Ancient teachers had schools at home (2) and the Party had problems (3). Orderly operation (4) and learning (5). Second-year entrance (6) and middle-aged examination (7). One year depends on distinguishing records (8), three years on respecting music groups, five years on learning friends, and seven years on learning arguments, which is called Cheng Xiao (9). Nine years of knowledge and great achievements (10). Husband is enough to change the customs. Those who are close to him should be advised (1 1), and those who are far away should be pregnant (12). This is also the way of university. Record (13): "moths learn art (14)." That's what it means!
To annotate ...
(1) this excerpt from the "learning ceremony". ② Home: This refers to "Lu", and twenty-five families live in one lane, which is called Lu. Shu: A school in Lv Zhong. (3) Party: 500 households are party. Xiang: A school in Suizhong. (4) Shu (Sui): With Sui, 12,500 households are Sui. The school located in Suizhong. (5) Country: Beijing. Study: University. (6) Other years: there is no year. (7) Middle age: every other year. (8) Reciting classics: breaking sentences into classics. (9) Cheng Xiao: Small achievements. (10) Dacheng: Great achievements. (1 1) Say: Same.
Yue. (12) Huai: yearning. (13) Ji: a book of words and notes. (14) moth (easy): small ant. Surgery: study.
translate
In ancient times, there were schools in China, schools in the Party and universities in Beijing. Freshmen enter school every year and have an exam every other year. In the first year of school, examine the ability to break sentences and identify ambitions; In the third year, check whether you concentrate on your studies and whether you are willing to learn from others; In the fifth year, check whether you love your teacher; In the seventh year, I will examine my views on learning and my choice of friends. If you pass the exam, it is called "Cheng Xiao". In the ninth year, knowledge is fluent, analogy is bypassed, students are not confused when they encounter problems, and they do not violate the cultivation of teachers. This is called Dacheng. This can educate people, change customs, convince people nearby and join people in the same place. This is the truth of university education. The ancient book says, "Little ants often know that there are piles of dirt in the street." That's what I said.
reading comprehension
Learning really needs to be accumulated over time and step by step. This is a time process, so it is absolutely necessary to establish a set of systems and measures, such as curriculum, teaching methods, examination system and so on. We can see that these things have developed relatively completely in the pre-Qin era, which is also an achievement worthy of showing off in our ancient civilization.
But we find that when Confucianism talks about education, it never forgets the word "use" everywhere. It is hard to say whether "utility" is good or not in general, because "utility" (practicality) has different levels. For example, science and technology attach great importance to practicality, but our ancient education never seems to incorporate this content into the education and teaching system. Things at the object level are always despised by the ancients. To put it bluntly, the "use" that Confucian education values is the ruling skill that can govern the country and the people. In their view, nothing that has nothing to do with rule is knowledge and learning, and there is no need to learn and teach.
In this way, the Confucian educational thought will be greatly reduced. In today's words, we can imagine that if we follow this line of thinking, all schools in the country should be political schools, and the goal of schools has become to train officials and politicians. A country is full of officials and politicians, which is a strange thing and probably a little scary.
2. Confucius's teaching of classical Chinese translation Confucius often teaches students to match words with deeds and not to talk eloquently. One day, he said to Confucius, "Mr. Wang's way of benevolence and righteousness is really great!" Should these truths I have heard be implemented immediately? " Confucius said, "You have your father and brothers, and they all need your care. How can you hear these truths and carry them out? "
Confucius worried that Lutz would die before filial piety to his adoptive father and brother. After a while, You Ran also asked, "Sir! Should the principle of benevolence and righteousness I heard from you be implemented immediately? " Confucius said, "Do what you say." Gong Xihua, who stood by, was puzzled and couldn't help asking Confucius, "Sir! Lutz asked if he should smell it before acting. Mr. Wang said that with his father and brother here, why not act immediately? Ran asked if you want to smell it before you act. Teacher Ran said you should smell it before you act. I don't understand, please ask sir? " Confucius said, "Ran is a coward. We should inspire his courage.
