Who are those scientists who are not trusted? What are their stories?

Introduction to Physicists-Hawking1942 65438+1October 8th, Hawking was born in Oxford, England. This day is the day when Galileo, a great physicist and astronomer, died suddenly 300 years ago. Galileo was the first person to put forward the principle of the law of inertia (all objects will keep their original state of motion when they are not acted by external forces). Later, Newton systematically summed up this law (so later generations also called it "Newton's first law"), making it the cornerstone of all mechanical laws. Einstein put forward special relativity and general relativity, which completely changed the concept of time and space of human beings. How does Hawking's achievements compare with those of his predecessors? Is he eligible for the Science Hall of Fame? Let's talk about his first appearance in academia: 1970. Hawking, 28, cooperated with R. Penrose to prove the "singularity theorem": under certain conditions, according to the general theory of relativity, BIGBANG must start from a "singularity". So both of them won the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1988. Hawking's contributions-the study of the nature of black holes and the theory of quantum gravity-are not as important as Newton's law of universal gravitation and Einstein's two theories of relativity, but they are enough to make him occupy a place in the Science Hall of Fame. In particular, his theory of quantum gravity integrates two major fields of modern physics and forms its own system. So he can be on an equal footing with the scientist who founded molecular biology (the successful combination of biology and quantum mechanics). Before Hawking, all theories of the universe were based on general relativity, but only Hawking discovered and proved that general relativity was only an incomplete theory, which could not tell us the details of the origin of the universe. Because according to the conclusion of general relativity, all physical theories (including itself) will fail at the beginning of the universe. Obviously, general relativity is only an incomplete "partial" theory, so the singularity theorem really shows that there was a moment in the very early universe when the universe was so small. So that people have to consider using another great "local" theory in the 20th century-quantum mechanics to describe the micro-world. Hawking and his partners were forced to turn from a very large-scale theoretical research to a very small-scale theoretical research. There is just such a possible tiny celestial body as the research object. As Hawking later recalled: "Studying the properties of black holes will help us to understand the singularity of the Big Bang at the same time. Because they are so alike. " So he began to study the problem of black holes. Noun explanation black hole: A massive star burned inside collapses towards the center due to its own gravity, which will eventually form a dense black hole. A black hole is a solid particle in the universe, and its volume tends to zero, while its density (density = mass ÷ volume) is almost infinite. Because of its strong gravity, as long as there is an object near this particle, it will be attracted by the strong gravity, and even the light traveling 300 thousand kilometers per second will not be spared. In other words, no signal can come out of the black hole's range of action, and the boundary of this range of action is called "horizon", and human beings can't see the situation inside-it is dark for observers-which is also the origin of the black hole's name. Hawking pointed out that +097 1 year. BIGBANG time may produce "primordial black hole" as small as protons (radius 10- 13cm) and weighing about one billion tons. Their life span is about the same as the age of the universe. Hawking, B. Carter and others strictly proved the "hairless theorem of black holes": "No matter what kind of black holes, their final properties are only determined by several physical quantities (mass, angular momentum and charge). That is, after the black hole is formed, only these three quantities cannot become the conserved quantities of electromagnetic radiation. All other information ("hair") will be lost. J.A. Wheeler, the name of "black hole", jokingly called this feature "black hole hairless". On 19 16, Mr. Wu, a famous physicist in China, was introduced to the Department of Physics and Chemistry of Nanjing Normal University, where he studied under Dr. Hu who returned from studying in the United States. Under the guidance of Mr. Hu, Wu has a certain understanding of X-rays in China. 192 1 got the opportunity to study in the United States with excellent results. At the end of that year, Wu went to the United States and entered the University of Chicago 1922 at the beginning of the year. At that time, a famous physicist? h？ Compton is engaged in research and teaching at the University of Chicago as a visiting scholar. 1923 officially became a university professor. In May of that year, Compton published a paper explaining the phenomenon of frequency change after X-rays were scattered by graphite (later called Compton effect). Duane, an important figure in American physics who also studied this phenomenon at that time, had the so-called "box effect" and "three radiations" theory. Therefore, he strongly opposed Compton's work. Wu has done a lot of in-depth research on more than a dozen elements as scattering materials, and has given great support to Compton's theory with irrefutable facts through carefully designed experimental schemes. These achievements have attracted the attention and recognition of the international physics community, and the relevant data have been cited by some international works. Mr. Wu received his doctorate at 1926. Some foreign physics textbooks call Compton Effect Compton-Wu Xun You Effect because they respect Mr. Wu's work. Mr. Yan went to France to study in 1923, and received his doctor of science degree in 1927. 