the stage of taking actions to achieve goals.
7. What are the main forms of motivation conflict? (1) Two-way conflict: conflict when two goals with the same attraction and two motivations are equally strong, but they cannot be obtained at the same time. (2) Double Avoidance Conflict: A conflict that occurs when two goals want to avoid, but only one goal can be avoided. (3) Avoidance of conflict: the ambivalence encountered when the expected goal has advantages and disadvantages. (4) Double Avoidance Conflict: There are multiple goals, and each goal has its own advantages and disadvantages, resulting in conflicts.
8. Briefly describe the quality of will. The quality of will includes: consciousness (having a deep understanding of the purpose of action and being able to consciously control conscious actions to make them obey the purpose of activities); Decisiveness (the quality of making decisions quickly and losing no time); Perseverance (perseverance, the quality of never back down, also called perseverance or tenacity); Self-control (the ability to manage and control one's emotions and behaviors).
Section 9 Personality
1. Briefly describe personality and its characteristics. Personality is the sum of various psychological characteristics, and it is also a relatively stable organizational structure of various psychological characteristics. At different times and places, it affects a person's thoughts, emotions and behaviors, which is his unique psychological quality that distinguishes him from others. It is characterized by uniqueness, integrity, stability, functionality, naturalness and social unity.
2. What is the structure of personality? Personality is a complex structural system, which contains various components. It is mainly about personality tendency and psychological characteristics of personality. The former refers to the motivation of personality, while the latter refers to the differences between individuals.
3. Briefly describe the ability and its relationship with knowledge and skills. Ability is a necessary psychological condition for successfully and effectively completing an activity, and it is also a psychological feature of personality. Knowledge is the summary and generalization of historical experience of human society; Get and consolidate skills through practice, and complete the action patterns and action systems of activities. Ability is not knowledge and skills, but it is closely related to knowledge and skills. Ability is the premise of mastering knowledge and skills, and it is difficult to master relevant knowledge and skills without certain ability; Ability determines the direction, speed, degree of consolidation and level of mastery of knowledge and skills. But we can't simply compare people's abilities with knowledge and skills. In the process of mastering knowledge and skills, it will also promote the development of corresponding abilities.
4. What are the manifestations of individual ability development differences? Mainly in three aspects: the difference of development level and type; The difference between morning and evening development.
5. Briefly describe the main factors that affect the ability development. (1) Genetic factors: refers to a person's quality or talent, that is, a person's innate anatomical and physiological characteristics. Quality is the natural basis and premise of ability development. (2) Environmental and educational factors: heredity determines the possible scope or limit of ability development, while environment determines the specific degree of ability development within the scope of genetic determination. Environment includes the conditions for children's normal development, children's families, their study and their living environment. Developed socio-economic conditions and rich social and cultural life are fertile soil for ability development, harmonious family atmosphere is the cornerstone of ability development, and education is the key to ability development.
6. What are the main theories of temperament types? Hippocrates, an ancient Greek philosopher, said body fluids; Krechmir, a German psychiatrist, said body shape; Takeji Furukawa, a Japanese, said blood types; Berman, an American psychologist, said hormones.
7. Briefly describe personality and its structure. Personality is a person's stable attitude towards reality and personality characteristics in habitual behavior. Generally speaking, personality can be decomposed from the constituent elements of personality, which is the static structure of personality; We can also examine personality from several aspects of personality structure and different life situations, which is the dynamic characteristics of personality. The static characteristics of personality include: attitude characteristics (how to deal with all aspects of social relations), will characteristics (the characteristics of consciously regulating one's behavior), emotional characteristics (the influence of emotions on activities and the ability to control one's emotions) and rational characteristics (personality characteristics in cognitive activities). The dynamic structure of personality: Several aspects of static characteristics are not separated from each other, but are interrelated and mutually restricted, forming an organic whole. Generally speaking, the attitude characteristics of personality are the core of personality, and the attitude towards society and the collective is the most important, because attitude directly shows a person's unique and unchanging tendency towards things, and at the same time determines other characteristics of personality. Therefore, when analyzing a person's personality, we must grasp the main characteristics, from which we can foresee other personality characteristics. In addition, the various characteristics of personality are not invariable mechanical combinations, and often reveal different aspects of a person's personality on different occasions.
8. Briefly describe Jung's theory of personality structure types. Personality type theory divides people into several different types according to certain standards or characteristics. Every type of person has similar personality characteristics, and different types of people have different personality characteristics. Swiss new psychoanalyst Jung divided personality types into introversion and extroversion. Jung divided personality into introversion and extroversion according to whether a person's interests and concerns are inward or outward. Introverted personality is characterized by psychological activities that often point to one's inner world, thoughtful, cautious and thoughtful, loving solitude, narrow communication, and sometimes it is difficult to adapt to changes in the environment. Extroverted personality is characterized by caring about external things, lively and cheerful, informal, sociable, emotionally exposed, independent and decisive, and easy to adapt to changes in the environment. There are very few people who are extremely introverted or extroverted, and most of them are intermediate. Jung's personality type theory is too simple, but it is practical and easy to understand and use, so it has a wide spread and great influence.
9. Briefly describe allport's theory of personality traits. Allport, an American psychologist, is the founder of personality theory. He believes that trait is the basic element of personality and the tendency of people to react in a special way. It is based on people's "neuropsychological system". Although it can't be observed directly, it can be confirmed by human behavior. There is a correlation between traits.
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