Psychological counselors' attention phenomenon in grade three 20 17

This article "Psychological Counselor's Three-level Attention Phenomenon 20 17" is carefully arranged and recommended by the psychological counselor column, hoping to help the majority of candidates. For more information, please continue to pay attention to this website.

Chapter III Attention

(1) Attention is not a single concept, but a name used by various psychological phenomena. Note that this word has different meanings on different occasions. Attention-related phenomena: selective attention, attention transfer, distraction information inhibition and concentrated attention.

First, the Strout effect.

Stroop effect is a widely used visual task. This effect means that when the printed color of the word conflicts with the meaning of the word, and the task is to name the printed color, the response of the subjects is slow. In the Stroop effect experiment, in order to complete the task, the subjects have to face a choice, that is, they have to choose the printing color from two dimensions: printing color and meaning. Stroop( 1935) first proved this effect. He found that it takes an average of 1 10 times for people to name the ink colors of 100 conflicting words. In contrast, it takes only 63 seconds to name the ink color of 100 solid color squares. The difference of 47 seconds between them represents Stroop interference or Stroop effect.

Compared with young people, the Stroop interference effect of the elderly is greater.

Stroop interference has been used as an index to evaluate the effectiveness of suppression system. The greater the interference, the lower the suppression efficiency.

Second, automatic processing and controlled processing.

Two processing levels related to attention, namely automatic processing and controlled processing.

Automatic machining is mainly used for simple tasks involving highly familiar projects;

Controlled machining is mainly used for difficult or unfamiliar tasks. Automatic processing is parallel, in other words, people can work on two or more projects at the same time. In contrast, controlled processing is a series, and only one project can be processed at a time. In the selective attention task, when the task is easy, people tend to use automatic processing. When the task contains unfamiliar items, which makes it difficult, people will use controlled processing.

Thirdly, feature integration theory: processing is divided into two stages. The first stage is distraction, and people use parallel processing to automatically register features. In other words, in the distraction stage, people will automatically deal with isolated features. When there are more irrelevant items, the target perception speed of the subjects is as fast as when the stimulus display only contains three items, so there are fewer irrelevant items. The results show that feature registration or coding is automatic. Thus, in the feature integration theory, distraction is a relatively low-level processing, which is roughly equivalent to automatic processing. This kind of treatment requires so little effort that we don't even realize it.

The second stage is focusing attention, which mainly carries out a series of processing, that is, only one object is recognized at a time. Concentration is roughly equivalent to controlling processing. In essence, feature integration theory holds that although feature registration does not need attention, feature integration needs attention. This idea is further supported by the phenomenon of illusory combination.

Unreal combination refers to improper combination of features. This phenomenon occurs when attention is overloaded or people are distracted, especially when attention is highly demanded. For example, present a person with two meaningless "dax" and "kay". If this person is distracted, he may report that he has seen the English word "day".

Memory depends on attention. We can only remember what we notice.

Fourthly, the early theory of selective attention.

Psychological refractory period: Welford( 1952) proved through experiments that when two signals are presented quickly one after another and the subjects have to respond quickly to both signals, the response time of the subjects to the second stimulus depends on the time difference between the first stimulus and the second stimulus, that is, the stimulus presentation is poor, which is abbreviated as SOA. Compared with long SOA, when SOA is short, subjects respond to the second stimulus. Wilford called the delay of the subjects' response to the second stimulus under this short SOA condition as the psychological refractory period (PRP).

Binaural hearing:

In the early experiments on attention, the popular experimental paradigm was binaural listening. In this paradigm, subjects present auditory stimuli to both ears simultaneously through headphones. Usually, different stimuli reach both ears. Then the subjects were asked to complete some tasks. In the experiment of distraction, the researchers asked the subjects to pay attention to two pieces of information at the same time. Then, in the selective attention experiment, the instruction tells the subjects to pay attention to the information presented to one ear and ignore other information presented to the other ear. Under experimental conditions, researchers can present two kinds of auditory stimuli to the same ear. These two stimuli can appear in different sounds or in the same sound. Because two auditory stimuli reach the same ear, the spatial position of the stimuli is the same. In addition, researchers can present the above stimuli to people's ears. Some studies show that the physical acoustic differences between sounds and the physical separation of positions are helpful to information selection, and the most effective clue is the physical separation of positions. These results show that listeners can selectively pay attention to stimuli with some common physical characteristics, and at the same time they can refuse stimuli without these characteristics.

Fifthly, the filtering theory belongs to the early selection model.

In broadbent's view, just like a communication system, the whole nervous system can be regarded as a single channel with limited information transmission rate. For economic reasons, a selective filter or switch is needed before the capacity of the nervous system is limited. The switch protects the system from overload. It only allows a small amount of selected information to pass through the filter and all other information is blocked. In addition, it is necessary to assume a buffer before the selective filter. This buffer is a temporary memory in which unselected information can be temporarily retained. Broadbent's filtering theory belongs to the early selection model.

Six, attenuation model

Tresman proved that only in 6% of the experiments, subjects were able to report words from the negligent channel. This shows that in 94% of the experiments, non-attention can't break through the filter. If all the incoming information is processed completely, it is impossible to have such a few breakthroughs. As broadbent said, Tresman thinks that filters don't follow the all-or-nothing principle. He pointed out that the function of the filter is not to block all information that does not meet the attention selection criteria, but to attenuate or weaken the intensity of non-attention channels. This theory is called attenuation model. If all the incoming information is not blocked, then some information that is consistent with it or related to the individual at present may be enough to improve the activation of those words and make them exceed the threshold of consciousness.

Deutsch's late selection theory: In this theory, the restriction on parallel processing is closer to the late reaction stage than the early identification stage. They suggest weighting some input signals according to their importance and comparing them in some way. On this basis, determine the most important signal at present. Only the most important signals will be converted into processes such as memory storage and action output. The most important information is not selected in the early stage of processing, but after processing is completed. Therefore, the choice is made on the basis of meaning.

7. Debate between morning and evening and bottleneck position: In order to find out where the bottleneck is, parallel processing stops and serial processing starts, psychologists have conducted a lot of experiments. The basic logic of these experiments is that if the information in the non-following ear can be processed to a higher semantic level, then attention selection will occur at a relatively late stage. The words presented in the subjects' casual ears are related to subsequent information or semantics, or associative, or completely irrelevant. The results show that although the subjects can't remember any words presented in the inattentive ears, they need longer time to say the following words when the attentive ears have semantic relations with the words presented in the inattentive ears. This shows that the words in the non-following ear have been unconsciously semantically processed.

Electric shock response: in order to measure the impact of casual semantic information on the follow-up work. Use galvanic skin response (GSR). Let the subjects form conditioned reflex first, that is, establish a connection between a specific group of words and the expectation of electric shock. These words are related to cities. Then the subjects were asked to complete the task of binaural hearing. Occasionally, a word related to electric shock is presented to the casual channel. It turned out that although the subjects claimed that they didn't know these words. However, the subjects showed obvious GSR. More interestingly, for other city words, these subjects also showed GSR, but these words did not appear in the conditioning training stage. The results show that the inattentive words appearing in non-following ears not only have semantic accessibility, but also can be semantically generalized.

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