Lutz is brave and fearless, so we should neutralize his violence. "You Ran's cowardice is also recorded in The Analects. You Ran used to work under the powerful minister Ji Shi, who was a tyrannical man. As a disciple of Confucius, You Ran knew it was wrong to do so. Not only did he dare not convince his boss Ji, but he obeyed Ji's wishes and "amassed benefits" for him. I was very angry. Confucius called You Ran "not my disciple"! And mobilize students to "drum and attack"! If You Ran could listen to the teachings of Confucius and stick to the principle of benevolence and righteousness, he would not do anything to help others.
3. Liu Hou Zhang Liangzhe, who translated ancient Chinese, is also a Korean. Chang Liang was swimming leisurely in Xiapi. An old father, dressed in brown, walked to the grain depot and fell on his shoes. Gu said to him, "Boy, take off your shoes!" I'm so startled, I miss Europe, I'm old, I'm patient, I'm taking shoes. Father said, "Come with me!" Good karma is to take shoes, because long kneeling shoes. Father was fed up and just laughed. Liang Shu was frightened and looked at it with his eyes. My father went to college and came back and said, "You can teach a boy. In five days, the weather will be clear and I will come. " Liang knelt down and said, "Promise." It has been sunny for five days. Father is already here. He said angrily, "What's the point of staying with the old man?" Go and say, "There will be an early meeting in five days." On the fifth day, the cock crows, ok. Father came first, and he got angry again and said, "What happened after that?" Go and say, "Come back early in the next five days." On the 5 th, the night is not over half. After a while, my father came and said, "That's right." He wrote a book and said, "If you read this book, you will become the king's teacher. In the last ten years, it has been very prosperous. In the thirteenth year, the boy saw that I helped the North, so I was also the one at the foot of the old city. " Then I went, said nothing, and never saw you again. It is Sun Tzu's art of war, which is regarded as a standard by Danri. Good because of differences, often learn to read. -Excerpted from "Historical Records: A Family Living in Hou Dynasty".
To annotate ...
(1) Easy, Bridge. (2) Europe: through "fighting"
Classical Chinese Translation Training (1) Reference Translation
The ancestors who stayed in Hou were Koreans. Sean once walked unhurriedly on the bridge of Xiapi. An old man dressed in coarse cloth came to Sean's place, threw his shoes under the bridge, turned to Sean and said, "Young man, go down (to me) and bring them up!" Sean was so surprised that he wanted to hit him. Because he was old, he tried to hold his breath and walked off the bridge to get his shoes. The old man said, "put your shoes on for me!" " Sean helped him bring up his shoes and put them on respectfully. "。 The old man put on his shoes and left with a smile. Sean was very surprised and watched him leave. The old man walked nearly a mile and then turned back. He said to Sean, "This young man has a bright future and can teach you his skills. Meet me here at dawn in five days. Sean was very surprised. He knelt down and said, "Good. "Five days after dawn, Sean went there. The old man is already here, and (he) said angrily, "(you) are dating the old man, and you are slower." Why? " After he left, he said, "Come and meet early in five days. "When the rooster crows in five days, Sean will go there. The old man has been here first, and (he) said angrily, "(you are slower than the old man), why?" After he left, he said, "Come back early in five days. Five days later, Sean arrived there before midnight. After a while, the old man came and said happily, "It should be like this. "(The old man) took out a book and said," (You) can become the emperor's teacher after reading this. In the next ten years (you) will establish (a career), and in the thirteenth year you will see me in Jibei, and Huangshi at the foot of the ancient city mountain is me. " He left without saying anything and never appeared again. The next day (Sean) read this book, which turned out to be The Art of War. Sean was surprised and often read again and again.
