First, the "midway effect" is like this.
(A) allusions
In other words, during the Warring States period, there was a man named Le Yangzi in Wei State. His wife is a very virtuous woman.
One day, Le Yangzi found a piece of gold on his way home. He was very happy. After returning home, he told his wife about it and showed her the gold. His wife looked at the gold, then at Le Yangzi, and then gently said to him, "I once heard people say,' A strong man doesn't drink stolen spring water; Honest people don't eat what they get. How can I take the gold I found on my way home? "
Le Yangzi was very moved by his wife's words and threw the gold back.
The next year, Le Yangzi left home and went to a far-away place to study and be a teacher.
One day, his wife was weaving at home when Le Yangzi suddenly came home. His wife was surprised and asked, "Did you finish your studies so soon?" Le Yangzi murmured, "I haven't finished my studies yet, but I miss you outside every day, so I came back to have a look."
Hearing this, the wife turned and picked up a pair of scissors on the loom, and cut the cloth already woven on the loom into two pieces with a few clicks. Le Yangzi quickly stepped forward to stop him, and his wife said to him, "The cloth on this loom is the result of long-term hard work. Now that I have cut it, it means that all previous efforts have been in vain and time has been wasted. " Isn't it the same to spin and weave with me when studying? "
Le Yangzi was moved by his wife's words, so he left home at once and continued to study as a teacher.
A few years later, Le Yangzi finally finished his studies and went home to visit his wife. His wife happily welcomed her husband home with a full load.
(2) Overview
Halfway effect refers to the negative influence on the target behavior due to the interaction of psychological factors and environmental factors when the incentive process is halfway through. A large number of facts show that the suspension period of human target behavior mostly occurs near the "halfway", and it is an extremely sensitive and fragile active area near the midpoint of human target behavior process.
There are two main reasons for giving up halfway: one is the rationality of target selection. The more unreasonable the goal, the more likely it is to have the effect of giving up halfway. Therefore, when choosing a goal, you should not be complacent or arrogant. Just right is the most appropriate. Second, personal willpower. The weaker the willpower, the easier it is to give up halfway.
Therefore, it is required to cultivate the spirit of perseverance and perseverance. Pay attention to learning all aspects of knowledge, cultivate all kinds of abilities, and pay more attention to honing willpower. Behaviorists put forward the method of "big goals, small steps", which is of positive significance to prevent the effect of giving up halfway.
Second, "adversity quotient" is no stranger.
There is a vital role on the road to success. A new concept: frustration quotient (adversity quotient). IQ, EQ and AQ, also known as 3Q, have become the only magic weapon for people to succeed. Some experts even asserted that 100% success = IQ (20%)+ EQ and AQ (80% sum * * *).
Adversity quotient AQ, full name of adversity quotient, is also called frustration quotient or adversity quotient. It refers to the way people react when facing adversity, that is, the ability to face setbacks, get rid of difficulties and surmount difficulties.
A large number of data show that in the increasingly fierce market economy in 2 1 century, the success of starting a business depends not only on whether it has a strong entrepreneurial awareness, skilled professional skills and excellent management skills, but also on its ability to face setbacks, get rid of difficulties and surmount difficulties to a greater extent.
Therefore, educators should pay attention to the cultivation of students' adversity quotient in the process of implementing education. Actively cultivate students' adversity quotient, so that they can form a good way of thinking in the face of adversity, and enhance their willpower and ability to get rid of difficulties. Thereby improving the success rate of students' entrepreneurship.
AQ is not only a measure of a person's ability to overcome work setbacks, but also a measure of a person's ability to overcome any setbacks. The same blow, people with high AQ have low frustration, while people with low AQ have strong frustration.
A person's career success must have three factors: high IQ, high EQ and high frustration quotient. When the IQ is not much different from others, the frustration quotient plays a decisive role in a person's career success.
High AQ helps to improve grades, productivity and creativity, and helps people to stay healthy, energetic and happy. Studies have shown that people with high AQ recover quickly after operation, and their sales performance far exceeds those with low AQ, and their promotion speed in the company is much faster.
High AQ can be cultivated, preferably from an early age, so many educational institutions are advocating frustration education.
