Born in sorrow, died in happiness.
Shun was born in mu, Fu Shuo was born in the middle of the building, and the glue was in fish and salt. Guan Yi I was a scholar, Sun Shuai was in the sea, and a hundred miles was in the city.
Therefore, when the sky falls, people must first suffer their minds, their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies, and mess around. Therefore, patience has benefited them a lot. (It was made by someone: Sri Lankan)
People are unchangeable, and then they can change; Trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor. A country, if there are no ministers and wise men who can assist the king, will often be in danger of the collapse of its neighboring countries and the misfortunes from abroad.
Then I know that I was born in sorrow and died in happiness.
Born in sorrow, died in happiness.
Shun came from farming in the fields, from the work of building walls, from selling fish and salt, Guan Yiwu was rescued from prison officials and appointed, Sun Shuai came from a secluded place by the sea, and Prissy was redeemed from the slave market and used.
Therefore, if God wants to put the heavy responsibility on a person, he must first make his mind fidgety, his bones and muscles tired, his body hungry, his body empty and weak, and his every move is unsatisfactory. Only in this way can he inspire his mind, make his temperament patient and increase his abilities that he does not have.
A person often makes mistakes before he can correct them; When the heart is hard, the mind is blocked. Then you can work hard; Other people's anger is shown on their faces, resentment is spit in their words, and then you will know. A country is often in danger of collapse if it has no ministers who stick to the laws and sages who can assist the king at home, and no comparable neighboring countries and disasters from foreign countries abroad.
In this way, we know that sadness and injury are enough to make people live, and comfort and enjoyment are enough to make people perish.
To annotate ...
1, Shun: Yao surnamed Zhong Hua. Don Shi Yao tilled the fields in Lishan (in the southeast of Jinan, Shandong Province, and in the southeast of yongji city, Shanxi Province). "My father is stubborn, my mother is proud, my brother is proud, and I can be filial." Emperor Yao made him a man in the mountains, not fascinated by storms and thunderstorms, and passed him down as the son of heaven. The name of the country is Yu, and the history is Yu Shun. His deeds can be found in Shangshu Yaodian and Historical Records of Five Emperors.
2. The starting point refers to the date.
3. mu (qu ǐ n): Tian mu, which means cultivated land here. Field canal.
4. Fu Shuo: Xu Mi (a criminal) was built in Fuxian County of Shang Dynasty (also known as Yan Fu, in Pingludong, Shaanxi Province). The Shang people, eager to flourish in Yin Dynasty, dreamed of a saint who said that he regarded all the ministers as wrong, which made people look for wild things. When he met Wu Ding, Wu Ding said, "Yes." With its words, it is a saint, and it is a phase, and it is ruled by yin. Therefore, Fu Xian's surname was named Fu Shuo. His deeds can be found in Historical Records Yin Benji and so on.
5. lift: selected.
6. Flat building: When building a wall, put the soil between two splints and tamp it with a pestle to make it firm. A pestle used to build and tamp soil.
7. Jiao Wei (gé): Minister Shang Zhouwang, known as a saint with Wei Zi, is as famous as Prince Ji Zi and Prince Bigan.
8. Fish salt: This refers to fishing and drying salt at the seaside. According to Historical Records, Yan was spared by fish and salt between Bohai Sea and Bohai Sea. Connecting the mountains with the sea, there are plenty of fish and salt.
9. Guan Yiwu: Guan Zhong, a native of Yingshang (now Xuchang, Henan), was born in a poor family. For Gong Zijiu of Qi, Gong Zijiu failed to accede to the throne, and Xiaobai acceded to the throne for Qi Huangong. Qi Huangong knew his sage, released his prisoner, regarded him as a relative, and called him Guan Zhong. Biographies of Historical Records of Yan Guan: "Guan Zhong is both useful and multi-pronged, but dominating. Nine princes, one day, Guan Zhong's plan. "
10, judge: prison guard.
1 1, Sun Shuai 'ao (áo): Lou's, whose name is Ming 'ao, whose name is Sun Shu, whose name is Ai Hunting. In the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the prime minister of Chu. Originally, I was a "humble person to think about". Think about today in Gushi, Henan, that remote place is called contempt.
12, sea: seaside.
