First, the perception of information processing process
? Psychology regards perception as the organization and interpretation of sensory information by human brain, that is, the process of obtaining the meaning of sensory information.
? This process is a series of continuous information processing, which not only depends on individual's existing perception and experience, but also involves individual's active and selective cognitive construction process.
? The process of perception includes several interrelated aspects: the process of perception, discrimination and confirmation.
? Perception refers to discovering the existence of information about an objective thing, but we don't know what it is yet.
Discrimination refers to the process of distinguishing the attributes of one thing from those of another.
Confirmation means that people use the existing knowledge, experience and information to determine what the perceived object is, name it, and then classify it into a certain category.
For example, if you see a shiny thing on the roadside (perception), carefully observe its shape and bright surface, and distinguish it from other things (discrimination), and confirm and conclude that it is a mirror (confirmation). In the process of perception, people have different thresholds for perception, discrimination and confirmation of objective things. ?
Perception process has the concepts of direct perception and indirect perception.
The process of direct perception is the information that the perceiver obtains from the environmental things, and it does not need to be reflected.
The process of indirect perception is that the perceiver reflects environmental things with his own experience.
Direct perception and indirect perception include two interrelated processes: bottom-up processing and top-down processing.
2. Bottom-up processing and top-down processing
Bottom-up processing refers to information processing based on external things, emphasizing the position of sensory data in determining perception. Generally, the analysis starts from a smaller perceptual unit, and then turns to a larger perceptual unit. After a series of continuous stages of processing, the sensory information can be interpreted. Processing from lower level to higher level is also called data-driven processing. The characteristic of bottom-up processing is that the results of lower levels are not influenced by higher levels during the processing.
Top-down processing refers to the process in which people consciously use existing knowledge, experience and concepts to process current information. For example, in the context, the missing words are processed and then explained. For example, if you meet an unknown guest at the station, the expectation of the visitor at this time will affect the identification and confirmation of this guest. Because it is perceptual processing guided by knowledge and experience, and it is a process in which higher-level processing restricts lower-level processing, it is also called concept-driven processing. An important feature of concept-driven machining is that the lower-level machining output is influenced by the higher-level machining output.
The feeling and perception of input information are organized into the process of recognition and recognition. When perception expresses information from sensory input, bottom-up processing will occur. When perceptual expression is influenced by personal knowledge, experience, motivation, expectation and other mental activities, top-down processing will occur.
Thirdly, pattern recognition theory.
? One of the main purposes of visual perception is to identify objects, that is, to identify and confirm objects in the environment, which should be carried out through pattern recognition.
? Pattern recognition compares sensory information with information in long-term memory to determine which one in long-term memory best matches it.
? However, how is this matching process achieved? Contemporary cognitive psychology has put forward several theoretical models or hypotheses of pattern recognition, namely template matching theory, prototype matching theory, feature matching theory and structural advantage description theory.
(A) template matching theory
? Template matching theory is one of the simplest theoretical assumptions of pattern recognition. Its core idea is that all kinds of reduced copies or copies of external patterns from individual life experiences are stored in people's long-term memory, that is, templates, which correspond to the stimulation patterns in the real world one by one.
? When the stimulus acts on human senses, the stimulus information is encoded and compared with the templates stored in long-term memory to determine which template matches the stimulus pattern best, and then the stimulus pattern is confirmed to be the same as the template in the brain, and finally pattern recognition is generated, so that the pattern can be explained and further processed.
? It can be seen that template matching theory holds that pattern recognition is the process of optimal matching between stimulus patterns and templates in the mind.
Before template matching, people will preprocess the shape, size and direction of stimulus information. Pretreatment includes two processes: local operation and standardized operation. The former is the process of eliminating unimportant or meaningless information in the stimulus, and the latter is the process of adjusting the size, direction or shape of the stimulus to transform it into standard stimulus information, thus producing effective pattern recognition.
The template matching preprocessing model can better explain how people can still realize the process of pattern recognition after modifying the stimulus pattern and comparing it with the template when the external stimulus pattern changes. This assumption can greatly reduce the number of templates in long-term memory. It also shows that pattern recognition includes two processes: bottom-up processing and top-down processing.
? Lindsay and Norman (Lindsay &; Norman, 1977) introduced the top-down processing and template matching preprocessing into the template matching model, and formed a relatively complete template matching model.
(3) Feature matching theory
According to the feature matching theory, because a pattern is a whole composed of several elements or components and their relationship features, any pattern can be decomposed into many attributes or features.
In the process of pattern recognition, individuals first analyze various characteristics or attributes of stimuli, extract relevant characteristics or attributes of stimulus patterns, then synthesize them, and then compare them with various stimulus characteristics stored in long-term memory. Once the best match is obtained, the stimulation pattern is recognized.
The feature analysis model proposed by selfridge is called "pan-magic" recognition model.
In this model, the process of pattern recognition is divided into different levels, and there are many "ghosts" at each level to perform certain tasks, and the "ghosts" at different levels work in turn to realize pattern recognition. The "pan-magic" recognition model divides pattern recognition into four levels:
? The first layer is "image ghost", whose function is to encode the external stimulus information and form the image or representation of the stimulus pattern;
? The second layer is "feature ghost", whose function is to analyze the image of stimulation mode and decompose it into various features. In the process of analysis and search, each kind of "feature ghost" performs its own duties, only analyzes the feature for which it is responsible, and immediately responds, shouting out or marking the existence and quantity of this feature. Such as vertical line, diagonal line, horizontal line, right angle, acute angle and continuous curve in English letters;
? The third layer is the "cognitive ghost", whose function is to monitor and process the call signal from the "characteristic ghost" and search the relevant characteristics of a certain mode in which it is responsible from the response of the "characteristic ghost". Each "cognitive ghost" is only responsible for one pattern. Once the relevant features of the pattern are found, it will scream. The more relevant features are found, the louder its cry will be.
