Explain the prevention and control techniques of rice diseases and insect pests for farmers. (data picture)
In midsummer, the grass garden of Zhang Lianzheng, a farmer in Gaodong Village, Pinggu District, Beijing, is full of green. The shelves on the north side of the garden are full of vibrant new buds. Anemone purpurea cultivated by hydroponics pipeline is in full bloom, and flowers, potted Chinese herbal medicines and special vegetables are planted on the south side. It's hard to imagine that two years ago, it was still a pig farm with stinking smell and sewage.
"Through studying at school, I realized that there will be a new way out for transformation and upgrading, and leisure agriculture is the direction of my future operation." Today, Zhang Lianzheng has a new identity. As a student in the leisure farm class of Modern Service Management Department of Beijing Agricultural Vocational College, under the guidance of his teacher, he transformed the farm into a hydroponic herb garden, planted fish and vegetables, and became a model for Pinggu District to promote the transformation and upgrading of small and medium-sized farms.
In the future, more and more farmers will be able to enter the higher vocational colleges like Zhang Lianzheng. Not long ago, the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the General Office of the Ministry of Education jointly issued the "Notice on Doing a Good Job in Expanding Enrollment and Cultivating High-quality Farmers in Higher Vocational Colleges", and initiated the implementation of the action plan for upgrading the academic qualifications of millions of high-quality farmers. According to the plan, the task of expanding enrollment and cultivating high-quality farmers in higher vocational colleges in 20 19 will be fully completed. On this basis, after five years' efforts, we will train/kloc-0.0 million high-quality farmers with academic education and vocational education, promote the development of agriculture and rural areas, lead farmers to increase their income and become rich, and build/kloc-0.00 high-quality schools for revitalizing talents in rural areas.
How can higher vocational colleges give full play to their own advantages and cultivate high-quality agricultural and rural talents? How to face the puzzles and challenges in the training process? The educational administration teacher interviewed this.
High-quality farmers need systematic vocational education.
As the youngest general agronomist in Gaodong Village, Zhang Lian is responsible for teaching agricultural technology to villagers in daily work and answering the problems they encounter in agricultural production. With the passage of time, Zhang Lianzheng became more and more aware of the importance of strengthening agricultural technology learning. "If only the villagers had more opportunities to learn new knowledge and skills at low cost!" The idea has been hovering in Zhang Lianzheng's mind.
According to the main data bulletin of the third national agricultural census issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, 2014.22 million people are engaged in agricultural production and management in the whole country, of which college education or above accounts for10.2%, and the largest proportion is junior high school education, accounting for 48.4%. In terms of age composition, there are 60.23 million people aged 35 and below, and more than 654.38 billion people aged 55 and above.
"At present, the education level of China's agricultural labor force is generally low, and the hollowing out of rural areas and the aging of rural labor force are increasingly obvious, which seriously restricts the development of modern agriculture." Zhao, a senior lecturer at Beijing Academy of Educational Sciences, believes that the key to rural revitalization is to revitalize talents, improve the scientific and cultural quality of rural labor force and build a powerful country with human resources. The most direct and effective way is to further improve rural vocational education and training, and carry out academic education and production technology training.
Since 20 12 central document No.1 put forward "vigorously cultivate new professional farmers", 20 13 to 20 19 central document No.1 has made arrangements for cultivating new professional farmers.
Since the 1990s, various forms and rich contents of farmer education and training have been carried out in various places. Education teachers have learned that there are various vocational colleges and agricultural universities, as well as agricultural radio and television schools, rural adult cultural and technical training schools, agricultural machinery schools (agricultural technical schools), agricultural research institutes, agricultural technology extension systems, leading enterprises, farmers' cooperatives and other institutions, with nearly 6.5438+0.2 million, * * * participating in quality farmers' education and training.
By chance, Zhang Lianzheng learned that the high-quality farmers' higher vocational education class held by North Agricultural Vocational College was enrolling students, which awakened his long-buried dream of studying. He not only registered at the first time, but also informed farmers of the enrollment news through various forms such as radio and household publicity, relying on the village-level general agricultural technicians in the town.
After passing the examinations, Zhang Lianzheng and 67 other students received the admission notice from Beijing Agricultural Vocational College, and from then on, they have a new collective label-"peasant college students".
"Beijing's rural working population has a college education or above, accounting for more than 80%, and there is a strong demand to continue to improve their academic qualifications. Especially when new formats such as leisure agriculture and creative agriculture become new agricultural growth points, rural development in Beijing suburbs needs a large number of high-quality talents. " According to Yang Yongjie, director of the Academic Affairs Office of Beijing Agricultural Vocational College, in 20 15, the college implemented the "Quality Farmers' Education Promotion Project" and applied for four major directions, including leisure farm management, family farm management, farmers' cooperative management and modern agriculture, mainly recruiting high-quality farmers from outstanding secondary school graduates who passed the Beijing college entrance examination. At present, 866 students have been enrolled, and the specialty has also expanded to six majors, including agricultural product circulation and management and facility agricultural technology.