1880 famous physicist Buel? Madame Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect of crystal, but the quantitative data of piezoelectric effect was obtained through Mr. Yan's in-depth research and accurate measurement. Yan Jici's tutor is physicist Charlie? Fabry, he is a good friend of the Curies. Mary? Madame Curie supported Mr. Yan's research very much and lent the crystal samples used by Madame Curie forty years ago. The famous physicist Ron Wan Zhi also appreciated Yan Jici and gave him a lot of guidance and help. On the basis of a large number of experiments, Mr. Yan summed up that the piezoelectric effect and its reverse effect of crystals are anisotropic, saturated and instantaneous. Extends and develops Curie's theory. 1927, Fabry was elected as an academician of the French Academy of Sciences. At the inauguration ceremony, he read the doctoral thesis of his favorite pupil, Yan Jici. In 2008+093 1 year, Mr. Yan followed the famous physicist f? I Aurio-Curie and Kapitza were elected as directors of the French Physical Society. Mr Zhao Zhongyao Zhao Zhongyao 1927 was educated at California institute of technology, 1923 won the milligan nobel prize, and 1930 received his doctorate. 1979 When Ding Zhaozhong inaugurated the Petra accelerator at the Synchrotron Radiation Center in West Germany, he introduced Zhao Zhongyao to hundreds of scientists from more than ten countries: "This is the earliest discoverer of the generation and annihilation of electrons and positrons. Without his discovery, there would be no present electron-positron collider. "This refers to Mr. Zhao's research on the second topic given by milligan (the first topic was rejected by Mr. Zhao)," Absorption coefficient of hard gamma rays passing through matter ". Abnormal absorption and special radiation phenomena were measured. The so-called anomaly is very different from the Klein-PeopleSoft formula recognized at that time, that is, only the scattering on light elements conforms to it, but it is very different when it passes through heavy elements. For example, when hard gamma rays are scattered by lead, the absorption coefficient is about 40% larger than the formula result. Because Milligan believes in Klein-PeopleSoft formula, he doesn't believe in Mr. Zhao's result. So that the paper was put on hold for more than two months. Later, because Professor Bowen knew Mr. Zhao's work very well and made a promise to milligan, the article was published in the May issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1930. In the next experiment, Zhao Zhongyao found that when γ -rays are scattered by lead, there will be a special kind of optical radiation accompanied by abnormal absorption. Because the method used at that time can't show the detailed mechanism, we can only conclude that these two phenomena are not caused by electrons in the core-shell but by the nucleus. In fact, anomalous absorption is the result of the decrease of positive and negative electron pairs produced by gamma rays around the nucleus. Special radiation is the annihilation radiation of two (or more) photons produced by the collision and annihilation of positrons and negative electrons. Mr. Wang said: "Physicists of the older generation in China can leave their names in the history of science, such as He Wang. "Teacher Wang 1930 took the official fee as an international student and went to the Royal Institute of Chemistry in Berlin, Germany, where he studied under Metnaz. I have had the honor to listen to the lectures of Born, Mises, Hai, Northam, Frank, Schrodinger and Debye in Gottingen and Berlin University. 26-year-old Mr. Wang completed the famous physicist Feng's doctoral thesis "β spectrum +C+C 1 1?" The defense committee composed of Laue, Mattenas deliberated and passed Wang's doctoral thesis. 10, Wang visited Cavendish laboratory and called on physicists such as Rutherford and chadwick. 1April, 934, Mr. Wang returned to China. His scientific contributions mainly include: putting forward an experimental scheme to verify the existence of neutrinos; Study on the decay characteristics of muons with cosmic rays. The anti-fitness negative hyperon was discovered for the first time. It is the first time to observe antiparticles with strange quarks generated in the interaction of elementary particles, and won the first prize of 1982 national invention. Mr. Wang participated in the experimental research and organizational leadership of the development of two bombs in China, and was one of the main founders of the development of nuclear weapons in China. Qian Xuesen was born in Shanghai (1 91-), a scientist and rocket expert in China,191February/year, and came to Beijing with his father at the age of 3./. Later, he stayed in the United States and served as lecturer, associate professor, professor, director of supersonic laboratory and director of Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center. 