Xie (1295 ~ 1392) was a beginner in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Word, turtle nest, Changzhou Wujin (now Jiangsu) people. I have been studying Neo-Confucianism since I was a child and have been hiding in Baihexi. I named my room "turtle nest" because I thought it was a number. When giving lectures, the discussion must be related to the world religion, guiding people to be good, avoiding Wuzhong at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and returning after Ming Dynasty. He lived in seclusion in Fang Mao Mountain, noble and clean, and was taught by scholars, including Distinguishing Confusion, Tortoise Nest Draft and so on.
Chinese name: Xie
Alias: Zizilan, turtle nest.
Place of birth: Wujin, Changzhou
Occupation: Scholar
Representative works: Bian Confused, Turtle Nest Draft, etc.
biography
Xie was born in troubled times, and the world declined. He took Sven as his own responsibility and worshiped righteousness to avoid evil. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, he lived in seclusion in Baihexi, Wujin (now Hexi, Zou District) and built a small turtle nest. Therefore, it is called "the old man in turtle nest", and all the children in the village are respectfully called Mr. turtle nest. Changzhou government has been employed as a professor. He coaxed the students and summed up a set of teaching methods. Zhejiang is a famous province. I want to be the dean of Sanqiu Leisure College, but I won't resign. After the rebellion, Xie He took refuge in Suzhou. He was in distress several times, moved five times a year, and often couldn't open the pot. Later, Suzhou people gradually got to know this well-educated young man who was helped by Gao De and competed to be a teacher for his children. He lives by repairing money.
Zhu Yuanzhang tied the pack. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan gradually settled down. Xie, an old man in his seventies, returned to his hometown and lived in seclusion in Fangmaoshan (Hengshan) in Wujin, studying hard and writing tirelessly. At that time, senior North Korean officials and opposition gentry passed through Cheung Chau, and they were bound to visit the old man in Fang Mao Mountain Turtle Nest. No matter how high the rank and reputation of the people who come, Xie treats them equally, never belittles flattery, and talks about people's livelihood and goodness.
At the age of 80, Xie, regardless of his weak health, came out to preside over the compilation of Continued Piling at the invitation of the county magistrate, and died at the age of 97.
Academic proposition
Xie Zhu has some works, such as Bian Confusion Compilation, Si, Gui Chao Manuscript, Huaigu Lu, Xupi Lin, Gui Chao Shi Chao, Gui Chao Ci, etc. What can best reflect his academic accomplishment and ideological tendency are some anecdotes about him recorded in the Ten Scholars in Five Sheep. When he took refuge in Suzhou, he asked the government to let Fan Li retire to Sangao Temple in Wujiang (in memory of Fan Li in the Warring States Period, Zhang Hans in the Jin Dynasty and Lu Guimeng in the Tang Dynasty). And asked to restore the tomb of Gu Yong, a famous figure in Wu Dong during the Three Kingdoms period. In his hometown, Zhuang Linwu entered the tomb of Zou Zhonggong and was repaired, and the land temple in the Confucian forest was demolished. He advocated forbidding people to do superstitious activities such as Buddhism during the funeral, and also stated five things, such as land reclamation, to ask He Taishou to reduce the sign of water foot, which is beneficial to people's livelihood and folk customs.