? The fourth layer is "decision-making ghost", whose function is to listen to the shouts of all "cognitive ghosts" and select the pattern that the "cognitive ghost" who shouts the most as the pattern to be recognized, so as to complete pattern recognition.
(D) Structural advantage description theory
When people recognize patterns, because stimulus patterns generally do not appear in isolation, they are always associated with other stimulus patterns.
? Pattern recognition is closely related to its environmental information. The role of this top-down processing in the process of pattern recognition has attracted more and more researchers' attention.
(D) Structural advantage description theory
When people recognize patterns, because stimulus patterns generally do not appear in isolation, they are always associated with other stimulus patterns.
? Pattern recognition is closely related to its environmental information. The role of this top-down processing in the process of pattern recognition has attracted more and more researchers' attention.
? The correct rate of individual recognition of letters in words is higher than that of recognizing the same letters in a single presentation. This phenomenon is called the world dominance effect.
According to "Mal's Computational Theory", visual perception includes the representation or description of three kinds of visual environment information: first, the element map, including information such as contours and boundaries, is a two-dimensional representation.
? This information can be obtained by the change of light intensity in the environment; Second, the 2 1/2-dimensional feature map, including shadow, binocular parallax, motion and other characterization information, can form a description of the relative depth and surface properties of the object; The third is the three-dimensional model representation, which is stronger than the second representation because it is three-dimensional.
? When the individual establishes the three-dimensional model representation of the stimulus pattern, the illusion is not due to the negligence of the observer, but the normal psychological activity that the individual will inevitably produce under certain conditions. Different individuals only show differences in the amount of illusion.
? Pattern recognition is realized when the illusion is generated and matched with a large number of three-dimensional model representations stored in long-term memory.
Part VIII: Illusion
First, the meaning of illusion
(1) What is illusion?
? Illusion refers to people's perception of objective things under certain conditions, which has a certain fixed tendency, does not conform to the characteristics of things themselves, and is distorted.
Illusion refers to people's perception of objective things under certain conditions, which has a certain fixed tendency, does not conform to the characteristics of things themselves, and is distorted.
(2) the type of illusion
1. Size illusion
? The illusion of size means that in some larger and longer objects, people rarely see objects of the same size or length.
Common size illusions are as follows:
Vertical and horizontal illusion of (1) line
? The phenomenon that two line segments are equal in length, one is perpendicular to the midpoint of the other, and the vertical line looks longer than the horizontal line.
(2) Miller-Lyle illusion.
For two lines with the same length, it seems that the line with the arrow inward is shorter than the line with the arrow outward because of the different directions of the arrows at both ends.
(3) Ponzo illusion
Pang walk illusion includes Pang walk perspective illusion and Pang walk size illusion. Pang Zou's perspective illusion refers to two parallel lines of equal length. Due to the influence of the longitudinal diagonal on both sides, it seems that the line above is longer.
(4) Delpau's illusion
Deborah illusion refers to the illusion of area size induced by contrast. In fact, several rings with the same area look unequal under the background of rings with different sizes.
(5) Lastraw illusion.
When two identical sector rings are arranged up and down according to the figure, it seems that the upper sector ring is smaller and the lower sector ring is larger for comparison reasons.
(6) Moon illusion
The image of the moon on the retina is the same size, but it looks bigger near the horizon and smaller overhead.
2. The illusion of shape and direction
The illusion of shape and direction refers to people's perception that the shape and direction characteristics of geometric figures have been distorted for some reason. Common shape and direction illusions are as follows:
(1) Sonnet illusion (z not Z not Zō llner illusion)
② Feng Te illusion.
(3) Olby illusion.
(4) Pogendorf illusion
(5) staircase illusion
(6) Gridder's spark illusion.
Second, the causes of illusion
There are many reasons for the illusion. Generally speaking, the illusion is mainly caused by the interference of external environmental background and subjective factors when people perceive specific things.
(A) the eye movement theory of illusion
? Illusion eye movement theory tries to explain illusion from physiological mechanism and function.
According to this theory, the observer's judgment of the length of an object is based on the scanning or movement of the eyeball from one end to the other. In this way, when people perceive geometric figures, their eyes always make regular scanning movements along the contours or lines of the figures.
When the eye scans some specific parts of the figure, the direction and amplitude of eye movement will change due to the influence of the surrounding contour, resulting in perceptual errors.
The theory of constant abuse of illusion
According to the theory of constant misuse, some specific visual models may produce false impressions and form illusions, that is, specific visual models may easily lead to the misuse of perceptual constancy.
According to the misuse theory of illusion constancy, the reason of illusion is that individuals mistakenly use the perceptual constancy used to produce three-dimensional objects in their perception of two-dimensional graphics. In general, the same object is placed on the retina at different distances. Although the size of the visual image changes, its size perception will remain relatively unchanged due to the influence of perceptual constancy.
(3) Theory of inhibitory effect of illusion nerve.
The theory of delusional nerve inhibition was put forward in the mid-1960s. This theory tries to explain the illusion from the perspective of neurophysiological mechanism of object contour formation.
? It is considered that when two contours in a figure are close to each other, the inhibition of one contour will have a displacement effect on the other contour, causing the illusion, that is, when the latter contour forms excitement on the cerebral cortex, it will be inhibited by the nerve excitement formed by the former contour, and the nerve excitement will shift, resulting in the illusion of visual effect deviation.