Original name: Alexei? Macsimovici? Peter skov
Country: Soviet Union
Birthplace:
Date of birth and death: 1868- 1936
Proletarian writer in the former Soviet Union and founder of socialist realistic literature. He was born in poverty and lost his father when he was a child. 1 1 years old, he is running around the society for a living. As a stevedore, a bakery worker, slums and docks became the classrooms of his "social" university. He shared the fate with the working people and personally experienced the cruel exploitation and oppression of capitalism. This had an important influence on his thought and creative development.
Gorky assiduously taught himself cultural knowledge, actively participated in revolutionary activities and explored ways to transform reality. 1892 published the first novel Macard? Cudla appeared in the literary world, and his early works mixed realism and romanticism, which was a necessary stage before the formation of his proletarian world outlook. Romantic works such as Macard? Cudla, Old Lady ezekiel (1895), Eagle Song (1895), etc. , praised the strong personality who loves freedom, yearns for light and heroic achievements, and showed the passion of fighting; Realistic works, such as Circa Shi, Fallen Man, Konarov, etc. Describe people's miserable life and their noble character, and express their anger and struggle. Most of the protagonists in these works are people who are trying to explore a new way of life, thinking about the meaning of life and full of fierce conflicts in their hearts.
190 1 year, he wrote the famous prose poem "Song of Haiyan", which shaped the brave Haiyan image symbolizing the great wisdom and courage of revolutionaries, predicted the coming revolutionary storm and inspired people to meet the great battle. This is an essay and ode of proletarian revolutionary fighting, which was warmly praised by Lenin.
1905 On the eve of the revolution, Gorky's creation turned to drama. From 190 1 to 1905, he wrote such plays as Little Citizen, Bottom, Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun, Barbarian, etc. Especially the ordinary citizens and the bottom class, show the new image and new mental outlook of workers in real life, and show their determination and optimism to fight for rights. Their performance caused a sensation in the Russian drama circle at that time.
Gorky wrote the novel Mother and the play Enemy in 1906, which marked that his creation reached a new peak. Mother created the heroic images of the first batch of proletarian revolutionaries who consciously fought for socialism in the history of world literature, which is the foundation stone of socialist realistic literature. Lenin affirmed its practical significance.
1905 after the failure of the revolution, Gorky went to the United States and Italy to write a series of political articles, attacking the western capitalist system and various reactionary ideological trends that flooded the ideological and literary circles. The novella Confessions, written in 1908, exposed the idealism of creationism and was severely criticized and enthusiastically helped by Lenin. Nevertheless, Gorky's dominant tendency is still positive and full of revolutionary fighting spirit. In this paper, the characteristics of the new proletarian literary creation method are explored in many aspects, and the viewpoint of combining realism with romanticism is put forward. His creative achievements between the two revolutions are quite rich, such as The Town of Ogulov (1909), Summer (1909) and Matvei? The Life of Kremyakin (1910 ~191/Italian Fairy Tales (191~/) And the first two autobiographical novels trilogy Childhood and World (1913 ~1916).
In the ten years after the October Revolution, Gorky only wrote memoirs about the unique artistic style and important literary value of Lenin and some writers, as well as the final autobiographical trilogy My University (1922 ~ 1923) and Life of Artamonov Family (1924 ~ 1923). 192 1 year, he followed Lenin's suggestion and went abroad to recuperate. 193 1 after returning to China in, he began to create a voluminous epic masterpiece "Kerim? Samgin's life is an unfinished work. 1936 before his death, he also wrote Travel Notes of the Soviet Union (1929), The Story of a Hero and several plays Egor? Bulychov et al. (1932), Toschi Gaeff et al. (1933), Vasa? Nizhneva (1935), as well as a large number of literary theories, literary criticisms and political articles, have made great contributions to Marxist literary theory and socialist cultural undertakings.
Gorky is not only a great writer but also an outstanding social activist. He organized and established the Soviet Writers' Association and presided over the first writers' congress in the whole Soviet Union to cultivate new literary talents and actively participate in the cause of maintaining world peace.