Xie's most famous work is Puzzles. The main content of Doubt is to oppose Buddhism and Taoism, which is also the essence of Neo-Confucianism. This is not only the embodiment of his personal ideological system, but also the inheritance of the rational core of Changzhou Neo-Confucianism. Xie believes that life and death are natural laws. He denounced Laozi, Zhuangzi, Fairy and Buddha (not Laozi and Zhuangzi in the pre-Qin period, but Laozi and Zhuangzi, who were regarded as the ancestors of Taoism after being reformed by Taoism) as heresies, and devoted himself to getting rid of superstitions such as ghosts and gods, taboos and life-saving. He believes that "there were many heretics in ancient times. If Laozi and Zhuangzi were like immortals, it would be especially chaotic since Qin and Han Dynasties." He also denounced the Taoist fasting ceremony, saying that "Taoism takes Laozi as the principle, and there is no prayer in the book." I went to seek happiness in vain, but I was not in danger of the clan society. What kind of happiness did I seek when I went to the State of Jin? The second gentleman is unconscious and doesn't understand physics, so he uses this as a measure to suppress food and clothing. " ("Talking about Prison Books with Friends Wang") The theory is sharp, and it is believed that the national subjugation in the Northern Song Dynasty is related to the belief in Taoism. It was "seeking pleasure in vain", "endangering the clan society" and "being unconscious and ignorant of physics", so I finally "lived in the state of Jin" and "became a prisoner for food and clothing". At the same time, Xie also took tomorrow's epidemic as an example. The epidemic is coming, and there are many patients. Most of the people who "seek medical treatment but not God" survived, while those who sought God's blessing died. I think this fully shows the hypocrisy of Buddhism and Taoism. Confusion Compilation is an important work of China and ancient naive materialism, which had a great influence in the early Ming Dynasty. When the Yuan and Ming Dynasties are discussed in later generations, Xie's Bian is a must-read, both in the history of thought and philosophy.
Ming Shi Moon Jae in
Xie, the word, is also from Wujin. I was eager to learn from an early age, devoted myself to sex, and encouraged myself with moral honor. In the early Yuan Dynasty, it was hidden by the Baihe River. Build a small room, strictly called "turtle nest", because it is called several nests. In the county town, children in rural schools are taught first, and then the text is taught. All students follow the principle of appealing to both refined and popular tastes. Illness and heresy confuse the world, and taste the aphorisms of sages and ancient and modern mirrors as "distinguishing confusion". The elder of Sanqu Academy Mountain has an example, which is not enough to be believed. And the soldiers in the world rose up and took refuge in Wuzhong, and the Wu people fought for extension as disciples. For a long time, people in the south of the Yangtze River lived in their seventies. I moved to Mount Fang Mao, and a room was bare and gloomy. There is a Ministry to revise the county annals and force it to go. The older you get, the better you study. Anyone who passes through the county will visit his residence and be greeted by Fang Buyi. The discussion must be related to the world religion, the people must be hidden, and the ambition to guide the good will not die. Poetry is elegant and refined, and those who are complacent are deeper than Neo-Confucianism. At the age of 97.
Li Shiqing Huai
When Xie reached old age, her teeth fell out, and she often worried about chewing. Once, he went to a temple to visit a monk. Knowing that his teeth were bad, the monk specially made several tofu dishes, which were delicious and didn't need to chew hard. After eating, Xie said, "The common people are getting old, and they are raised with meat, which has been the case since ancient times. However, if you are old and toothless, the meat forest will flourish and the supply will be banned. Those who seek sweetness are really good things for the elderly. " And happily wrote "Tofu Poetry": "Who will give Huainan jade food, Nanshan will choose green and yellow jade, grind it for a long time, and the coarse slag will be poured with snow juice. Soft is better than crispy beef, but sweeter than honey. When you know the history of the column, there is no need to drink milk. "
Since then, tofu dishes have been carefully cooked in his home for human consumption. Gradually, I realized that tofu is soft and delicious, and it is the best way to support the elderly. It's not hard, but it's better than hard, so I call the beauty of tofu "vegetarian" and praise it in a poem "vegetarian"
Appreciation of words
The predecessors did not pay enough attention to Xie's ci. Some people think that the content of his poems is mainly from personal sources, and his style is similar to Sanqu. At first glance, this comment is quite reasonable, but after reading Xie Xiansheng's poems carefully, I think this comment is arbitrary. Judging from Xie's existing ci works, they are still rich in content and unique in art. In the interaction between Sanqu and Ci at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Xie Ci is a typical case worth studying.
easy
First of all, Xie Ci artistically reflected the social reality at that time and expressed the psychological feelings of ordinary people during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Such as "killing boredom":
There's no reason, Tang Wu. The hanging is over. Earn a few heroes, and always travel to the east and west. After seven books, no one disputes, and the two are sincere and inconclusive. Skulls are all over the floor, God knows. Whoever unties the Milky Way will teach him to wash Kun dry. The mountain wife laughed at me, and the long night meal was a cow song. This song, which few people listen to, just hurts themselves.