13, bailixi (xρ): It's also baili. This is Dr. Guo Yu. The State of Jin destroyed the State of Yu, and Priscilla was taken into exile with the monarch of the State of Yu. Jin married a woman of Qin, and Prissy married Qin as a courtier. Prissy fled to Chu and went to Wan (now Nanyang, Henan), where I was held hostage by people on the border of Chu. When Qin Mugong heard about Qi Xian, he wanted to redeem it again. He was afraid that the Chu people would not agree, so he let people say to Chu, "Minister Prissy is not here. Please redeem it with five sheepskins. " The Chu people then went with the flow. At that time, Bai Lixi was over 70 years old. When he arrived in the Qin Dynasty, Qin Mugong released his prisoners and held talks with him for three days, which was a great joy. Awarded to the national government, known as the "five doctors", it is said that Bailixi, Uncle Jian and Shu are the government, and "opening a thousand miles to dominate Xirong" has become one of the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period". The deeds can be found in Historical Records of Qin Benji.
14, city: market.
15, therefore: so.
16, Ren: responsibility, burden.
17, yes: pronouns, this, these.
18, and: auxiliary words, used at the end of the first half of the sentence, indicate a pause, and the second half will explain.
19, must: must.
20. Suffering: The causative usage of verbs makes ... distressed.
2 1, mind: will.
22. Labor: The causative usage of verbs makes ... tired.
Hunger: The causative usage of the verb makes ... hungry.
24, body skin: skin.
25. Empty: The causative usage of adjectives makes ... pitiful.
26. Bastard: The causative usage of adjectives turns ... upside down. Violate, violate or violate. Chaos and disorder.
27. What did you do: What did you do?
28. So: In that way ... 。
29. Verb: The causative usage of the verb makes ... panic.
30. Restraint: The causative usage of adjectives makes ... difficult.
3 1, Ceng Yi: increased. Once, pass "increase".
32. ability: talent.
33. Heng: Often, all the time.
34. Fault: Fault.
35, trapped in the heart: there is difficulty in the heart.
36. Balance under consideration: Thinking about congestion. Balance, "horizontal", infarction, refers to obstruction.
37. Work: Stand up and make a difference.
38, sign in color: there is a sign on the complexion, indicating that the complexion is embarrassing. Sign, sign, sign. Color, face, skin color. Zhao Qi notes Mencius: "If Qu Yuan is haggard, the fisherman will blame him if he sees it." Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Yi: "As for the riverside, Qu Yuan was released by the river, looking haggard and haggard. When the fisherman saw it, he asked, "Isn't this son Dr. San Lv's?" ? "Why are you here?" Qu Yuan said, "I wake up alone when it's cloudy, and I wake up when everyone is drunk, so I can let it go." "
39, issued in the voice: there are expressions in the speech, indicating that the speech is alive. Zhao Qi notes Mencius: "If you sing the song of Shang Qi, it will be different." Yan Qi was a patriot in the Spring and Autumn Period. A poor family is a rickshaw driver. When you arrive here, feed the cows under the car, go out to welcome guests at night, and sing on the horn when you see it. Song said, "The rocks in the southern mountain range are rotten with white stones, and life never meets Yao, Shun and Zen. Short cloth and light clothes suit you, from faint rice to thin night, and the night is long. " Call and talk, say, think of the doctor.
40. Later: Then people began to get to know him. I know, I understand.
4 1, ru: Nouns are adverbials in China.
42. Legalist: a world minister with statutes.
43. A saint who assists the monarch. Brush, pass "finish" and assist.
44. out: nouns are adverbials, in foreign countries.
45. Enemy country: a country with comparable strength and enough to compete.
46. External troubles: disasters from abroad.
47. Heng: Often.
48. Death: extinction.
49, born of worry: worry makes people survive and develop.
50, die of happiness: enjoying happiness makes people haggard and die.
Creation background
As the most important representative of Confucianism after Confucius, Mencius developed Confucius' theory of benevolence into the theory of benevolent governance, and put forward the idea that "the people value the monarch but despise him", and advocated that the monarch should implement benevolent governance and enjoy the people. Mencius' ideological theory is the book Mencius. Mencius recorded Mencius' words and deeds and was a dialogue work. Its remarkable characteristics are: first, it is magnificent, eloquent and colorful; Second, he is good at explaining things with typical examples, metaphors and fables. This article is selected from Mencius Gao Zi Xia. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were wars and disputes. If a country wants to be in an invincible position, it must work hard and not be complacent. This article is written under this background.