Gorky's works were introduced to China from 1907. His excellent literary works and papers have become the common wealth of the proletariat all over the world.
representative works
On Earth, Childhood on Earth, My University, Mother.
(1868 ~ 1936) is a proletarian writer in the former Soviet Union and the founder of socialist realistic literature. He comes from a poor family,
He lost his father when he was a child, and made a living in the society when he was 1 1. He worked as a loader, a bakery worker, a slum and a dock.
Classroom in "social" universities. He shared the fate with the working people and personally experienced the cruel exploitation and oppression of capitalism.
Forced. This had an important influence on his thought and creative development.
Gorky assiduously taught himself cultural knowledge, actively participated in revolutionary activities and explored ways to transform reality. 1892 Publishing Office
Women's work "McCarter? Chudra, who appeared in the literary world, had two styles in his early works: realism and romanticism.
This is a necessary stage before the formation of his proletarian world outlook. Romantic works such as Macard? Idla and Chu.
Old Mrs. Jill (1895) and Song of the Eagle (1895) praised the love of freedom, the longing for the light and the heroic achievements.
Strong personality, showing the passion of fighting; Realistic works such as Circa Shi, The Fallen Man and
Konarov, etc. , describes the people's suffering life and noble character, expressed their anger and struggle. this
Most of the protagonists in these works are people who try to explore a new way of life, think about the meaning of life and are full of fierce inner conflicts.
190 1 year, he wrote the famous prose poem "Song of Haiyan", which shaped the courage of revolutionaries who symbolized great wisdom and dared to fight the storm.
The brave Haiyan image indicates the coming revolutionary storm and inspires people to meet the great battle. This is a proletarian revolution.
Life-threatening battles and carols were warmly praised by Lenin.
1905 On the eve of the revolution, Gorky's creation turned to drama. From 190 1 to 1905, he wrote Ordinary People.
Screenplays such as Bottom, Summer Traveler, Son of the Sun and (Barbarian). Especially the "ordinary citizens" and "the bottom"
The first floor shows the new image and mental outlook of workers in real life, and shows their determination to fight for rights.
And their performances caused a sensation in the Russian theater at that time.
Gorky wrote the novel Mother and the play Enemy in 1906, which marked his creation.
The work has reached a new peak. Mother created the first batch of proletarians who consciously fought for socialism in the history of world literature.
The heroic image of revolutionaries is the foundation stone of socialist realistic literature. Lenin affirmed its practical significance.
1905 after the failure of the revolution, Gorky went to the United States and Italy to write a series of political articles, attacking the western capitalist system.
Degree and all kinds of reactionary ideological trends that flood the ideological and literary circles. The novella Confessions, written on 1908, reveals idealism.
Creationism was severely criticized by Lenin and received his enthusiastic help. Nevertheless, Gorky's dominance
The tendency is still positive and full of revolutionary fighting spirit. Theoretically speaking, the characteristics of the new proletarian literary creation method
He made many explorations and put forward the viewpoint of combining realism with romanticism. His creative achievements between the two revolutions were quite fruitful.
Such as Ogulov Town (1909), Summer (1909), Matvei? The life of Kremyakin (19 10 ~
19 1 1), Italian fairy tales (191~ 19 13), Russian fairy tales (13)
The first two autobiographical novels trilogy, childhood and human beings (1913 ~1916).
Ten years after the October Revolution, Gorky wrote only Lenin and some writers because of his poor health.
Trilogy of memoirs and autobiographies of case and important documents, my university (1922 ~ 1923) and ah.
The Origin of the Etamonov Family (1924 ~ 1925) and other works. 192 1 year, he followed Lenin's suggestion and went abroad to recuperate.
193 1 after returning to China in, he began to create a voluminous epic masterpiece "Kerim? Sam (male name)
Life of the King, which is an unfinished work. 1936 wrote travel notes of the Soviet union (1929) and English before his death.
Bear stories and many plays. Yego? Bulychov et al. (1932), Toschi Gaeff et al. (1933),
Vasa? Rilezinova (1935), as well as a large number of literary theories, literary criticisms and political articles, are of great significance to Marx.