This work was written in Shen Bing in the 16th year of Zheng Zheng (1356), and the Yuan Dynasty was on the eve of extinction. At that time, there were wars in the north and south of the Yangtze River, including wars between the Yuan Army and the rebel army, and wars between the rebel army and the rebel army. Only large-scale battles included the battles in Hezhou, Hangzhou, Qing Ji, Taikang, Changzhou and Huai 'an. Changzhou, the author's hometown, was burned down by soldiers in this year. The postscript to the turtle's nest said, "The heavenly soldiers came to Xizhou, and the fire suburbs ate their people. My turtle nest and my old house were burned. " Yu Nai's wife crossed Hengshan Mountain and fled to Wuxi. She was often in danger for two months. When she did this, she fell under the bed and held her breath. However, she counted her neck and turned to love her motherland. Next Mid-Autumn Festival to Loujiang, east of the sea, the tide is stormy, and I have been reluctant to give up for a long time, borrowing a house from people. I have studied for four years and lived in five disciples. I heard that there is no class in the countryside. Therefore, if the roommates are lucky, they will be reborn. Although they are poor, they will not feel bitter, and they will feel happy again. "The work is emotional, and the last sentence is about the world situation. Destroy Xiezhou with Tang Wu and change the dynasty. Historically, the attack on Jie was agreeable to the people, but the author used "unprovoked" to modify it. On the surface, he said that Tang Dance started fighting for no reason. After his success, he got a hero's name, so he crusaded against the West, but actually denied that Tang Wu was false. But that warlords were entrenched in various places at that time. They all claim to be teachers of justice, making trouble and making people angry. 1356, 1357, Zhu Yuanzhang occupied Qing Ji, Zhenjiang and Changzhou, calling himself Wu Guogong, and Zhang Shicheng took Changshu, Pingjiang and Huzhou, calling himself Zhou Wang. They attacked each other and the people were ravaged. "Tang Wu" and "Xiezhou" in the author's ci actually refer to them. The work goes on to say that after Mencius expounded seven works of Confucianism, no one said they were just acts, and no one knew whether they were sincere or not. The unjust war in the Spring and Autumn Period is used to illustrate that the current war between warlords is also an unjust war. Next, I first described the disaster brought by the war to the people, and then I wrote that I was eager to calm my mind. Those who are competitive will listen to a poor man, so they can only hurt themselves. The conclusion vividly conveys the author's concern for the country and the people. Among Xie's existing ci works, there are not a few works with such thoughts and feelings. Another example is:
Zuo Ci R.
Laoyu in Wusong lived next door. I'm glad it rained again. At this time, things happened. After ten years of difficulties and obstacles, the sword boiled millet. Now meet, don't feel drunk, such as frost mangrove. Beautiful lakes and mountains. Climb high and look far, and write poems everywhere. ——
The first word refers to war, and the second word vaguely refers to the mental trauma caused by war. The author of Uptown recalled the scene of taking refuge in Emperor Wu with friends. To describe the fearful life at that time, that is, "ten years of difficulties and obstacles, swords and millet." After the war, the reunion of old friends should have a thousand words, but the author only said his psychological feelings at that time, which shows how deeply the war impressed the author. Write down the feeling of meeting today. With the passage of time, nothing has been achieved because of the war. Now it is covered with white hair, like withered leaves. Faced with good mountains and waters, I can only console myself with poetry and prose. The style of the works is rich and the feelings expressed are sad. "The feeling of aging and separation is unique and makes people lose their souls."
In Xie's ci, in addition to reflecting the reality of the war at that time, there are also some works that express the feelings of the adherents of past dynasties. These contents were not much in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, so we should pay more attention to them. Such as "Send Zhang, and Jane Liu Xiaozhai and Zhang Xizai":
Zuocishan
Recalling yesterday's autumn wind, I sent a painting boat and crossed Yangliuzhou. Dumped the tip, snuff * * * happy, the best home, poetry grass is still left. Sitting on the sofa hanging high, the family occasionally talked, which was quite unusual for this guest. A good attitude is more romantic than finding a child to wear. Don't spend a day like Sanqiu. And you can win if you like flowers. To find mountains and ask water, report to the old country in spring, write poems and pour wine, and be in high season. Drunk hat flowers, sing to borrow grass, don't laugh crazy. Come back, there are old swallows in front of the hall and seagulls in Jiang Shang League.