1950 began to strive to return to China, was persecuted by the American government, lost his freedom, and returned to the motherland on 1955 five years later. Since 1958, he has been a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft for a long time. Joined China * * * Production Party from 1959, and is now honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology. Qian Xuesen joined the Department of Aeronautical Engineering at MIT from 1935. At that time, only California Institute of Technology had an aerodynamic laboratory headed by the famous Hungarian scholar Feng? Carmen (also translated by Feng? Kaman). Feng? Carmen was also an accomplished physicist in her early years. Is that Max? One of Born's good friends and partners. Later, Carmen specialized in fluid dynamics and aerodynamics and became a prestigious authority in these two fields. 1936 In the autumn, Mr. Qian visited Carmen, California. Carmen appreciated Qian Xuesen's quick and clever thinking and suggested that Qian Xuesen come to him to study for a doctorate. Since then, Qian Xuesen has specialized in high-speed aerodynamics under the guidance of Carmen. China students won Carmen's special affection. Besides Mr. Qian, he also trained famous mathematicians and scientists in China, such as Qian Weichang and Guo Yonghuai. He often said, "There are two smartest people in the world, one is Hungarian and the other is China". Under the guidance of Carmen, Qian Xuesen published 8 articles in magazines such as Aviation Science and Applied Mechanics from 65438 to 1945. Many pioneering works such as similarity law of transonic flow are put forward. 1945, Carmen was the head of the scientific advisory panel of the US Air Force and was awarded the rank of major general, while Qian Xuesen was the head of the rocket group of the advisory panel and the rank of colonel. After World War II, the US Air Force authorities spoke highly of Qian Xuesen's work, believing that he had made great contributions to the victory of the war, and Carmen paid more attention to his favorite students. He is called the most effective rocket expert. Qian Xuesen was able to return to China after 1955, which made a fundamental work for the development of rocket, missile and space technology in new China. Won the title of National Outstanding Contribution Scientist in +099 1 year. Qian Sanqiang, Qian Sanqiang (19 13-6550). China is an experimental physicist in Xing Wu County, Zhejiang Province. 1929 was admitted to Peking university science foundation, 1932 was admitted to Tsinghua University physics department, and 1936 graduated from Tsinghua University physics department. He went to France to study, and 1937 studied in Iorio. Under the guidance of the Curies, he studied nuclear physics in the Curie Laboratory of the Institute of Radium Science of the University of Paris and the Nuclear Chemistry Laboratory of the College de France. 1940 got a doctorate in France, 1942 went to Lyon at the end of the year and waited to return to China by boat. Due to the interruption of the Pacific route, he stayed at the University of Lyon to teach, and 1944 and 1947 became researchers and researchers at the French National Scientific Research Center. Debavi Prize. 1948 After returning to China, he was appointed as a professor in the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University and director of the Atomic Research Institute of Beiping Research Institute. After the establishment of China Academy of Sciences, he has served as deputy director and director of Institute of Modern Physics, deputy director and director of Planning Bureau, secretary-general of academic secretariat, 1956- 1978 deputy secretary-general, and 1958 director of Institute of Atomic Energy. 1955 was employed as a member, presidium member and special consultant of the Department of Mathematical and Physical Chemistry of China Academy of Sciences. 1956- 1978 also served as the deputy minister of the second Ministry of Machinery Industry. Since 2008, he has been elected as the vice chairman of Chinese Physical Society. 1982 was elected as the chairman. 1978 was elected as the 6th Standing Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. 1992 died in Beijing at 0: 28 on June 28th at the age of 79. After returning to China, Qian Sanqiang has trained a group of talents engaged in nuclear science. A base for nuclear science research in China was established. Since 1955, he has participated in the establishment and organization of atomic energy, transformed the Institute of Modern Physics into the Institute of Atomic Energy, led and promoted the development of this undertaking and related scientific and technological work, and made contributions to the atomic energy construction, planning and academic leadership of China Academy of Sciences and China. 1937, Qian Sanqiang was admitted to the China-France Education Fund Committee to study in France and arrived in Paris in the summer. Curie Elena? Curie and Aurio? The Curies are called "Little Curies". After Qian Sanqiang entered the Curie laboratory, he tried to do more specific work. Besides his own paperwork, he helps others whenever he has the chance, so as to learn more experimental skills. Someone asked him why. Qian Sanqiang said, "I can't compare with you. There are so many people here, each doing his own thing. After I returned to China, I was the only one who could do anything. " In this way, Qian Sanqiang's two-year laboratory work has enriched his knowledge and practical skills. 1938+0939, Hitler's army occupied France, and Qian Sanqiang tried to escape with his colleagues, but failed. At this time, his study abroad expenses were interrupted. There is no livelihood to stay. When Qian Sanqiang was in the most difficult time, Iori Yagami, who refused to leave France at that time, gave him a helping hand. He said, "In that case, we'll try to stay. As long as we can survive and the lab is still open, we can try to arrange it for you at any time. "35438+0943 Qian Sanqiang returned to Paris to continue his research work in Curie Laboratory until he returned home. Qian Sanqiang not only finished his studies, but also became a famous physicist because of his outstanding contributions. 