According to different standards, the supply chain can be divided into the following types.
Different ranges
Internal supply chain refers to the supply and demand network composed of purchasing department, production department, storage department and sales department who participate in the production and circulation of internal products. External supply chain refers to the supply and demand network composed of raw material suppliers, manufacturers, storage and transportation companies, retailers and final consumers who participate in the production and circulation of related products of enterprises. The relationship between internal supply chain and external supply chain: the two together constitute the supply chain of enterprise products from raw materials to finished products to consumers. It can be said that the internal supply chain is the contraction of the external supply chain. For example, the purchasing department of a manufacturer can be regarded as a supplier in an external supply chain. The only difference between them is that the scope of external supply chain is large, involving many enterprises, and the coordination between enterprises is more difficult.
Different complexity
According to the complexity of supply chain, it can be divided into direct supply chain, extended supply chain and terminal supply chain. A direct supply chain consists of a company, its suppliers and its customers in the upstream and downstream flow of products, services, funds and information. Extended supply chain includes customers of direct suppliers and direct customers, and these members are all involved in the upstream and downstream flow of products, services, funds and information. Terminal supply chain includes all organizations involved in the upstream and downstream flow of products, services, funds and information from terminal suppliers to terminal consumers.
Different stability
According to the stability of supply chain, supply chain can be divided into stable supply chain and dynamic supply chain. The supply chain based on relatively stable and single market demand is more stable, while the supply chain based on relatively frequent changes and complex demand is more dynamic. In the actual management operation, it is necessary to change the composition of the supply chain according to the changing demand.
Different capacity requirements
According to the relationship between supply chain capacity and user demand, it can be divided into balanced supply chain and inclined supply chain. A supply chain has a certain and relatively stable equipment capacity and production capacity (the collection of all node enterprises' capabilities, including suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, distributors, retailers, etc. ), but the needs of users are constantly changing. When the capacity of the supply chain can meet the needs of users, the supply chain is in a state of balance. However, when the market change intensifies, which leads to the increase of supply chain cost, inventory and waste, the enterprise is not operating in the optimal state, but the supply chain is in the optimal state. A balanced supply chain can achieve the balance between the main functions (procurement/low procurement cost, production/scale efficiency, distribution/low transportation cost, market/product diversification and rapid financial/capital operation).
Functional differences
According to the functional modes of supply chain (physical function, market intermediary function and customer demand function), supply chain can be divided into three types: efficient supply chain, responsive supply chain and innovative supply chain. Effective supply chain mainly embodies the physical function of supply chain, that is, transforming raw materials into parts, semi-finished products, products and transportation in the supply chain at the lowest cost; Reactive supply chain mainly embodies the market intermediary function of supply chain, that is, distributing products to the market that meets users' needs and responding quickly to unforeseen needs; Innovative supply chain mainly reflects the customer demand function of supply chain, that is, according to the preferences or fashion orientation of end consumers, and then adjust the product content and form to meet market demand. (The last three categories are classified according to the classification standards of Yibo Logistics Consulting Company in 2009)
Different status of enterprises
According to the different status of enterprises in the supply chain, the supply chain can be divided into alliance-oriented supply chain and non-alliance-oriented supply chain. Leading supply chain refers to the node enterprise of a member in the supply chain, which occupies a dominant position in the whole supply chain and has strong radiation ability and attraction to other members. It is usually called core enterprise or leading enterprise. For example:
Producer-centered supply chain? Chery automobile co., ltd
Supply chain with middlemen as the core? China Tobacco System Feng Company Hong.
Retail-centric supply chain? Walmart and Carrefour.
Non-alliance supply chain means that the status of enterprises in the supply chain is not far apart, and they are equally important to the supply chain.
Supply synergy mode
Daqing Yang, an expert in logistics and supply chain, in his book "Supply Chain is King", divided the global supply chain cooperation modes into three categories according to the differences in corporate culture and business models between the East and the West:
The first is the lion supply chain in western developed countries such as the United States and Europe. "1+N" supply chain model established by enterprise groups dominated by financial capital such as funds. Among them? 1? On behalf of the owners of financial capital chains such as funds and syndicates (1 is a natural person or legal person in capital, the same below), n? It is every link in the supply chain. ? 1? The role of lions is always powerful, and individual heroism is obvious. Also known as the lion enterprise, its supply chain model is also known as the lion array supply chain model. Such enterprises are represented by Microsoft, Apple and Volkswagen. The funds behind it are Melinda Gates Fund, Icahn Cooperation Fund and Porsche Family Fund.
The second is the wolf supply chain in developed countries such as Japan and South Korea. "N+ 1" supply chain model is established by trading companies and other business capital-led enterprise groups. Among them? n？ Are all links in the supply chain? 1? On behalf of the owners of commercial capital chains such as trading companies. ? 1? Their roles are hidden behind their backs, often relatively low-key, and collectivism is more obvious. This kind of enterprise is also called wolf enterprise, and its supply chain model is also called wolf supply chain model. Representatives of these enterprises, such as Mitsui Consortium, Mitsubishi Consortium and Yi Xuan Consortium, own trading companies Mitsui Corporation, Mitsubishi Corporation and Itochu Corporation respectively, and Samsung Consortium and Hyundai Consortium of South Korea own trading companies Samsung Corporation and Hyundai Corporation respectively.
The third is the sheep supply chain represented by China. Composed of enterprise groups dominated by state-owned capital? 1+ 1+N？ Supply chain model based on. First one? 1? It is the representative party secretary of state-owned capital and often the real chain owner of enterprises; The second one? 1? The chairman is a high-end professional manager hired by the state; ? n？ It is an enterprise in all aspects of the supply chain. Representative enterprises such as FAW Group, Guangzhou Automobile Group, China Grain Storage Group, COFCO Group and PetroChina.
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