4. The classical Chinese translation of "Yang Yin" Yang Yin, a native of Jishui, Jiangxi Province, is fond of learning and writing poems and articles, which won Song Lian's admiration. Xu (official name) studied under Yang Yin and later entered the imperial court. The emperor liked it very much and asked who taught it. So Lu Xian said that the teacher was Yin and Yang, and the emperor immediately summoned him and kicked him with delicious food. A few days later, Lu Xian came home in casual clothes. Yang Yin sighed: You look down on me. You can't stay here too long! "Repeated compilation and revision cannot be completed. There was an article "The Hometown Party of the Analects of Confucius" which revealed a truth: "I taught myself the way of keeping in good health, and everything must follow the method of breathing." "So my sister saved the amount of water and food and made it for her. If she is old, her eyesight and hearing will not get old. Now that he is dead, Liu Qiu of Anfu County praised it as the source of studying and discussing Taoism, a masterpiece of later articles and essays, a masterpiece of resignation and getting along, and a fashion in Tao Qian and Xu Xu.
I translated it myself, I don't know if it's right.
5. Learn to translate classical Chinese.
Qiu Yi is the best person who plays Weiqi in this country. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play Go, and one of them concentrates on learning and only listens to Qiu Yi. Although another man was listening to Qiu Yi's instructions, he thought a swan was coming and wanted to shoot it down with a bow and arrow. Although I studied chess with the last one, I am not as good as the last one. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as the last one? Say: it's not like this.
To annotate ...
Qiu Yi: Chess: Chess. (Go)
Qiu, a person's name, is called because he is good at playing chess.
Across the country: the whole country.
Tong: Both.
One: Yes.
Good: good at it, good at it.
Manufacturing: manufacturing.
Teaching: teaching.
One of them is.
Listen to Qiu Yi: Listen to Qiu Yi.
Although listening: although listening.
Thinking: thinking, feeling.
Honghu Lake: Swan. (Goose)
Auxiliary: guide and pull.
Coming soon: coming soon.
Thinking: thinking.
Bow salary: bow and arrow.
Fu: In ancient times, it refers to an arrow with a silk rope.
Say, say.
Although learn from: although this person learns from that dedicated person.
That's it: the result is not as good as the other person.
Why is his intelligence different from others? Is it because his intelligence is worse than others?
Go ahead.
No, it's not.
Yi: Right.
F: How about that?
6. Original publisher of Yi Xue classical Chinese translation: * * Asia.
Learn to translate the original text in classical Chinese: learn to translate the original text in classical Chinese: play chess. (Weiqi): The person's name is Qiu, and he is called Qiu because he is good at playing chess. Number: refers to skills. Zhi Zhi: Rack one's brains. To: exhausted and extreme. No: study can't be good: good, good. Teaching: teaching. One of them is. Listen to Qiu Yi: Listen to Qiu Yi. Although listening: although listening. W: Same as Wei, only. Thinking: thinking, feeling. Honghu Lake: Swan. Auxiliary: guide and pull. Coming soon: coming soon. Thinking: thinking. Bow salary: bow and arrow. In ancient times, it refers to an arrow with a silk rope. Say, say. Although learn from: although this person learns from that dedicated person. That's it: the result is not as good as the other person. Chess player: One who plays chess. Across the country: the whole country. Make (verb) 1: He, a former person. (referring to the first person who listens attentively) All: Together. F: there is no if: for example. Yi: Right. (modal particle) is: the same as "predicate", indicating that someone said. His refers to the latter person. And: the same interjection is "hehe" and "equivalent to" hehe ".Ran: That's it. Also: Yes. Now you regard playing chess as a skill, a small skill; If you don't concentrate, you can't learn. Qiu Yi is a national chess player. He was asked to teach two people to play chess. One of them was absorbed and only listened to Qiu Yi. Although another person is also listening to Qiu Yi's teaching, he thinks there is a swan flying in the sky and wants to shoot it down with a bow and arrow. Although we study together, the latter is not as good as the former. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as others? Someone said, "That's not true." The revelation that Qiu Yi taught two people to learn Go shows that we must concentrate on our work and never be half-hearted. The conciseness and refinement of the source classical Chinese can be seen as unusual. Learn to play chess. Teach students to play chess through Qiu Yi. It shows that under the same conditions.
