1. Why do you need genetic counseling before pregnancy?
Although the rate of deformed children is relatively low, every couple may have deformed children. Pregnant women should do genetic counseling in advance to find out how likely it is to have deformed children. If the woman is over 35 years old, one of the husband and wife has a genetic disease, and the woman has a history of spontaneous abortion or more than two exposures to teratogenic drugs, it is particularly important to carry out genetic counseling. Through genetic counseling, we can know how likely the offspring are to suffer from genetic diseases or congenital malformations. Understand the probability that the next child will get sick if he has had a child with genetic disease; It can also predict the intellectual development of offspring born to couples with congenital mental retardation.
When should genetic counseling be done?
1, premarital counseling
Genetic counseling should be sooner rather than later. If you know that your family has a history of genetic diseases, you should tell the doctor truthfully in the premarital examination, so that you can judge whether you will have deformed children after marriage by checking the chromosomes of both parties.
2. Pre-pregnancy counseling
If one of the spouses has a family history of genetic diseases or has given birth to congenital malformations, they should consult before preparing for pregnancy. Some genetic diseases are related to the environment and seasons, and doctors will give specific opinions on when pregnancy is more favorable; Some genetic diseases should be treated before pregnancy, and taking some drugs may be harmful to fetal development.
3. Timely consultation in early pregnancy.
After pregnancy, you should consult at 1~2 months, not more than 3 months at the latest. In early pregnancy counseling, doctors can judge whether the fetus is normal by asking about the medical history and doing necessary examinations. If it is normal, it is necessary to continue to observe fetal development; If it is abnormal, the early induced labor will have less impact on the maternal body.
Hereditary diseases include familial aggregation, congenital and lifelong familial aggregation, that is, multiple family members get sick, or a couple have children with the same disease repeatedly.
Congenital, that is, most patients with genetic diseases are sick in their mothers, so many patients with genetic diseases have obvious symptoms or deformities before or at birth. Life has two meanings. First, at present, most genetic diseases have no effective clinical treatment measures, and once they occur, it is difficult to completely correct or cure them. Second, it is impossible to change the patient's pathogenic genes. Although the clinical symptoms can be improved or even completely corrected to a certain extent through diet control, medical and surgical techniques and gene therapy, the pathogenic genes will remain for life and can be passed on to the next generation.
What is a sex-linked genetic disease
Sex-linked genetic disease is a genetic disease with sex-related chromosomal abnormalities. At present, there are 190 kinds of sex-linked recessive diseases in human beings, such as albinism, color blindness, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and so on. There are many kinds of sex-linked genetic dominant diseases 10, such as rickets and hereditary chronic nephritis.
The inheritance of sex-linked genetic diseases is scientific and regular. Most recessive inheritance is passed from mother to child, while all dominant inheritance is passed from father to daughter.
Who should have children selectively?
In order to protect the population quality and block some genetic diseases that have great influence on the population quality, sex control is an effective measure. Some genetic diseases are called sex-linked genetic diseases because they have a great relationship with sex. At present, medical means cannot treat genetic diseases. By predicting the sex of the fetus, we can avoid the risk of raising defective offspring, eliminate the economic and spiritual burden of the family and society, and improve the quality of the people. However, this law should not be abused to avoid gender imbalance. We take hemophilia as an example to illustrate the sex selection of sex-linked genetic diseases.
Genetic abnormalities in pregnant men
In order to avoid the misfortune brought to the family by the birth of a child, men with sex-linked genetic diseases should have genetic counseling and carefully choose the sex of the fetus under the guidance of doctors to avoid the birth of new children with genetic diseases.
Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disease. If a sick man marries a normal woman, the boy born is normal, and the girl born is the carrier of the disease-causing gene. Such a couple should have a boy. Contrary to recessive inheritance, a man with a sex-linked dominant disease married a normal woman and gave birth to a sick girl and a normal boy. Husband and wife should also have a boy instead of a girl.
Genetic abnormality of pregnant women
The survey found that hemophilia patients are mostly men, and women have pathogenic genes that can be passed on to her children. Sons are hemophiliacs, and daughters are carriers of another generation of hemophilia. If the fetus is male, it is best to terminate the pregnancy, and if it is female, it can be kept. Daughters can only have girls when they grow up and get married.
Because women are only carriers of pathogenic genes, they will not get sick, while men will get sick.
This abstract is authorized by China Light Industry Publishing House, "Concord experts+Concord mom circle dry goods sharing?" Prepare for pregnancy
2. How do men cultivate high-quality sperm?
Refuse the harm of alcohol and tobacco
According to the research, the abnormal rate of sperm in the semen of men who smoke for more than one year exceeds 20%. The longer the smoking history, the more abnormal sperm there are. People who smoke more than 30 cigarettes a day have a sperm survival rate of only 40%. Alcohol is a gonadal toxin. Drinking heavily for many years will leave irreparable regret for male sexual function. After the germ cells are "drunk" by alcohol, they will randomly produce some inferior sperm. Once these "disabled" sperm are combined with eggs, they will grow into deformed fetuses.