Between the lines, I wrote a trip to enjoy the scenery with my friends, and between the lines, I used the facts of "Chunshen's hometown", "Seasonal Gaogang" and "Old Swallow in front of the hall", which not only indicated where I was going, but also implicitly and euphemistically expressed my feelings of being in different generations. In the face of the rural beauty of the old country, the author was sad and had to pretend to be chic and hide his inner bitterness. What I want to point out here is that Xie's intergenerational feelings are essentially different from those of the previous generation. The feeling of different generations in the previous generation is unforgettable and unforgettable, while the feeling of different generations in Xie's works is a kind of helplessness and desolation after the old dynasty, and it is a manifestation of the shadow left by the war on the author's mind. Therefore, the sense of alienation in Xie's poems is often expressed through the description of the reality of war. The combination of the two makes feelings more depressed. Such as "Send Wuxi Qian Mengbi":
Zuo Cisi
Recalling that year, I traveled eastward to avoid dust and searched for Taoyuan. Occasionally meet and smile, on the bank of Shanxi, trees are towering. A hundred feet upstairs, waiting for Xu to sleep. Drummer, me, fish and birds are happy. Every day, in the spring breeze pool pavilion, there are bamboo forests and drunken sleeves. Holding an inkstone with a hairpin often carries two flying immortals. I know that Sangtian has turned into the sea, but it has fallen and the snow has gone to the top. The old friend outside the robe is full of meaning and courage is unforgettable.
Uptown recalled the situation of taking refuge in Wu, although the author and his friends took great pains in taking refuge; I wrote about the current situation, but I still traveled around, but my mood was different. Because of the vicissitudes of life, the author's white hair will fall everywhere. From this, we can clearly see that the sense of vicissitudes in the works is caused by war.
There are still some leisurely expressions in Xie's poems. Of course, there are many reasons for the author's leisure, but it is mainly determined by the author's experience. Xie, as an ordinary scholar, had neither the ambition to seek the king nor the sadness of the nobles in the old dynasty when he established the country in the Li Dynasty. He only teaches disciples for a living and learns a lot, so people are obsessed with "delaying becoming a disciple." (Biography of Ming Metabolism) A family basically relies on Liang Xiu to make a living. Zheng Zheng lived in seclusion in Baihexi, Wujin in his early years, and lived in seclusion in Fang Mao after pacifying Jiangnan, studying behind closed doors and visiting officials and gentry. Influenced by poetry and books and war experience, he developed an elegant and open-minded rural Confucian style. Leshan, a wise man, and love the water, a benevolent man, became silent friends, and the landscape became the carrier of his expression of leisure. For example:
a state in the Zhou Dynasty
The east wind woke the old plum branch. Ye Nan Fang Fei. The north is also fragrant. Five o'clock in the morning. The flute is also playing. The horn also sounded. The bottom of Songqing River is unique. Who knew it was cold? No one knows how warm the weather is. I'm sorry to talk to you. Mei also writes poems. Song also writes poems.
This word is about the scene of plum blossoms. One night in the spring breeze, plum blossoms are in full bloom all over the mountains, the moon is in the sky, music is playing, and the artistic conception is too beautiful; The pine trees in the valley, after the baptism of winter, are getting greener and so lovely. When the author saw this scene, he thought of two different realms, plum blossoms in spring and pine trees in snow. Although the experience is different, they are all full of vitality and beautiful poems, which can't help but make people sigh. Although the word is contaminated with realistic factors, we can still see the author's leisure from it.
Xie's words are very artistic. Some of his works are basically out of the old pattern of "bold and unconstrained" or "graceful and restrained", and their expression techniques are obviously influenced by Sanqu. Xie can be said to be a typical Sanqu poet. The following is an artistic analysis of his ci from four aspects.