7. There is a fable in the network translation of classical Chinese: "Everything was done by Han Feizi. The foreign reserves said left, the original text is:
Ceng Zi's wife went to the market, and her son walked behind her crying. Ceng Zi's wife said to her son, "Go back first and wait for me to kill the pig for you." . "
When his wife came back from the market, Ceng Zi wanted to catch a pig and kill it. His wife stopped him at once and said, "I'm just joking with my son." Zeng Zikai said: "
Babies have nothing to do with play Babies must be wise, treat their parents and scholars, and listen to their parents' teaching. Today's son deceives him, and his godson deceives him. A mother cheated her son, but didn't trust her mother, so she became a teacher. "Never put off till tomorrow what you can cook.
Translated into vernacular Chinese to the effect that:
Once, the wife of Ceng Zi, a student of Confucius, went to the market, and the child left crying. Ceng Zi's wife coaxed him into saying, "Go home, I'll come back and kill the pig for you." . The child has gone home. After Ceng Zi's wife came back from the market, Ceng Zi planned to catch some pigs and kill them. Her wife stopped her and said, "I'm just joking with the children. You are serious." . Ceng Zi said, "You can't joke with children. Children are not sensible, follow their parents' example and listen to their parents' teaching. You are coaxing him now, isn't it just to teach children to learn to coax? " So Ceng Zi killed the pig and cooked it.
Han Fei's fable not only shows that Ceng Zi didn't bully his adopted son, but also is much more important than his adopted son. Han Fei persuaded the enlightened monarch to be honest like "Ceng Zi killed a pig" ("So, knowing the Lord shows his faith, like Ceng Zi killed a pig." )。 Although it is a Republic now, there is no monarch; But it seems that leaders at all levels should also learn from Ceng Zi and show honesty.
In the chapter "Learning the Analects of Confucius", Ceng Zi's quotation about honesty is also recorded: "Zeng Zi said: Visit yourself three times a day and be unfaithful to others." Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "
Ceng Zi said: I reflect on three things every day. First, do I faithfully do my best for others? Second, when I associate with my friends, do I pay attention to honesty? Third, what I have taught is because I don't understand? "
According to this quotation from Ceng Zi, I think an honest person should consider the following three points:
One is "entrusted by people, loyal to people";
Second, "make friends and keep your word";
Third, don't "stun people."
8. Ceng Zi's wife's city was translated into classical Chinese, and his son cried. His mother said, "If you return it, you will kill me for you.
When his wife came to the market at the right time, Ceng Zi wanted to arrest him and kill him. His wife said, "I'm playing with the baby."
Ceng Zi said, "Babies are not playing with their ears. Babies must be knowledgeable, treat their parents and scholars, and listen to their parents. Today's son deceives him, and his godson deceives him. "The mother cheated her son, but the son didn't trust her. This is not the reason why he became a teacher. "
So Ceng Zi cooked the pig for the baby.
Ceng Zi's wife walked into the street, followed by her son, crying to leave. Ceng Zi's wife had no choice but to say to her son, "Go home. I came back from the street to kill pigs for you. "
As soon as Ceng Zi's wife came back from the street, Ceng Zi was ready to catch the pig and kill it. His wife dissuaded him and said, "I just told the children to kill pigs, but it was just a joke."
Ceng Zi said, "Children can't play with him. Children are not sensible, and all knowledge needs to be learned from their parents and taught by them. Now if you cajole him, you are teaching your child to cajole others. If the mother coaxes the child, the child will not believe her. This is not the way to educate children to be gentlemen. "
Say that finish, Ceng Zi killed the pig for the children to eat.
Appreciation: In order not to lose trust in children, Zeng Zi really killed pigs and cooked them for children. The purpose is to educate and influence future generations with an honest and trustworthy attitude towards life. But this is not necessarily the original intention of Han Fei's fable. Han Feizi's original intention is only to publicize his legal thought of attaching importance to law and keeping promise, and to ask the rulers to make strict laws, and then there are laws to follow and the laws must be strictly enforced.
