First of all, it is suitable for the characteristics of customers.
Many domestic scholars have been engaged in theoretical research and practical work for a long time, such as Shan Huaihai [1], Ma Jianqing [2], Tang Yilang, [3], Zeng Wenxing, [4] and so on. According to my own understanding of peaceful therapy and summary of practical experience, this paper puts forward the method of selecting suitable parties. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing their views, combined with our own consulting experience, we believe that a suitable consultant should have the following characteristics:
1. Intelligence and personality are basically normal.
Visitors' intelligence generally needs to be within the normal range, because they need to be able to describe their own problems and other related situations, understand the meaning of verbal and non-verbal information sent by consultants, and have certain understanding ability. Therefore, a certain level of intelligence is necessary, otherwise, consultation will be quite difficult. Generally speaking, the higher the intellectual level and cultural level of visitors, the more suitable they are. Those consulting methods of in-depth analysis, reasoning and discussion are suitable for visitors with high cultural level and good understanding ability, while those with low intelligence level should make concise and targeted answers, vivid explanations or metaphors, demonstrate with successful cases, and make appropriate hints and guarantees according to the concerns of visitors. But this does not mean that people with low education are not suitable for it. In consulting practice, it is found that many people with low educational level and simple heart are easy to accept the reasonable opinions and suggestions of consultants, thus obtaining good consulting results.
The visitor's personality should also be basically normal, and there is no obvious personality disorder. Personality mentioned here refers to non-cognitive personality traits, including consciousness tendency, temperament tendency and personality tendency. If the visitor has personality disorder, it will not only hinder the establishment of counseling relationship, but also affect counseling. Generally speaking, in this process, according to the needs of visitors, counselors will give appropriate support and encouragement, but this process is not always comfortable for visitors. Visitors should tell their problems or symptoms to the counselor, accept the guidance of the counselor, and strive to improve their behavior, which requires visitors to have a basically normal personality. Otherwise, it is difficult to bear the pain, accept unpleasant suggestions, change one's behavior and produce obvious counseling effect.
2. Have a strong and real motivation to ask for help.
Whether visitors have a strong motivation for consultation directly affects the effect of consultation. Visitors who lack motivation to consult and still lack motivation after repeated work by consultants are generally not suitable for work. Because although visitors need psychological guidance from counselors, the most important thing is to rely on their own efforts. Visitors should not only realize that they have psychological or behavioral problems, but also feel some pain because of their own problems. Because of the pain, I want to solve the problem, relieve and eliminate the symptoms, and improve my psychology and behavior. Visitors should have considerable courage, admit their shortcomings, defects or problems, and be willing to talk about their shortcomings, faults or problems with consultants, all of which depend on the motivation of visitors to accept and treat them.
Generally speaking, the stronger the negotiation motivation, the easier it is for the two sides to cooperate closely and achieve results. Not only the intensity of motivation, but also the content of motivation often determines the effect of counseling. Some visitors come to consult for other purposes, not to adjust their psychological state, solve psychological problems, eliminate psychological symptoms and change their unsuitable behaviors. For example, some visitors come to consult only for psychological comfort; Some are to see the counselor more; Some regard the consulting room as a refuge; Some come to prove to the consultant that they are better than the consultant. Therefore, the consultant should find out the real motivation of the visitors, otherwise it is likely to be a waste of breath. If the client's motivation is found to be incorrect or lacking in real motivation, the consultant should first adjust the motivation, otherwise the consultation should be suspended.
There are also some visitors who are not familiar with what treatment is at first and don't know how to accept it. In this case, the counselor should generally make necessary explanations and explanations first, and try for a period of time to determine whether the visitor really intends to receive and treat, and it is not appropriate to judge the visitor's motivation for seeking advice too early. In addition, some visitors did not ask for treatment at first, which may be forced by relatives and friends. In this case, counselors should make use of certain consulting characteristics, experience and skills to help visitors see their own problems, cultivate their motivation to accept and improve their psychology and behavior by establishing good consulting relationships.
