First, he was born in a noble family in Jiangdong. Zu, a Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty man, was the adjutant of Emperor Xiao Wu, who made outstanding achievements and was named Hou of Jin 'an. Father Tao Zhenbao, deep antidote, son-related history, official to Jiangxia Xiaochang. There is a collection of Tao's seclusion, and thinkers, doctors, alchemists and writers in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties helped to revise the Compendium of Materia Medica. Mr. Bai Zhen died. One of the representatives of Maoshan School of Taoism during the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. Because I see through the turbid world, "although I am in Zhumen, I don't pay attention to foreign things, I only take reading as my service." ("Southern History") After living in seclusion, Qushan, but "whenever the country conquers good or bad events, it is always necessary to consult before, and there are often several letters in the middle of the month, when people call it' the prime minister in the mountains'.
Tao Hongjing was born into a noble family in the Southern Dynasties. Descendants of Yaodi, General Wu Zhennan in the Three Kingdoms Period, and later promoted to Shangshu. Grandpa Long Tao, good martial arts, the antidote. Father, Tao Zhenbao, is a country-heavy, civil and military all-rounder. Since he was a child, he has been extremely clever. At the age of ten, he read Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals and decided to keep fit. At the age of fifteen, he wrote The Search for Mountains.
At the age of 20, he was cited as a servant of the kings, and later worshipped General Zuo Houtang. Thirty-six-year-old Liang lives in seclusion in Huayang Cave, Qushan (Maoshan). Liang Wudi knew Tao Hongjing in his early years. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he wanted him to be an official and assist in state affairs. Tao drew two cows, one grazing freely and the other wearing a golden halter, led by a man with a whip. Liang Wudi knew what it meant as soon as he saw it. Although he is not an official, he has been writing letters and he often discusses court affairs with him. He is called "Prime Minister in the Mountain". (In 492, Tao Hongjing was 36 years old, and his good friend Xiao Yan succeeded him and lived in seclusion in Qushan. Liang Wudi ZSZSZSZ knows Tao Hongjing's talent well. He tried to ask him to be an official several times, but he refused. Later, when Liang Wudi was dying, he often wrote letters about state affairs and sent people to Qushan to consult Tao Hongjing. For the sake of friends for many years, Tao Hongjing often writes to Liang Wudi and gives advice. As a result, news kept coming between the imperial court and Qushan. Although Tao Hongjing was not at home, he became the decision-maker of the imperial court. At that time, people called him "Prime Minister in the Mountain". Tao Hongjing's life spanned three generations: Song, Qi and Liang, and his experience was complicated. Although Liang Wudi was very kind to him, Heather also had the reputation of "Prime Minister in the Mountain". However, during the Southern Liang Dynasty, Tao Hongjing, as a representative of Maoshan Taoism, was forced to travel far. Finally, as a master of Taoist Puritanism, he took an oath at the Ashoka Tower in the county to practice Buddhism and Taoism (see Tao Hongjing Congkao published by Qilu Bookstore in 2003). It is this that avoids the death of the new Shi Tian Dao. I like Kou Qianzhi. Later generations regarded this as an example of the blending of Buddhism and Taoism in Qi and Liang Dynasties, but never analyzed the real reason of Tao Hongjing's ritual Buddhism. Wang Jiakui, a doctor of Shandong University, believes that Tao Hongjing's move is not voluntary, but to safeguard the survival of Maoshan Taoists. Tao Hongjing has a poem in memory of his friend Shen Yue: "I have a few lines of tears that I haven't shed for more than ten years. Today is the best day for you, before the autumn wind comes. " Dr. Wang believes that this is Tao Hongjing's painful mentality after he was forced to be ordained in the name of mourning Shen Yue. According to the Song Dynasty's Biography of Huayang, there are 32 kinds and 233 volumes of Dow's works, but most of them have been lost. Today, there are Zhen Patent, Ye Tu, Deng Ji, Compendium of Materia Medica, Tao Guiyin Materia Medica, Medical Skills, Health Guide, Health Record, Fang Ji, Taiqing Medicine Collection and Taixuanzhen International Classic. Daoxing products; As well as Tian Wenxing's Calculation, Emperor's Calendar and Huayang Tao's Hermitage Collection. From this point of view, Su Dongpo's regret for life is the same at all times, and a man as broad as Tao Hongjing is no exception. Tao Hongjing's Gong Cao Li Xing Shu is particularly wonderful. He has some research on calendars, geography and medicine. The ancient Shennong Classic of Materia Medica was compiled, which supplemented the new drugs used by famous doctors in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and compiled into seven volumes of Notes on Materia Medica, which included 730 kinds of drugs, creating a classification method of drugs used so far, and classifying jade, vegetation, insects, livestock, fruits, vegetables and rice, which had a certain impact on the development of materia medica (the original book was lost, now,
Heather and Liang Shu both said that Tao Hongjing "never married" because his father was harmed by his concubine. Some people say that he respects Buddha. "Zeng Mengfo gave him a bodhi book named Victory Bodhisattva." It was Ashoka Pagoda in Yixian who swore an oath and received the five precepts.