AQ has a sense of control; Cause and responsibility attribution; Scope of influence; The duration consists of four parts. Control means how much control you have over adversity; Attribution refers to the causes of adversity and the willingness to take responsibility and improve the consequences; Extension is to evaluate the impact of problems on other aspects of work and life; Patience means recognizing the persistence of the problem and how long it will affect individuals.
1. Sense of control
Sense of control refers to people's ability to control their beliefs about their surroundings. In the face of adversity or frustration, people with weak sense of control will only accept and believe in God. A controlling person will change the environment by his own efforts, believing that man will conquer nature.
People with weak sense of control often say: I know nothing, and my ability is not as good as mine;
A controlling person will say: Although it is difficult, what is this? There must be a way.
2. Causes and responsibilities
Internal cause is the foundation of things. It is the inherent essence that distinguishes one thing from other things. It is the source and motive force of the movement of things, which stipulates the basic trend of the movement and development of things. External cause is the external condition for the existence and development of things. They act on the existence and development of things through internal factors, accelerate or delay the development process of things, and cannot change the fundamental nature and basic direction of things' development. External cause is the condition of change, internal cause is the basis of change, and external cause works through internal cause.
The causes of our adversity can be roughly divided into two categories. The first category belongs to internal factors, due to their own negligence, incompetence, failure to do their best, or fatalism. Often manifested as excessive self-blame, depression, self-pity and self-abandonment; The second category is external factors, such as unfavorable cooperation, premature time, or external force majeure; People who fall into adversity due to internal factors will say, it's all my fault, and I'm doomed to fail; People who fall into adversity due to external factors will say that all this is immature, why didn't this happen in advance?
People with high adversity quotient can often clearly understand the reasons that lead them into adversity, and are willing to take all the responsibilities, take effective actions in time, learn from their mistakes, and get up again after falling down.
3. Scope of influence
People with high adversity quotient can often limit the negative impact of falling into adversity within a certain range and minimize its negative impact.
The adversity of falling into study is limited to this and will not affect your work and family life; Quarrel with family members is limited to this and will not lose family members; Disputes about things are limited to this, and there will be no opinions about people. People with high adversity quotient can limit the negative impact of adversity to a certain range and will not expand to other levels. The more you can grasp the influence of adversity, the more you can treat setbacks as concrete events, and the more you feel that you have the ability to handle them without panic.
4. Duration
The negative impact of adversity has both scope and time. How long will adversity last? How long will the cause of adversity last? People with low adversity quotient tend to think that adversity will last for a long time and the truth will be as they think.
Third, always live in adversity.
Anyone is not just a plane of IQ, but contains personal financial quotient, that is, financial quotient; Personal moral quality quotient, that is, moral quotient; The quotient of personal growth in adversity is adversity quotient, and so on. Therefore, anyone should be a three-dimensional person.
In the face of adversity, if you choose to give up, you choose to fail. In the journey of life, although some people have tried, they have achieved little. This is because they have encountered difficulties on their way forward. They are tired of the long and seemingly fruitless journey, so they will stop and look for a place to avoid the wind and waves.
Nothing threatens the future more than giving up halfway. Giving up and losing hope will not only fail to solve practical problems, but also make us fall into greater difficulties in the future.
Some people have studied thousands of insurance companies and a large number of agents for five years, and found that the attitude towards adversity determines the success of an insurance agent in many ways. Optimistic salespeople sell 88% more policies than pessimistic salespeople-despite their similar talents.
In the pursuit of success, many people lack a correct attitude towards adversity. They were killed, they refused every opportunity, they ignored, covered up and even gave up the innate instinct of human beings to pursue progress and many things that life gave them. Life contains great potential, and rising angrily in adversity is one of them. A person who can't face adversity is a person who ignores this potential in life. Is a person who intentionally or unintentionally escapes from himself.
People who avoid adversity often want to live a life of muddling along. They will say, "That's enough." They found some blatant excuses, gave up their dreams and pursuits, and chose what they thought was a smooth and relaxed life path. However, as time goes on, the situation is just the opposite. They will pay a higher price and may encounter greater adversity. People who avoid adversity are much more miserable than those who face challenges and face reality bravely. There is no doubt that the most painful moment a person may face is to look back on a mediocre and bitter life. Only those who dare to face adversity can reap success. This kind of person is not afraid of difficulties, keeps smiling in the face of adversity, and defines his life as a process of "facing the challenge of adversity"
This kind of person is what we define as a three-dimensional person. They marched bravely. Whether the environment is favorable or unfavorable, life is lucky or unlucky, they will not stop moving forward. They keep their passion for life in adversity and never let age, gender, physical defects or any other obstacles stop them from realizing their desire for success.