First of all, the language of Xie's poems is Sanqu. The language of Sanqu gives us the first impression that we use a lot of colloquialism and colloquialism, including modal particles such as "ouch" and "cough". As Ling Chuchu said, "Yuanqu originated from the ancient Yuefu style, so the dialect proverbs are piled up and can't be true." Xie's poems also have this feature in language. There are many sayings and colloquialism, and basically every work has traces of colloquialism and colloquialism, and the list is endless. For example:
a state in the Zhou Dynasty
The youth went. Blue is broken. The old green felt is gone. At that time, Qingxing couldn't get rid of it, saying that he met an old friend. Flowers are good in spring. Flowers in autumn are very good. It is especially good to look at flowers every day. Life spends money on wine, but it costs a lot. -"Send Wang Nanxuan"
Last year, Kunming Iron and Steel was on fire. Jade is also gone. Stones fly to the dust. Cranes are always long and short. God knows what is good. God knows evil. I am happy to protect your wife and children this year. The song is also suitable. Dancing is also appropriate. Spend money like water and get drunk like mud. Seize the bad moment. Don't be negative for a while. -one of the "three meanings to send an old friend"
The above two works are basically written in spoken and common language. Compared with traditional characters, it is fluent and vivid, and there is no gap between traditional characters at all. Even when using allusions, we use the method of "transforming life into maturity" in Sanqu, such as "money on the head of a staff" and "long cranes are short". In particular, the combination of "the crane is long and the crane is short" and "the crane is startled" and "the Wang Qiao is short" changed the original meaning of the allusions and metaphorically expressed the author's feeling of fleeing everywhere in wartime. It's vivid and has a certain connotation, and even readers who don't understand this allusion can understand its meaning.
Secondly, compared with poetry, Sanqu is more complete in syntax, and sentences are often connected with function words and auxiliary words, with more coherent meanings. The common writing methods in poetry, such as omitting grammar, juxtaposing images and jumping between sentences, are rare in Sanqu, so Sanqu works generally don't pay much attention to refinement and implication. Xie's ci also has this feature. Whether it is a long-tune work or a short-tune work, he often writes words in prose sentences. Semantically, sentences are closely related and coherent in meaning. Such as "Shouan Xuanqing":
Zuo Ci qi
The color is light, and the two rivers are Weng. The year is the same. The same is true in that month. For six years, lakes and seas have been floating. The smoke is also hazy. Rain is wet, too. I moved, and now I live in Fengmen East. North Korea is also close behind. Twilight followed. Why should I retire to Laoshan? Peach is also spring. Li is human, too.
The work is a congratulatory message, but none of them involve the word birthday, but they write the same wandering feelings and retirement interests. The whole word is as plain as speech, with time as the longitude and emotion as the latitude. From the age of the two people, it shows that they are closely related, to the fact that they fled together, saying and feeling the same, and then to the fact of seclusion, it shows that they are like-minded. Tell the story directly without any ups and downs, which is roughly the same as the brushwork used in narrative prose.
Third, compared with words, Sanqu has dense rhymes and fewer rhymes, and it is more fluent and euphemistic to read Sanqu, without the sense of frustration of words. The rhyme of Xie Ci is a method to learn from the rhyme of Sanqu, such as the above works, which all have this feature. To Wang Nanxuan has four rhymes, but it uses the words "le, le, Dao, good, good, good and little". Originally, there were six formal rhymes, but the word "Kunming Steel flourished last year" in "Three Righteousness as an Old Friend" used eleven rhymes of "flying, flying, mentioning, knowing, knowing, zi, quasi, quasi, mud, period and period", and "Weng, Tong, Tong and Peng" were used in "Xuan Qing of Shouan". Rhyme encryption is more common in Xie Ci, in addition, there are even flat and even pledge phenomena in Xie Ci. These phenomena reflect that the rhyme of Xie Ci is not stereotyped and gradually moves closer to the actual direction of Chinese pronunciation at that time. It can also be said that the rhyme length of Sanqu is used to make up for the short rhyme of words, so that the lyricist does not have to take pains to scrutinize the rhyme foot. In fact, it liberated the style of ci from the perspective of meter. In a sense, the artistic style of Xie Ci is a return to the style of Ci.