Second, the ideological overview Tao Hongjing is knowledgeable and versatile. Subjectively, of course, he studied the art of feeding and recuperating for cultivating immortality, but objectively, he made outstanding contributions to natural sciences such as medicine, metallurgy and astronomy. In religious belief, he believes in both immortal Taoism and immortal Buddhism. In religious theory, he not only lives in the Qing Jing written by Lu Heyang and Yang Heye, but also assists Buddhism and humanism, and has a mixed Buddhist view.
On the question of the origin of the universe, although he advertised as. Laozi is the foundation, but it is different from Taoist philosophy. "Really? Zhen Ming Yu Xi said: "Taoist people are mixed, it is vitality, vitality, and then Tai Chi. "Tai Chi is the mother of heaven and earth, and Tao is metaphysical." It is believed that "primitive energy" is the product of "Tao", which is the origin of the universe and the spiritual origin of supernatural matter. Tao Te Ching says, "Tao is natural". It is said in Taiping Jing that Tao and Qi coexist and are inseparable. The Xijing Jing written by a Taoist in Wei and Jin Dynasties also said that "natural person is also the root of Tao", while Tao Hongjing thought that "Tao" gave birth to "Qi" and was the beginning of all things in the universe.
Tao Hongjing practiced Buddhism and Taoism, and built two temples of Buddhism and Taoism in Maoshan Taoist Temple, and worshipped every other day. Maoshan taoist worships He Zi and Tao Hongjing, saying, "He always worships Buddhism rather than worships monks;": There is a Xi 'an Buddha statue in the cave. Those who lead their disciples to learn will repent day and night and keep reciting Buddhist scriptures. "Liang Shu? The Biography of Tao Hongjing said, "(Tao Hongjing) swore an oath to Ashoka Tower in Yunxian County. Five precepts. " The appendix of "Tao Zhen Bai Ji Jian Shi Brick Inscription" says: "Huayang lives in seclusion in a secluded hall, and the Bodhisattva wins his life. Disciple of Sakyamuni Buddha, the highest Taoist priest. Six Mahayanas and three truths. " "Southern history? The Biography of Tao Hongjing also contains Tao Xun's living will: "Because of the old clothes he wrote, he added a ring skirt, arm clothes, socks, crown and towel, recorded the bell on his left elbow, and attached it to his left armpit. Wear a circle around your waist, tie it in front, and tie your hair on your bun. Cover your head and feet with a big cassock. There are chariots and horses, Taoist priests (Buddhists) and Taoist priests (Taoists), and they are in the door, Taoist priests are on the left and Taoist priests are on the right. " It means both Buddhism and Taoism.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the dispute between Buddhism and Taoism left behind historical documents, including Hongmingji and Guanghongmingji as Buddhism, Yi Xialun by Gu Huan, Men Lun by Zhang Yi, San Duan Lun by Qi Daoshi, Hu Jing in Old Zi Hua by Wang Fu and so on. Tao Hongjing adopted a dual-cultivation and integration attitude towards these two religions. There are Answering Scholar's Visit to the Immortal Buddha, Kindness and Huayang Road's Hermit Collection in the orthodox Taoist collection, which holds that Buddhism and Taoism discuss the life and death of form and spirit. He said, "Now let's talk about its positive body. Everything is made up of images, but both form and spirit. Form and spirit are one, and people are things; If form and spirit are separated, it is spirit and ghost. It is inseparable and is taken by Buddhism; It is also the separation and combination, and the fairy road depends on it. "The way out of Buddhism is to seek the separation of god and form, and the garden should be silent," the