Three-dimensional people have a firm belief, which exists in three-dimensional people themselves. Whenever they encounter difficulties, this belief will release a huge and mysterious power to save them. They are tenacious, tenacious and resilient, and have no idea of retreating at all. When dealing with adversity, three-dimensional people have their own solutions. They will constantly adjust their direction and find a more suitable path.
People are no strangers to adversity, and our life is always spent in constantly encountering and overcoming endless adversity. We should fully realize that the success and progress of many people are not because they have experienced less adversity, but on the contrary. In fact, many successful people grew up in adversity and difficulties. Winners know that adversity is a part of life, and avoiding adversity means avoiding life.
Fourth, willpower has never been born.
When people pursue a goal halfway, they often doubt whether they can achieve this goal or even the significance of this goal. At this time, their psychology will become extremely sensitive and fragile, and it is easy to give up halfway, which is called halfway effect in psychology.
Teachers or parents can make children form a habit or cultivate a certain ability, and can break this goal down into several small goals, and then allocate them to guide implementation. Give praise or encouragement in time when children achieve small goals. Finally, children can form this habit or ability.
(A) the content and ladder of frustration tolerance education
Frustration involves many factors such as nature, society and individual needs, and the content of frustration-tolerant education is multidimensional and multifaceted. In the process of implementing frustration education, we should not only pay attention to the differences of students' age and cognitive level, but also consider the basic content and related elements covered by frustration. Follow the scientific and reasonable ladder of frustration-resistant education. Conversely: general knowledge and understanding of irresistible natural setbacks; Make psychological preparations and countermeasures for possible setbacks in life and survival; Attitudes towards setbacks of different sizes and degrees in learning and their transformation mechanism; In the process of realizing the competition of various personality needs, it is inevitable to respond to and use setbacks; Correctly handle and coordinate the setbacks caused by students' interpersonal relationships; Self-defense against setbacks caused by the inconsistency between motivation and purpose, ability and desire; Have a clear understanding of temporary setbacks on the road ahead and a belief in winning; Common sense education and operational behavior guidance of self-mental health care after various setbacks.
(2) Take history as a mirror and know setbacks.
For primary school students, middle school students and college students, we should persistently carry out education on China's modern history and national conditions. Through the "red and black pages" on the calendar, the review of the unequal treaties in modern times and the stories of indomitable struggle, we can read modern history vividly and objectively, so that students can deeply realize that modern history is full of bitterness, blood and tears, setbacks and difficulties, and of course, it also shows the struggle in setbacks and the rigid spirit of the Chinese nation. For example, the failure of the Opium War, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898, and the Revolution of 1911, and the signing of more than 20 treaties humiliating the country, such as Nanjing, Tianjin, Yantai, Yili, Maguan, and Xin Chou, have caused great losses and disasters to the nation. However, the people of China have not been crushed by setbacks. On the contrary, they became more depressed and brave, struggled forward and won the new democracy and socialist revolution. Infiltrating the content of frustration education into this historical, visual, macro and broad educational background is persuasive, infectious, shocking, clear-cut and profound in rational implication, and will receive remarkable results.
(3) setbacks in setbacks.
Children's rational thinking ability is weak, and they are easily interested in concrete, intuitive and things around them, which leads to association. If frustration education is carried out in an air-to-air way, it will be difficult to achieve effective results. We must follow the basic principle of "learning to swim from swimming", learn from setbacks, make more use of reported setbacks and setbacks in real life, and lose no time in education.
1. natural environment setbacks
Once there is innate arrogance, people's strength will appear small and pale. However, if people's psychological dams are not washed away at this time, they can still realize the "man can conquer nature" in a specific sense. As Marx pointed out: "The environment needs people to change." "People also produce society."
2. Social environment setbacks
Due to some restrictions of social conditions, some people's needs and motives may not be realized. If you are not prepared for this, it may lead to psychological imbalance. For example, "What if I lose the election?" You can vote by difference before the student cadre election. "Why don't people vote for me?" Talk about it, plan ahead, and be prepared.