1946, his research group used nuclear latex to study uranium fission, discovered the famous phenomenon of uranium nuclear trisection and tetralogy, and obtained Henry? Budd prize for microphysics. I Aurio once said: "The trisection and tetralogy of uranium nucleus have been important work in French nuclear physics since the Second World War. "1947 Qian Sanqiang became the research tutor of the French national scientific research center. 1948+0948 When Qian Sanqiang returned to China, the young Curies wrote him a comment: "He is full of enthusiasm for scientific career, he is intelligent and original. It is no exaggeration to say that he is the best among the contemporary scientists who came to our laboratory and received our guidance. The state recognized Mr. Qian's talent and hired him as a researcher and research tutor of the National Research Center. He was awarded by the French Academy of Sciences. " "Mr. Qian is also an excellent organizer. He has all kinds of virtues applied by the leaders of research institutions in spirit and technology. "Peng Huanwu mentioned my life and my opinion in Born's book. One of them is Huang Kun ... ",and the other three are Peng Huanwu, Cheng,. Peng Huanwu 19 1938 was born in Changchun City, Jilin Province. 1938 went to study with Born at the University of Edinburgh in England in the autumn. 1940 received a doctorate in philosophy and 1945 received a doctorate in science. /kloc-0 returned to China at the end of 947. Born recalled in his book My Life: "My first China student was a short and strong young man named Peng (Huanwu). He is very talented ... I remember once he made a mistake on a theoretical issue. When his mistake was discovered, he was very depressed and decided to give up scientific research and write a book for the people of China. Including all the important discoveries and technical methods in the west. When I said that I thought it was too big a task for a person, he replied that a China person could do the work of 65,438+00 Europeans. He was appointed as a professor at the Schrodinger Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin, Ireland, replacing W. Hai Telei ... I think Peng is the first China person to get a professorship in Europe. Before he left, he came to visit us and went with us to Yulapur in the northwest highland of Scotland, where we spent our holiday. We had a wonderful few days together. Then he left us, never seeing him again or writing a letter. " Born said: "Peng is very simple, except for his mysterious talent." He looks like a strong farmer. " Born's words are permeated with his love, appreciation and yearning for this stubborn young man from the north of China. When Mr. Peng was in England, he cooperated with Hai Telei in meson theory research, and shared the 1945 McDougall-Bresban Prize with Born for his contribution to theoretical physics. After returning to China, he continued to study nuclear physics. A molecular structure calculation method based on electron bond wave function is proposed. Under his leadership, Deng Jiaxian published a series of important papers in collaboration with He Xiuxiu, Xu Jianming and Yu Min in 1957. He has done pioneering work for China's nuclear physics research. Mr. Peng 1982 won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award, and 1985 won the special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award. Yang Zhenning (1922-), Chinese-American, theoretical physicist, 1922 65438+ 10/was born in Hefei County, Anhui Province (now Hefei City). He completed his bachelor's thesis under the guidance of Wu Dayou, Department of Physics, The National SouthWest Associated University. 1942 After graduation, he entered the graduate school for further study and studied statistical physics under the guidance of Wang Zhuxi. He went to the United States and entered the University of Chicago for postgraduate study in 1945. Fermi edified, in the tutor e? Under the guidance of Taylor, he completed his doctoral thesis and received his doctorate in 1948. 1948+0949 worked as a teacher at the university of Chicago, 1948+0958 worked at the Princeton institute for advanced studies, 1955- 1955. From 65438 to 0966, he served as Einstein Professor of Physics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and served as the director of the newly established Institute of Theoretical Physics. The president of the United States awarded him the National Science and Technology Award from 65438 to 0985. On February 27th, Peking University awarded Yang Zhenning an honorary professor certificate. Yang Zhenning's contribution to theoretical physics is extensive. Including elementary particles, statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics, has made many contributions to theoretical structure and phenomenological analysis. Deng Jiaxian (1924- 1986), China nuclear physicist, 1924 was born in Huaining, Anhui Province on June 25th. His grandfather was a famous calligrapher and seal engraver in Qing Dynasty, and his father was a famous aesthete and artist. 16 years old, she came to Jiangjin, Sichuan to finish high school. She studied in the Physics Department of National Southwest Associated University, and studied under famous professors such as Wang Zhuxi and Zheng Huachi. 