Ceng Zi put on clothes to plow the fields, and Lu Jun sent people to enfeoffment. Said, "Please use this to mend clothes." Ceng Zi has not been affected. Repeatedly, but not by. The messenger said, "sir, if you don't want others, they will give it." Why don't you laugh at it? " Ceng Zi said: "As soon as I heard about it, I was afraid of others, and I was proud of others, proud of others. If I am not arrogant, how can I be fearless? " I won't accept it. When Confucius heard this, he said, "The words of participation are enough for the whole festival." Ceng Zi is one of Confucius' favorite students. One day, he was plowing the field in rags, because he was already famous at that time. The monarch of Lu felt that such a famous man dressed in such shabby clothes was detrimental to the dignity and face of Lu. So he sent someone to Ceng Zi, saying that the king saw a famous scholar like you working in such shabby clothes, and he wanted to give you a fief, so he had the right to buy you some clothes. However, Ceng Zi was ungrateful. He is determined not to accept it. I can't help it. The king sent someone back. The king asked him to send it again, but Ceng Zi didn't accept it. He ran back and forth many times, but Ceng Zi insisted on not accepting it. The messenger said, sir, you didn't ask others for it, but others gave it to you. Why don't you accept it? Ceng Zi once said a very classic sentence. He said, I heard that people who accept gifts from others are afraid of offending the giver; People who give things to others will show arrogance to those who receive them. Then, even if the monarch gave me a fief and didn't show any arrogance to me, can I not be afraid to offend him? Later, it was known to Confucius, who said that Zeng Shen's words were enough to preserve his integrity. This is man's moral integrity, which has been worshipped by scholars in China for thousands of years. Scholars who have left us for a long time would rather wear shabby clothes than accept gifts from others, even the monarch. Perhaps in today's eyes, this Ceng Zi is too pedantic. It's a gift from the monarch, not his private property. It should be said that it is national and ethnic, not white. You don't have to thank anyone. Besides, this country is too big for him to enjoy anything in Ceng Zi. But for the sake of moral integrity, Ceng Zi is willing to dress in rags, work hard and live a poor life. It's really incredible. Looking back now, there will be such a fool who is afraid that you will not pay bribes; Embezzlement of national interests, fear of terrorist means without malice, fear of taking advantage of others' danger, there is no need to care about integrity. These greedy people can no longer be described as moths to a fire. They are a gluttonous group, and gluttony is the flesh and blood of the country and people. Ceng Zi's words have been said for thousands of years. What a poor scholar in slave society said does not need to be worshipped as any doctrine at all, and his words are not binding at all, but I still want you to remember this sentence: those who are feared by others are proud of others; Zonger has already given it, can I not be afraid?
9. Translation of ancient Chinese texts:
Since Raozhou in the last years of Yuanfeng, Zhu Tianxi, as a prodigy, has been admired by the common people. Children can learn without asking how to learn. From the age of five or six, they have been taught by the Five Classics to sit on a raft and carry bamboo baskets, which they have never heard of. The teacher paid the price in advance, but after paying a certain price, the book was bitter at night. The middle subject has been abandoned for a long time, and politics has recovered a little, so it happens occasionally. Tradition makes Raozhou a child prodigy. However, the son is not of its quality, so bitter, the deceased is covered over the middle. "("Xia Lu "volume)
translate
During the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a prodigy named Zhu Wuci in Raozhou, who became an official because he was familiar with classics since childhood. As a result, all local families with children forced their little "prodigies" to get familiar with the Five Classics. But children are playful by nature and refuse to recite them well. Parents put these prodigies in bamboo baskets one by one and hung them on the treetops so that they could not play. Many parents also invited tutors. Once the children have finished reciting, Mr. Wang Can will get some bronze cymbals from their parents as rewards and rewards. As a result, many children in Raozhou were forced to die alive because they didn't have the materials of child prodigies.