3. Individuals need setbacks
Jungian psychology believes that a person often strives for future goals in order to achieve harmony and perfection in all aspects of personality, which is self-realization. When a person's self-realization is not satisfied, there will be frustration. A student always thought that his speech level was high and he could attend the "Love Grain Week" in the whole city, but he fell out of Sun Shan. Teachers seize this matter and carry out thematic activities to make everyone understand that there is always a gap between motivation and goals, ability and expectation. At any time, he should not only think of "going through five customs", but also be prepared to "walk through Maicheng". In this way, over time, unconsciously, frustration tolerance will gradually improve, so as to achieve the zero starting point of success or failure.
(D) Understanding the world objectively and dialectically
In teaching, perfect educational content is often chosen to describe this flawless land of China. In children's minds, there is only the beautiful reality of "quiet spring, no waves, no waves", and there is no changeable situation of "cloudy rain and empty waves". Once unhealthy trends, dark phenomena and dirt undercurrents in society directly affect the senses of children and adolescents, they often feel dumbfounded, at a loss and incredible.
Education should strive to overcome this one-sidedness and guide children to look at the world, the motherland, society and life dialectically. In the world trend of peace and development, artillery fire continues; The rapid development of the new scientific and technological revolution has brought new ecological threats; In the tide of reform and opening up, sediment and muddy water are inevitable; Honesty and high efficiency is the bad style left in the main body; There is still poverty and ignorance on the rich civilized side; In the warm and simple crowd, there are many cunning and cruel people; There will be thorns, needles and thorns in the aisle covered with flowers. ...
Want to know where the sky and the earth are wide and the clouds are moving? You should know that mountains and rivers are far away and there are irregularities everywhere. Frustration is an indispensable part of life, and we must understand it objectively and dialectically. We should not only look at the mainstream, the light, the darkness and the setbacks, but also face the difficulties and bravely attack. One day, I will ride the wind and waves, raise the Yun Fan and cross the sea.
(5) hone in theme activities and daily life.
People who have played an important role in history have experienced a hard exercise process, that is, "we must first suffer from their minds, bones and muscles, and starve their bodies ..." Schools can organize special activities such as hiking, camping, mountaineering, self-cooking, cooking, training, supporting agriculture, learning, military training, etc., from indoor expansion to outdoor expansion, from simple pursuit of safety insurance to daring to undertake.
You can get in touch with your family and rely on the team to organize practical activities such as "I am the master today", "Learn one thing every month", "I am a good helper of my parents" and "How to solve life problems" to improve your survival ability and self-care ability, and make all kinds of preparations for adversity, challenges and setbacks.
(6) the power of example
The power of example is infinite. Children often take the image of certain people as their own imitation image. Under the influence of specific role models, students can deepen their understanding of setbacks, stimulate their inner enthusiasm for progress, and then turn it into a "self-development movement." The universality of setbacks determines the richness of role models.
1. Take the typical examples of Chinese and foreign famous figures overcoming setbacks as an example.
Let students understand that the process of learning is the process of constantly overcoming difficulties, and you must study hard to make progress. Successful scientists in history have indomitable willpower. /kloc-in the 1920s of 0/9, Lobachevsky, a young Russian mathematician, was ridiculed and attacked by many people in the process of establishing a new theory of non-Euclidean geometry-Robard Chevsky geometry, calling him a "madman", "eccentric" and "nonsense". However, Lobachevsky put aside all personal insults and slanders, went forward and continued his research, and finally succeeded. Therefore, strong will or weak will has a great relationship with people's study and even their lifelong career. Anyone who has made great contributions to his studies and career has the spirit of being strong-willed, not afraid of difficulties, persistent and consistent. On the other hand, people who are weak-willed, retreat from difficulties and unwilling to work hard, even if their intelligence is extraordinary, are hard to succeed.
2. Take national famous heroes of the same age as an example.
Become clean, lose your arms, and write a new melody of life; Bian supported a broken family with 7-year-old tender shoulders; Yang Yunhe, who was adopted by an illiterate grandmother, lived in a small attic of 6 square meters, but won the international informatics Olympic gold medal twice; Among the top ten young pioneers in China, Wu, Ji Hongbo are also models of self-improvement in adversity.