The theory of literature and art and the cause of socialist culture have made great contributions.
Gorky is not only a great writer but also an outstanding social activist. He organized and established the Soviet Writers Association,
He also presided over the first writers' congress in the whole Soviet Union, trained new literary talents and actively participated in the cause of maintaining world peace.
Gorky's works were introduced to China from 1907. His excellent literary works and papers have become the proletariat in the world.
There are * * * levels of wealth.
Gorky (1868 ~ 1936) is a great proletarian writer. & ltbr & gt
Gorky was born in the second stage of the Russian liberation movement, and entered the literary world in the third stage of the liberation movement, that is, the proletarian revolution period. The awakening of the broad masses of the people, as well as the writer's unique life feelings and positive attitude towards life from the bottom society, made Gorky's creation take on a brand-new look from the beginning. & ltbr & gt
A remarkable feature of Gorky's early works (1892 ~ 1899) is the coexistence of romantic works and realistic works. On the one hand, it reflects that the writer is still in the exploration stage of artistic creation; On the other hand, it is also inseparable from his understanding of the literary mission at that time. Gorky believes that the times need literary awakening to push people to pursue light and ideals like "alarm bells". His romantic works mainly show the ideal heroic spirit. For example, in Old Lady Izgil (1895), he portrayed the glorious image of Dan Coleman who died for the collective, and pointed out that only in this way can life be immortal. Song of the Eagle (1895) openly calls on people to fight through the image of a brave and tenacious eagle who despairs of the light. These works played a great inspiring role in the revolutionary era. & ltbr & gt
Gorky's early realistic works are mostly based on his experiences and feelings in riffraff, among which the most representative is the novel with the theme of tramp. These works not only strongly accuse the evils of capitalist society, but also try to reveal the inner pain of tramps and the struggle between old and new consciousness, and capture the characteristics of the times of working people's life. Their purpose is still to arouse people's positive attitude towards life. The novel Cerca Shi (1895) vividly describes the noble qualities of Cerca Shi, an old tramp, who is brave, independent and uninhibited, indomitable in the face of money, and upholds human dignity. It shows that although their mental burden is still heavy, they are much more noble than selfish and vulgar individuals. In art, Celka fully demonstrated Gorky's superb skills in portraying complex characters in his early realistic works. & ltbr & gt
1905 (1900 ~1907) The revolution was the second stage of Gorky's thought and creative development. During this period, Gorky took an active part in the revolutionary movement, got to know Lenin and joined the Bolshevik Party, and his world outlook took a qualitative leap. In creation, he also served the proletarian revolutionary cause more consciously, tried to create new heroes and wrote something higher, better and more beautiful than life. & ltbr & gt
Gorky's famous poem Haiyan written in 190 1 is a summary of his early romantic creation. The whole poem reproduces the vigorous development of Russian mass movement on the eve of the 1905 revolution by symbolic artistic means, and cheers the arrival of the revolutionary storm through the image of Haiyan. Compared with the writer's previous romantic works, this poem has a clearer revolutionary theme. Haiyan is a symbol of proletarian revolutionary fighters in the early 20th century. It is the summoner of revolutionary storm and the prophet of victory. & ltbr & gt
At the beginning of the 20th century, Gorky's drama creation marked a new stage of his creation. The script Ordinary Citizen (190 1) created the first advanced worker image with distinct class consciousness in Russian literature and even in the history of world literature through the conflict between worker Neil and ordinary citizen Beth Semenoff. At the Bottom (1902) won Gorky a world reputation as an outstanding dramatist for its profound philosophy and exploration spirit. The play is a summary of the author's observation of homeless life in the past 20 years. Its revolutionary significance lies in that it not only depicts the catastrophe brought by capitalism to the people, but also arouses people's strong aversion to the current system, and more importantly, it raises the question of how to live. While denying Luca's comfortable philosophy and the road to compromise with reality, the writer appeals to people to fight capitalism through the mouth of placer gold to safeguard truth and human dignity. In art, At the Bottom embodies Gorky's style of drama creation, so Gorky is known as the founder of social and political philosophy drama. & ltbr & gt