Fourthly, on the whole, Xie's ci also has the charm of Sanqu. The taste of his words is not implicit, but a new style of Sanqu, which is often straightforward, humorous, interesting and popular. For example:
Zuo Ci ba
The boss is blind and desolate. The Qiu Lai Cup has broken clouds and beautiful scenery. In my dream, I went to look for the old people in the East, but I felt that I called the West home. Shan Tong was ashamed to say that he couldn't get credit, so he reported some tea. -"Xijiang Yueqiumu Jianyou asks for wine"
The embarrassment of coming to Huanghua without wine. The old country is desolate, with flowers and no wine, which should be lamented infinitely. However, the author uses Sanqu to deal with this kind of subject matter, and writes humorously from the content to the topic, especially the conclusion, which looks ridiculous and interesting. What is sharp new? Li Yu said: "In fact, both Sharp and New are slim, and there is no difference. The same words, with sharp new words, are striking, as if they were unheard of; To tell the truth, I am disheartened, as if I don't need to listen. The word "Ruixin" is the beauty of the text. " Stylistically, although the language of writing is more flexible than poetry, in people's traditional ideas, writing is taboo and delicate. Liu Xizai's so-called "implicit", Tan Xian's so-called "soft and thick", Feng Xu's so-called "quiet and astringent", Chen Tingzhuo's so-called "depressed" and Kuang Zhouyi's so-called "heavy, clumsy and big" all say that the language and artistic conception of the writing should be implicit and simple. The song is different. "Its sentence is gossip, that is, it sometimes involves poetry and books, and it is also familiar to the ear and the tongue. Although the poetry book is published, it is no different from gossip. " The sharp and novel artistic conception of Sanqu is often expressed through these languages. Xie's ci is also used to using these sharp new words of "gossip", so the artistic conception of many works is quite Sanqu. For example, the following two sentences:
Zuo Ci ·JIU
Since ancient times, no one can live in seclusion. Busy and idle. Should be laughed at by Qingshan. I'm surprised that autumn comes so early. Mao Zhai is very small. Knocked down several times. Rain and wet. After returning from the sea, the temple is as dry as frost grass. There are fewer thin fields. The swimming pool in the cabin garden is very small. Three plows and hoes, three women for apple algae. Nice village. The manuscript of Rabbit Garden is my family heirloom.
These two works, except for an allusion, are the truth in life, that is, the words Li Yu said are familiar. It is these great truths that have written a new artistic conception, especially those two sentences. The former is "wind and rain wet", expressing the helplessness of poor houses, and the house leaks every night. On the whole, the author's mood is heavy. The latter is "my heirloom" and a vulgar language, but it properly expresses the author's interest. Works are the use of these idioms in life, which plays the role of finishing touch.
Xie's words are scattered in language and expression, and the reasons should not be single. First of all, it should be the result of the interaction between Sanqu and words. In the era of Xie, Sanqu, an art form, was gradually perfected through the tempering of literati. There are many similarities with Ci in the choice of language, the use of expression techniques and the creation of artistic conception. The stylistic boundaries between Ci and Sanqu are blurred and weakened. At that time, many poets also wrote Sanqu, and Xie was one of them. Therefore, in the creation of ci, they will inevitably infiltrate the expression of Sanqu, and in the creation of Sanqu, they will inevitably use the expression of ci, which should be an unconscious behavior in artistic creation. Secondly, it is also related to the writer's artistic pursuit. Xie said in the poem Farewell to Yuan Ziying's Xiao Temple: "Thank you for sending a few songs in the snow for me and Pakistan." Here he uses "Chun Xue" as a metaphor for his friend's poems, while his artistic interest is "beating", which shows that he is pursuing a folk-like popular style. There may be an element of the author's modesty, but he should also show his artistic view. In addition, in a poem written by Xie in his later years, he said: "The literati in the former dynasty were clever in carving insects and old in writing." It shows that he is not satisfied with the unique poetic style at the end of Yuan Dynasty, but advocates the natural and mature poetic style. Therefore, we say that the Sanqu of Xie Ci is not only the result of the style of the literary era, but also the natural expression of its own artistic pursuit in ci creation.