3. Take the knowable and sensible deeds of the role models around them to overcome setbacks as the value scale.
Pay attention to finding the bright spots of schools and classes and choose the right time for education. A school student lost his father when he was a child and his mother when he entered junior high school. However, unwilling to sink in, she studied hard and won many awards in the city's speech and composition competitions. The school has carried out a theme activity with the theme of "a flower among setbacks" and achieved good results.
When primary and middle school students can consciously measure themselves with this "heroic life", their setbacks will become the starting point of new efforts and a new step of success.
(7) Establish a psychological defense mechanism.
The impact of frustration on individual psychology is twofold. Schools should strive to improve students' tolerance to setbacks, enhance their internal motivation, eliminate the negative effects of setbacks, and establish a positive psychological defense mechanism.
1. Learn to evaluate yourself correctly.
If you overreach yourself and aim too high, you will be easily frustrated. You should properly adjust your ambition level and evaluate yourself realistically, so that you can easily get a good emotional experience.
2. Learn to be generous and open-minded and keep a psychological balance.
Strive to improve their ability to accept mental stimulation, students don't haggle over every ounce. What people can afford, let go, get in and out, get out, and let go.
3. Be good at actively changing direction and making continuous progress.
If you don't choose cadres to go to work, you will give full play to your own interests and achievements, and the east will not shine in the west; Lost in the east corner, harvested mulberries; All roads lead to Rome.
4. Tap the inner potential and accumulate strong psychological compensation ability.
Visual blindness, auditory compensation; Hearing loss, sensory compensation; Disability of both hands and compensation of both feet; Life is hard and career compensation; Success is lost, confidence is compensated ... perseverance is stronger and stronger. Just like "Napoleon Complex" or "Dwarf Syndrome", he developed into a person with outstanding ability and prosperous career through self-compensation mechanism.
5. We should create appropriate situations to promote the transformation of setbacks.
It is a good form to set up more intimate telephone and psychological counseling stations, which can give care and guidance to frustrated students and provide them with a place to vent, so that they can safely spend their anxiety period and gain a new psychological balance.
(8) The offensive strategy of "aiming high and taking small steps"
The so-called high goal means that people should have lofty goals, be arrogant in winning and be indomitable in losing, and make persistent efforts to achieve the ultimate goal.
The so-called small step refers to setting an acceptable, concrete and difficult goal for yourself at every stage of life. Make corresponding plans and gradually realize the goal.
In this way, people's actions will move forward under the guidance of large and small goals. If there are only big goals and no small goals, it is easy for students to feel unattainable and feel depressed, thus giving up their goals. If there are only small goals and no big goals, it is easy for people to lack the confidence to struggle and only see the immediate gains and losses. Therefore, the combination of big and small goals can make people full of passion for life, keep making progress, cultivate their will in the journey of achieving their goals, and thus form a good ability to overcome setbacks.
1. Strengthen the correct motivation
People's actions are dominated by motivation, and the germination of motivation stems from the satisfaction of needs. A normal person who needs nothing and pursues nothing has never been. Everyone has his own needs and pursuits; Just because of the different outlook on life, different people always regard different pursuits as their greatest satisfaction. Stalin said that great goals produce great perseverance. From ostrovsky and Zhang Haidi, we can fully see how lofty life goals can effectively stimulate perseverance.
Start with small things
Li Siguang Xiang is famous for his tough and meticulous work, which is related to the fact that when he was young, he exercised himself to walk 0.8 meters every step. Dalton has never been afraid of difficulties all his life, and seems to have benefited a lot from his ability to cope with the weather every day for fifty years. Gorky said: "Even a little restraint on yourself will make people strong." Life has repeatedly shown that everyone can have perseverance, and everyone can exercise perseverance, and perseverance is accompanied by overcoming difficulties. The process of overcoming difficulties is also the process of cultivating and enhancing perseverance. People who are not very persistent can often overcome small difficulties, but they can't overcome big difficulties; But accumulating small victories to overcome small difficulties can also encourage people to constantly enhance their courage to overcome big difficulties. You may not be able to carry 100 kg today, but you can carry 30 kg, that's all. As long as you choose every day and practice every month, one day, a hundred pounds of burden will be on your shoulders and you can walk as fast as a fly. But we must follow the objective laws and do what we can. Yun said with deep feelings: I am determined to use the art of gathering righteousness. I mean those who get together, that is, those who often struggle with small things … those who make mistakes in small things will make mistakes in big things. Small oppression and small temptation can win, and it is still a question whether big oppression and big temptation can win. If small things are not better than big things, isn't that self-deception? Better than the small one, and better than the big one. This so-called concentration is also. Otherwise, Jiyi is still empty talk. "
There are many small things, from which small things to start, some people go to bed late, you might as well get up with your eyes wide open; Some people take "what can be done today depends on tomorrow" as their motto. Some people want to doze off when they meet books, so they force themselves to read for an hour every day and don't sleep until they finish reading. As long as they force themselves to sit in front of a book every day, habits will always form and perseverance will also arise.