After the 1905 revolution, Gorky's creation reached a mature stage. The script "The Enemy" (1906) first describes the fighting collective of the working class that directly attacked the bourgeoisie, and created a typical image of Sintsov, the producer of * * *. Mother (1906), a novel written at the same time, is of epoch-making significance in the history of world literature. These two works are the foundation works of Russian proletarian literature. & ltbr & gt
The period between the two revolutions (1908~ 19 17) can be regarded as the third stage of Gorky's thought and creation. During this period, Gorky lived in Italy for a long time, and was influenced by opportunism in the party ideologically, so he wrote a novel with wrong views, such as Confession (1908). However, it must be noted that his leading thought is still positive and full of revolutionary struggle spirit. For example, under the guidance of Lenin's thought, he lashed out at the decadent and other reactionary ideological trends in Russian ideological and literary circles. At the same time, he also created a novella "Summer" (1909), exposing the vacillating novella "The Town of Ogulov" (1909) by ordinary citizens, and reflecting the Italian fairy tale of the life and struggle of the Italian people (191kloc) & ltbr & gt
What is particularly noteworthy here is Gorky's autobiographical trilogy after the revolution-Childhood, On Earth and My University (1922). It is different from some writers who used to focus on personal feelings, joys and sorrows, but reflects the history of the Russian people and the new generation of proletariat through Gorky's hard life and pursuit of light in his youth. & ltbr & gt
Gorky's death from the October Revolution to 1936 is the last stage of Gorky's thought and creative development. During the period of socialist construction, Gorky's main achievements are as follows: First, he made outstanding contributions to the socialist cultural construction of the Soviet Union; Second, from the perspective of summing up historical experience, he wrote a series of works reflecting the demise of capitalism and the inevitable victory of proletarian socialism. For example, the novel Artamonov Family (1925) artistically summarizes the history of the rise and fall of Russian capitalism through the lives of three generations of Artamonov family. The unfinished epic masterpiece "Kerim? Samgin's life (1925 ~ 1936) shows the ideological struggle in Russia in the 40 years before the October Revolution, and the shameful end of bourgeois intellectuals and individualists. The play Egor Blichoff and others (193 1) vividly depicts the spiritual collapse of the bourgeoisie. At the same time, these works also show the development of Bolshevik thought and the victory of the proletariat. & ltbr & gt
Moreover, Gorky also wrote a number of memoirs with artistic characteristics and documentary value, as well as a large number of political and literary criticism articles. The most important thing is the memoir Lenin (1930). Lenin in Gorky's works embodies his long-standing ideal of capitalization of "people". & ltbr & gt
To sum up, Gorky's life is a life of continuous progress and efforts to climb the peak of proletarian culture and art under the training and education of Lenin and the Party, and it is a life of fighting. His life has gone through the whole historical era from the vigorous rise of the proletarian revolutionary movement to socialist construction. Through his creation, the proletarian revolutionary struggle has been vividly, profoundly and correctly reflected for the first time in the history of world literature. In this sense, Gorky's position in the history of world literature is unmatched by any other writer. & ltbr & gt
Mother is Gorky's masterpiece and the foundation stone of socialist realism, which is of epoch-making significance in the history of world literature. & ltbr & gt
Mother truly reflects the process of combining socialist ideas with the workers' movement under the leadership of Lenin and the Party in the early 20th century. This theme is mainly expressed through the growth of two representative figures in the novel-Bawell and his mother Nilovna, and the awakening of the masses. Secondly, the image of farmer Lei Bin and revolutionary intellectuals also reveals this theme from different aspects.
Mother is Gorky's masterpiece of new literature created by socialist realism. It describes the proletarian revolutionary movement truly, historically and concretely, and combines the romantic yearning for the future with the profound authenticity of life; At the same time, it created the heroic image of the proletariat for the first time in the history of world literature, thus creating a new era of proletarian literature.