In Zhao's view, high-quality farmers can't be trained simply several times. It is necessary to carry out systematic and professional vocational education and training for farmers, fully mobilize the enthusiasm and resource advantages of high-quality agricultural vocational colleges to participate in training, comprehensively improve farmers' comprehensive quality and self-development ability, and master new knowledge and advanced technology such as modern agricultural production, operation, management and service.
"The goal of cultivating high-quality farmers and the goal of cultivating talents in agricultural higher vocational colleges come down in one continuous line. Agricultural higher vocational colleges are the main force to train existing and future high-quality farmers. They should face the main battlefield of agriculture and serve the national rural revitalization strategy. " Wu Jianhua, president of Jiangsu Agriculture and Forestry Vocational and Technical College, believes that compared with other training institutions, higher vocational colleges have unparalleled advantages in cultivating high-quality farmers, with a strong "double-qualified" teaching team, covering three-dimensional professional teaching resources such as national professional teaching resource database, online courses and textbooks, and the advantages of production-education integration training platform.
How to tailor the training program for farmers
Although he has a strong desire to improve his skills, before he officially signed up, Zhang Lianzheng still whispered in his heart: Can he keep up with the teaching progress after leaving the campus for a long time? What should I do if the study time conflicts with the busy farming season?
"Compared with ordinary full-time students, the situation of peasant college students is more complicated, with a large age span, uneven cultural quality and great differences in study time and energy." Yang Yongjie said that agricultural production has a strong seasonality, and it is necessary to implement flexible academic system and flexible teaching models to meet the diverse learning needs of farmers, which brings great challenges to the teaching management of schools.
In order to solve the contradiction between farmers' learning and production, Beijing Agricultural Vocational College has implemented a combination of theoretical teaching and practical teaching, centralized learning and decentralized learning, online learning and offline learning, and gender assessment and personality assessment in the teaching organization of high-quality farmers' education promotion classes.
"Traditional theoretical indoctrination can no longer meet the training needs of high-quality farmers. In addition to the necessary theoretical guidance, we should pay more attention to on-site observation teaching, practical teaching, field class and other forms to improve the training effect and change the traditional teaching mode of' teaching tractors on the blackboard'. " Wu Jianhua said.
For the school, the particularity of the learning object means that the specialty setting and curriculum setting will be adjusted accordingly. When Zhao was investigating at the grass-roots level, he found that some university professors taught farmers chicken-raising techniques in training courses. The content of the lecture is biogenetic knowledge such as egg cells and embryonic tissues, which is abstract and difficult to understand. Teachers are talking on the podium, and farmers' friends are sleepy below.
A survey conducted by the Democratic Progressive Party Central Committee shows that the professional courses in some schools are not reasonable enough to keep up with the development needs of modern agriculture. It is necessary to strengthen the research and development of agricultural secondary and tertiary industry practice courses and the allocation of teachers.
"The talent training program for peasant students cannot copy ordinary students. The accuracy of the current training content needs to be further improved. " Yang Jun, deputy dean of the School of Continuing Education of Jiangsu Agriculture and Forestry Vocational and Technical College, believes that we should highlight the industry orientation, adhere to the combination of specialty setting, curriculum setting and industry demand, scientifically formulate training programs, set up practical and operational curriculum content, and enhance the pertinence and accuracy of training.
"For example, in horticulture, ordinary full-time students need to learn a wide range of contents, involving biology, botany, management and other aspects, while peasant students may need some knowledge of the whole industrial chain of fruits and vegetables, which can be seamlessly connected with the industrial chain, and the learning content is more focused and meticulous." Yang Jun said.
On the construction of teaching resources, Zhao said that in recent years, the state has paid more and more attention to farmers' education, and the number of teaching materials has increased year by year. But at present, there is no unified curriculum plan and curriculum standard. How to highlight its practicability, pay attention to the humanistic and local characteristics of teaching materials, and the principles and methods of compiling, the selection of materials, the determination of knowledge, and the scientific and reasonable arrangement of units or topics need further discussion.
What are the teaching resources that farmers like to see and hear? Yang Jun told the educational administration teacher that the school and * * * enterprises cooperated to develop a textbook on aquaculture technology, which introduced animation elements and taught farmers aquaculture skills in a simple way in the form of dialogue between characters, which was welcomed by farmers' friends.
"Teaching resources for farmers must be easy to understand and enhance pertinence and operability. Compared with boring words, pictures and video resources are more in line with farmers' cognitive characteristics. At present, the' micro-course' resources and massive open online course resources that are aimed at the development of modern agriculture and can solve farmers' practical problems in a short time need to be further developed. " Yang Jun said.
Zhao suggested to establish and improve the development system of teaching resources such as courses and textbooks, actively promote the comprehensive and deep integration of modern information technology and education and teaching, enrich farmers' information learning resources, and meet farmers' diversified and personalized learning needs.
Cultivating high-quality farmers is also inseparable from a high-level teaching staff. In Wu Jianhua's view, teachers who teach farmers should not only have profound theoretical foundation, but also have rich practical experience. Teachers' service team should not only have experts in the school, but also have industry experts who understand the current situation and prospects of rural economic development.