Man's greatest enemy is himself, because everyone is lazy. It takes perseverance to overcome inertia. Any inertia is interlinked, and any will action is born of * *. Things always complement each other. This is why you can cultivate great perseverance from an early age.
3. Cultivating interest can stimulate perseverance.
That makes sense. Interest is the threshold of perseverance. Fables has a special interest in insects. He can observe insects under the tree for half a day. Ding Zhaozhong, the Nobel Prize winner, said: I often shut myself in the laboratory day and night. Some people think I'm bitter, but it's just my interest. I feel "endless fun" and naturally have the perseverance to stick to it.
People's interests can be divided into intuitive interests and intrinsic interests, but they can be converted. For example, some people are not interested in learning a foreign language, but they know that learning a foreign language well is the need of reform and opening up and mastering more knowledge and information. He is interested in this demand, so he can force himself to keep learning foreign languages. In the process of learning, we can gradually cultivate his interest in foreign languages, and then further stimulate his perseverance in learning foreign languages. Once a person has an inherent and stable interest in a thing or a job, it is very natural that the desirable perseverance will unconsciously attack him.
4. From easy to difficult, step by step
Some people really want to finish one thing from beginning to end, but it is often too difficult to continue. For those who are not strong in perseverance, when determining their own goals and choosing a breakthrough to achieve them, we must adhere to the principle of proceeding from reality and moving from easy to difficult. Comrade Xu Teli was over half a year old when he studied French. Others say that he can't learn well. He said, let me try. He knew that he had a poor memory and was busy at work, so he began to set himself an "index" of remembering only one or two new words every day. The plan didn't go well at first, and it was easy to realize. It looks a little slow, but it can cultivate self-confidence. A few months later, xu teacher not only completed the plan as scheduled, but also cultivated interest and confidence, and gradually mastered the "trick" of learning French. He can remember three or four new words every day. Lao Xu's method is very dialectical. If we put forward too high an index at the beginning without being sure, the plan may not be realized and confidence will inevitably drop sharply. Even people who are persistent at ordinary times may shrink back at this time. American scholar Mitchell Kodak once said: "It is very important to start your daily work by completing some things, no matter how small these things are, they will give people a feeling of success." This feeling is undoubtedly conducive to the stimulation of perseverance. Kodak's words seem to inspire us to do other things.
(9) Yan loves both.
Children should be loved. Without love, there is no education. However, we should love rather than drown, be strict with love, see love in strictness, and love both. Love for children can't take the place of arrangement. Children should be allowed to do it themselves, and the requirements are strict. It doesn't matter if you do something wrong, correct it yourself. Let children experience the ups and downs of life in the process of doing it.
Wei Qing's mother said that Xiao Weiqing had only one hand disability. When he first learns to tie his shoelaces, it usually takes an hour or two, and sweat oozes from his forehead. As a mother, his heart ached. Although my mother helped me only with a little effort, this mother knows that her daughter is not only learning shoelaces, but also learning how to knock on the door of life with one hand and learn to be a strong person in life. Therefore, as parents, we must take into account the ups and downs of children's future life. It is true that children should overcome difficulties, solve contradictions and exercise their ability to withstand setbacks in the combination of love and strictness.
Finally, you must "know". Nine times out of ten, life is unsatisfactory; A smooth life is not a wonderful life; Growth is always accompanied by pain, success is always accompanied by loneliness; The blade comes from sharpening, and the plum blossom fragrance comes from bitter cold; How can you see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain? Besides, not all flowers bloom in spring, are they?
Ding guijun
June 2020 1 1