3. The scope of the problem to be solved
Not all psychological problems can be solved satisfactorily. Some contents are suitable and some are not. Here, we combine it with psychotherapy. For example, if a college student wants to get a first-class scholarship from the school, the consultant can't and can't help him get a first-class scholarship from the school authorities. But if the college student wants to discuss whether it is necessary to get a first-class scholarship and how to achieve this goal as soon as possible through his own efforts and progress in study, then this kind of help can be obtained from school workers. For another example, a person suffers from psychological problems in the workplace because of the imbalance of interpersonal relationships. At this time, the counselor can't get more favorable results for the visitors through mediation or administrative means, just like his superiors, thus alleviating his psychological troubles. However, if visitors want to cultivate their philosophical and detached attitude towards life and adjust or improve some of their behaviors by adjusting some unreasonable cognition and beliefs, that is the psychological problem that counselors can solve.
Generally speaking, neurotic psychological disorders, partial psychological disorders, behavioral disorders, psychosomatic diseases, etc. Belonging to the category of psychotherapy. In particular, various adaptive psychological problems and psychological obstacles related to psychosocial factors, psychological education and development are more suitable for development. However, it is difficult for mental patients in the attack and symptom stages to establish interpersonal relationships because of poor contact with the outside world and lack of self-knowledge and self-control. Therefore, it is generally not within the scope. But recovering patients can also benefit from it. In addition, people with serious personality disorders are not suitable for treatment.
4. Appropriate age
Strictly speaking, there is no clear age limit. As far as fitness is concerned, people of every age group have advantages and disadvantages, and some special ones are specially designed for a certain age group. Such as teenagers and the elderly. But on the whole, young people are more suitable to accept than people of other ages. On the one hand, compared with children, teenagers have a higher degree of psychological development, especially in self-awareness. They can express their problems more easily and accurately, and they are also easy to understand and accept consultation and counseling; On the other hand, compared with middle-aged and elderly people, young people are more plastic and their personality has not yet been fully formed; Moreover, the psychological distress of young people is relatively short, and most of the problems are maladjustment and emotional disorder. It is not too long before childhood, so it is easy to dig the root of the problem and the counseling effect is obvious.
Step 5 match well
The so-called good matching includes two aspects: first, psychological counselors and visitors are psychologically compatible, accepting, accommodating and attracting each other; Secondly, the characteristics of visitors are consistent with the expertise of consultants, and the consulting effect (especially short-term consulting effect) is obvious. For example, consultants are good at consulting a certain group of people (such as college students and women). ), have experience in dealing with certain problems (such as being good at dealing with interpersonal relationships), and be good at certain theories and methods (such as humanistic psychotherapy). The characteristics of visitors are just in line with these specialties of consultants.
In addition, visitors who have good external support, pay attention to psychological feelings, strong communication skills and high trust in consulting methods and consultants are also easy to obtain better consulting results. It must be pointed out that these characteristics of visitors are relative, which does not mean that visitors who do not have the above typical characteristics cannot solve their psychological problems through treatment.
Second, distinguish the nature of the problem of diagnosing visitors.
The nature of the visitor problem mentioned here refers to whether the visitor's problem belongs to brain organic disease, mental illness and serious personality disorder. The object and scope of treatment are very extensive. Generally speaking, except for patients with brain organic diseases, mental patients and some people with personality disorders, most of them can be treated. It's just that the degree of fit is different. Therefore, the first step of treatment is to make a differential diagnosis of brain organic diseases, mental diseases and personality disorders. Once these diseases are found, visitors must be referred to neurology or psychiatry for treatment. Neuroscience, psychiatry and abnormal psychology specialize in the differential diagnosis of brain organic diseases, psychosis and personality disorders. Due to the limitation of space, this book will not be introduced in detail. One thing is clear, whether the therapist has the necessary medical (especially psychiatric) knowledge and clinical experience will directly affect his differential diagnosis of visitors' problems (especially serious psychological disorders), and then affect the effect of consultation and treatment.
After excluding people with brain organic diseases, mental diseases or serious personality disorders, it involves a problem of how to distinguish between objects and psychotherapy objects. In the first chapter, we have introduced the relationship with psychotherapy, and think that the key point is to solve various psychological problems encountered by normal people, such as interpersonal problems in daily life, career choices, problems in the education process, problems in marriage and family, etc. And psychotherapy is mainly aimed at some neurosis, some psychosexual disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, psychosomatic diseases, some early psychosis or convalescent psychosis patients.
However, due to the relative division from psychotherapy and the constraints of existing conditions in China, there is no strict distinction between psychotherapy and psychotherapy in practical work. There is generally no intermediate link in the mutual transformation with psychotherapy, and those who need help have both psychotherapy and psychotherapy. With the development of psychotherapy in China, the requirements and management of psychotherapist qualification will be more standardized and reasonable.