1945 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, she moved back to Beiping and was employed as a teacher in the Physics Department of Peking University. +0938+0945. 100080606606 was elected as a member of the general board of directors of the American Association for Science and Technology. The birth of the new China made him determined to return to the motherland as soon as possible. In August, 0950, nine days after he got his degree, he broke through many obstacles and boarded the returning ship. 1950 10, assistant researcher, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Engaged in nuclear theory research. 1August, 958, transferred to the newly-built nuclear weapons research institute as the director of the theoretical department, responsible for leading the theoretical design of nuclear weapons. Later, he served as deputy director and director of the Institute, vice president and dean of the Ninth Research and Design Institute of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, and deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry. He is the main organizer and leader of China's nuclear weapons research and development. 1956 joined China * * * Production Party, member of the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and academician of China Academy of Sciences. 1985 Suffered from rectal cancer in July, and persisted in working until the last moment of his life. /kloc-0 died in Beijing on July 29th, 986. 62-year-old Li Zhengdao Li Zhengdao (1926-) is a theoretical physicist. 1926165438+1was born in Shanghai on October 25th. 1943- 1944 is a physicist of Zhejiang university (at that time, he was a freshman in Yongxing, Guizhou). He began his academic career. Suspension from school due to rollover injury 1944. 1945 transferred to the Physics Department of The National SouthWest Associated University, Kunming. 1946, recommended by his teacher Wu Dayou, he won a national scholarship, went to the United States for further study, and entered the Graduate School of the University of Chicago. 1948 In the spring, Li Zhengdao passed the postgraduate qualification examination. At the end of 1949, under the guidance of Fermi, Li Zhengdao completed his doctoral thesis on white dwarfs and obtained his doctorate. Later, I worked as a lecturer in the Department of Astronomy and the Department of Physics of the University of California (Berkeley) for half a year, engaged in research work. 1950, married Qin, a college student from Shanghai. There are two of them. Li, the second son, is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Michigan. He works at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton on 195 1. 1953 was an assistant professor of physics at Columbia University, 1955 was an associate professor, 1956 was a professor, and 1957 won the Nobel Prize in physics. 1960- 1963, professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, professor at Columbia University. 1963, Professor of Physics Department of Columbia University, Professor of Fermi Physics of our school, and Professor of the whole school. He is also a member of the American Academy of Sciences. Li Zhengdao's outstanding contributions to modern physics are as follows. The mystery of "γ", that is, the so-called K meson decays in two different ways, one decays into an even parity state and the other decays into an odd parity state. Recognizing that parity may not be conserved in weak interaction, several experimental methods are further proposed to test whether parity is conserved in weak interaction. The next year, this theory was predicted by Wu Jianxiong's experiment. Therefore, the work of Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning was quickly recognized by the academic circles. Ding Zhaozhong Ding Zhaozhong (1936-), an experimental physicist, was born in Rizhao, Shandong. 1956, and went to the Department of Physics and Mathematics of the University of Michigan. 1960 got a master's degree, and 1962 got a master's degree in physics. He won a scholarship from the Ford Foundation to work at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. Worked at Columbia University from 1964, became a lecturer at Columbia University in new york from 1965, and became a professor at the Physics Department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1967. His research interests include high-energy experimental particle physics, including quantum electrodynamics, unified theory of electronegativity and quantum chromodynamics. Jay's experimental team has worked in several international experimental centers. Because of Ding Zhaozhong's contribution to physics, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics (the discovery of J/ψ particles) in 1976, the Lorenz Prize of the American government and the Tex Perry Prize of the Italian government 1988. He is an academician of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a foreign academician of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences. Academician of China Taipei Academia Sinica and Pakistani Academy of Sciences. He was awarded honorary doctorates by University of Michigan (1978), Chinese University of Hong Kong (1987), University of Bologna (1988) and Columbia University (1990). He is China, Shanghai Jiaotong University and Beijing. For example, 1977 won the Erin Gold Award from the American Society of Engineering Science, 1988 won the Leopard Excellence Award from taormina, Italy, and the Brescia Science Gold Award from Italy. He is also the author of B (Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Instruments and Methods and Mathematical Models).