Keep scrotum warm
Sperm is particularly sensitive to high temperature environment. According to clinical statistics, a considerable number of men are infertile because the testicular temperature is higher than normal. Under normal circumstances, when the temperature is 2℃ ~ 3℃ higher than normal temperature, sperm cannot survive.
Avoid obesity
Male obesity will affect the development of reproductive system such as testis and penis. Its pathogenesis is that adipose tissue has the characteristic of transforming androgen into estrogen, which reduces androgen and increases estrogen in men, hinders sperm production and affects sperm quality. Obesity can also induce hypertension and diabetes, leading to sexual dysfunction.
Control the number of sexual intercourse
Sexual life is also closely related to eugenics. Excessive sexual intercourse will lead to chronic prostate congestion and aseptic prostatitis, which will directly affect the nutritional composition, quantity, consistency and pH of semen and induce infertility. In addition, frequent sexual intercourse and frequent contact between wife and husband's sperm and semen can easily stimulate women to produce anti-sperm antibodies, leading to women's immune infertility.
Reasonable adjustment of diet
Men should eat more foods containing arginine, such as soybeans and their products, eels, cuttlefish, octopus, yam, ginkgo, watermelon and pumpkin, and eat less or no celery. In recent years, studies have shown that the number of sperm in people who often eat celery is significantly reduced.
Live an honest and clean life.
Sexually transmitted diseases not only cause inflammatory damage and structural changes of reproductive system, but also many pathogens can directly affect the formation of germ cells, induce gene mutation, sperm malformation or immune response, produce anti-sperm antibodies, destroy sperm and lead to infertility.
Prevention of magnetic nuclear radiation
Computers, color TVs and refrigerators are not stored in the bedroom, and electric blankets are not needed for heating; Avoid electromagnetic wave contact in the workplace as far as possible to prevent nuclear radiation and X-ray exposure.
Disease free
The ancients had the training of "four don't enter the room", which is the talk of the ancient eugenic experience. That is, one of the husband and wife suffers from epidemic diseases and does not enter the house; People suffering from acute and chronic diseases, such as heart, liver, lung and kidney, are not allowed to enter the room; Don't enter the house during the initial recovery period of various diseases; Don't enter the room after drinking. Modern medicine also believes that even with minor illnesses such as influenza, sexual intercourse should be prohibited, otherwise it is not conducive to the physical and mental health of the parties, nor to prenatal and postnatal care.
Some occupational diseases, especially those that will affect sperm production or lead to sperm malformation for a long time, will also affect eugenics. Therefore, men engaged in these occupations should take labor protection measures, and do regular health checks and semen tests of male reproductive system. If possible, it is beneficial for eugenics to temporarily change jobs 3 ~ 6 months before the husband and wife are ready to give birth and get rid of the original working environment. Some drugs can also affect eugenics. People will inevitably get sick, and if they get sick, they have to be treated with drugs, but some drugs will affect sexual function and sperm quality, indirectly or directly affecting eugenics.
At present, the consistent view is that antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, hormones, tranquilizers, sedatives and choline drugs will affect sexual function, indirectly or directly affecting eugenics. Some drugs have direct harm to sperm, so men of childbearing age should pay attention to taking drugs under the guidance of doctors.
Master the "biological clock" of the human body
Pregnancy is the result of the encounter between the man's germ cells-sperm and the woman's germ cells-eggs.
Only a few sperm have the ability to penetrate the egg within after ejaculation 1 ~ 3 days, while the egg has strong fertilization ability only within 18 ~ 45 hours after ovulation. If the opportunity is right, sperm and eggs can be combined into fertilized eggs. If the combination fails, the egg dies and the sperm dies. After sperm and egg combine, the fertilized egg will slowly enter the uterus from the fallopian tube after 3 to 4 days. Therefore, conception is a complete physiological process. To achieve eugenics, we must master the birth rhythm of the human body. Science has found that rhythm begins after birth. It consists of physical ability, emotional ability and psychological ability, which are expressed by "high tide" and "low tide". These changes force physical, psychological and spiritual behaviors to produce the highest and lowest results.
This regular change keeps circulating according to a sinusoidal curve. Studies have confirmed that the physiological, emotional and intellectual cycles of human beings are 23 days, 28 days and 33 days respectively, with high tide, low tide and critical period. At the climax, people are characterized by quick thinking, strong memory, strong creativity and artistic appeal, full of energy and more initiative than usual; The low tide period is characterized by inattention, dullness, moodiness, exhaustion, procrastination and timidity; In the critical period, it is easy to forget, make mistakes, make mistakes, get excited, have low working ability, get tired and have low efficiency.