"With the market-oriented and large-scale development of agricultural production, new production and business entities such as farmers' cooperative economic organizations, family farms, large professional breeding households and leading enterprises are constantly emerging. The managers of these new agricultural production and management entities are not only limited to the needs of agricultural production technology, but also need knowledge and ideas related to their own development ability, such as management, market operation and enterprise planning, which all put forward higher requirements for the teachers' level in higher vocational colleges. " Chen Gongyi, director of the Science and Technology Training Center of Henan Agricultural Vocational College, said.
How to cultivate high-quality farmers through multi-party cooperation
From a former farmer to an expert planter, Zhang Lianzheng has systematically studied agricultural science and technology knowledge and cutting-edge planting technology related to leisure farm management for more than two years. Now, he is planning to use the beautiful scenery along the Chan River, the mother river of Pinggu, to build an idyllic complex integrating leisure, sightseeing and picking.
Schools all over the country are exploring how to educate farmers with academic qualifications and cultivate high-quality farmers who love the countryside, know technology and are good at management. At present, customized training mode is becoming the common choice of many higher vocational colleges.
For example, Jiangsu Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture and Forestry cooperated with Taicang Municipal Government to adopt the mode of "directional enrollment, fixed-post training, organizing the payment, and returning home for employment". Taicang Municipal Government is responsible for students' training expenses and employment, and the college tailor-made the talent training plan according to the requirements. A number of characteristic cooperative farms in Taicang, such as grain, vegetables and gardening, were selected as training bases to carry out the teaching mode of combining theoretical knowledge with concrete operation.
Rural revitalization is inseparable from the well-managed "two committees" team. How to improve the performance of rural "two committees" team members? Beijing Agricultural Vocational College offers rural management specialty (village management direction) for members of rural "two committees", farmers and social youth. The college and the organization department are the main bodies of training, and the management mechanism of "double class teachers, double lecturers and double practical tutors" is established. Following the changes and development of rural areas in Beijing, five teaching modules have been set up. During the three-year study period, practical teaching will account for more than half of the whole teaching time, including practical post rotation training of township party committees and government departments, and on-site teaching in advanced villages.
In the construction of teaching staff, Henan Agricultural Vocational College selects a group of outstanding teachers according to different industries and majors, establishes a scientific resource allocation and assessment management mechanism, encourages outstanding teachers to teach in high-quality farmers' training courses, and gives priority to appraising the excellent teachers and promoting their professional titles. An "expert teacher library" has been established, and a team of full-time and part-time teachers has been established, involving all walks of life.
"It is limited to rely solely on the strength of schools to carry out farmers' training. It needs the participation of the government, enterprises and other subjects to build a long-term training mechanism and form a joint force of training. "In Wu Jianhua's view, in the process of cultivating high-quality farmers, the government should play the role of policy maker, coordinator of training activities and provider of training funds, enterprises should be responsible for providing training venues and application technology demonstrations, and schools should do a good job in organizational management, teachers and industrial technical support.
The Notice on Doing a Good Job in Higher Vocational Colleges' Enrollment Expansion and Cultivating High-quality Farmers clearly states that all localities should implement the relevant funds and per-student funding system for higher vocational colleges' enrollment expansion, and support farmers' students to enjoy scholarships and related funding policies in accordance with the current regulations. Support qualified places to introduce relevant policies to reduce tuition fees for farmers and students. Strengthen investment in training institutions, implement policies and measures to support employment and entrepreneurship, and guide social resources to participate. After entering the school, peasant students will be given inclined support in land circulation, industrial policy, finance and credit.
This not only needs to mobilize all the enthusiasm of personnel training, but also is a challenge faced by higher vocational colleges in specific work.
"In addition to the need for professional and technical personnel, long-term follow-up and guidance for farmers also requires the coordination and linkage of many units and departments such as industry and commerce, taxation, land and finance, and many units and departments are often difficult to coordinate." Chen Gongyi believes that a working mechanism led by the government and coordinated by relevant departments and units should be formed as soon as possible, and a working platform integrating policy propaganda, entrepreneurship training, project development, micro-loans, tax reduction and exemption, and follow-up support should be built, with close integration of internal and external services and strong service support, forming a pattern of multi-level and multi-channel support for high-quality farmers' entrepreneurship.
"We might as well establish a big data sharing platform supported by education, agriculture, human society and other departments to update the demand for agricultural talents and the information of modern farmers' planting resources in real time, and at the same time establish a personal information base for each farmer to monitor the quality and effect of training and do a good job in tracking services. Explore the establishment of a modern farmer's lifelong learning account system to achieve traceability, inquiry and conversion of learning results. " Zhao said to him.
In addition, Zhao suggested amending the Vocational Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) to clarify the role of vocational education and continuing education in rural revitalization. At the same time, schools, research institutes, enterprises and other relevant units are encouraged to participate in the rural revitalization strategy, actively carry out rural vocational education and continuing education, improve and perfect the education and training network throughout urban and rural areas, and let farmers receive vocational education and continuing education on the spot. (coke) according to
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