form is exhausted but the god is immortal ". It is believed that the pain of life is "consuming the spirit with form", so that it falls into reincarnation. If you want to get rid of reincarnation, your body will be extinct forever, and your spirit will be "happy forever". Taoism, on the other hand, takes "lifting the shape and lifting the air" as the primary task, and the shape and spirit depend on each other to live forever and enter the realm of immortals. Tao Hongjing thought: "What people value is what people value. The living is the foundation of God, and the shape is the tool of God. " "Man is therefore a living God, and so is the person entrusted by God. God-shaped parting will lead to death "(see" Health and Longevity Record "). Therefore, Tao Hongjing pays equal attention to form and spirit, and pays equal attention to practice and practice. "Answering courtiers' Visit to Immortal Buddha" also said: "Immortal is very smart. When it is planted as a vessel, it is soil, but it is different from soil. Although it was dry and not burned, it was wet or broken, and it was not cooked when burned, and it was quickly destroyed. With sufficient firepower and solid appearance, rivers and mountains can be exhausted, which is indestructible. Those who are immortals in their leisure time refine their shapes with medicinal stones, shine with spirits, cultivate their qualities with kindness, and solve their entanglement with kindness. Legal * * * communication, without hindrance or delay. If you want to be together, ride a dragon. If you want to leave, you will decompose the body. "Never give up, be it life or death, go our separate ways, tinker around and grow. After all, we will be silent. " It shows that Tao Hongjing advocated Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in religious thought, but put "immortals" first.
Comparing Tao Hongjing's theory of form and spirit with Fan Zhen's theory of destroying gods in Liang Dynasty (the full text is contained in Volume 48, Biography of Fan Zhen), there are obviously two opposites.
In terms of religious teachings, Tao Hongjing has many humanitarian aspects of aiding Buddha, such as "True Letters Patent"? The precept of immortality in Zhen Ming Da Dian is very similar to that in Buddhist scriptures. "Is it really a long-term solution? There are also vague explanations, such as the chronicles of ghosts and gods in Du Feng, the ghosts in Gzero, and people's death in the six celestial realms, so as to introduce the teachings of reincarnation of hell and afterlife into Taoism. Zhu Xi's quotations refer to his theory of "stealing" Buddhist scriptures.
Three. Conclusion Tao Hongjing experienced the Southern Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty and Liang Dynasty. He got along well with the imperial clan of Liu and Song Dynasties, but he didn't get along well with Emperor Gao and Emperor Wu of Qi. He was loyal to Xiao Yan's rule of Qi. His political career was not smooth. He has never been a big official in his life, and he has no ambition. Academically, he has profound attainments in medicine, metallurgy, calendar calculation, art of war, calligraphy and many other aspects. He was a knowledgeable and versatile scholar in the Southern Dynasties, and made beneficial contributions to the development of medicine, metallurgy and astronomy in China. He has a comprehensive understanding of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and advocates the unity of the three religions. He was the most influential figure in Taoism in the Southern Dynasties, and paid special attention to the development of Taoism, inherited the Ching Classics and founded the Maoshan School, which also had a far-reaching impact on the development of Taoism in later generations.