Structural content
The full text is divided into two parts.
The first part (1, paragraph 2) explains the reason that talents must be cultivated in a difficult environment. (divided into two layers)
Floor 1 (Shunfa is in ............................
The second layer (therefore, heaven is impossible ...): It is discussed that if people want to shoulder heavy responsibilities, make a difference and achieve something, they must first undergo some hard training in thought, life and behavior.
The second part (the third and fourth paragraphs) discusses the truth that people can only work hard in difficulties and the country will often be destroyed when there is no worry. Point out the central argument: born in sorrow, die in happiness. (divided into three layers)
Layer 1: From a positive point of view, people have to go through setbacks and hardships before they can make progress and make a difference.
The second level (if you enter, there will be no ... the country will die): from personal inference to governing the country, the necessity of hard training is further demonstrated.
The third layer (and then know ... happiness is also): point out the central argument-born in sorrow, died in happiness.
Literary appreciation
At the beginning of the article, the author lists six examples of the rise of ancient sages in the midst of difficulties and worries, in order to prove the famous assertion that "if a Sri Lankan is going to be a great man, he must first suffer from his mind, work hard on his bones and muscles, starve his body and empty his body, so he must endure and benefit from incompetence". This reasoning process logically belongs to inductive reasoning, that is, a conclusion with general significance is summarized from the previous six special cases; Through the following conclusions, the reasons for the success of the first six characters are explained: the hard environment, on the one hand, gives people hardship, hunger, poverty, fatigue and anxiety, which is often unsatisfactory, but on the other hand, it is these difficulties that strengthen and stimulate people's will and make people increase their intelligence in the process of constantly overcoming difficulties and seeking survival. However, the truth does not stop there. Just as mentioned above, in the contradiction between man and the objective environment, the objective environment touched man. Conversely, in view of how the subjective world of man reacted to this, Mencius went on to point out: "Man can never be changed; Trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; Color to sign, sound to send, and then metaphor. " Difficulties in the objective environment and mistakes in his own judgment make people make mistakes in the process of transforming the objective, and he has accumulated experience and lessons in the process of constantly overcoming difficulties, thus reaching the realm of "being able to change"-this "ability" not only reflects people's will and determination, but also reflects people's ability semantically. He was worried, miserable and confused because of his own predicament, which caused inner depression, and also activated his thinking and stimulated his creativity in trying to break through these psychological depression. More importantly, people are emotional and social. He has pain, anxiety, anger and creativity, which should be expressed in various forms and expressed in words, hoping to get understanding, sympathy, inspiration and help. In all these struggles with anxiety, man gained the possibility of material survival on the one hand, and spiritual survival on the other hand, showing his vitality, will, emotion and creativity. In a word, he has shown the value of "life". This is the full meaning of "born in sorrow and died in happiness".
Liu Xizai pointed out in the Outline of Literature and Art: "Changli (Han Yu) wrote a paper and used the words" yes "and" different ",but the two still need to be integrated. If you are not' different' and' yes', it is just mediocrity; If it is not' different', then it will be embarrassing. " This thought really originated from the influence of Mencius. Mencius put forward the proposition of "born in sorrow" and its "different" proposition: "died in happiness" "If you enter, you can't go home, but if you leave, you have no foreign enemies." Without competent ministers, they always pay attention to the cultivation of statutes; No wise man dares to say it directly, reminding the monarch to restrain himself and be cautious to the end. Outside, there is no enemy competition and foreign invasion. Such a comfortable environment will inevitably lead to mental laziness and depression of will. This is a kind of spiritual death. Then there must be material death-"the country will perish forever."
"Born in sorrow and died in happiness", one is opposite and the other is different. They complement each other and illustrate the two sides of the same philosophy of life. It will not be boring because of positive preaching, nor will it make surprising remarks because of inviting people to care; It is not only beautiful, but also gives advice; Neither common nor false.
It is particularly noteworthy that the proposition of "born in sorrow and died in happiness" was clearly put forward in Mencius, perhaps just to give people political and moral enlightenment. But as a philosophy of life with universal significance, its influence is not only manifested in political morality. In particular, "trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; The phrase "from color, from sound, and then from metaphor" directly led to the formation of an extremely important aesthetic principle in China's classical literary creation, which is the aesthetic creation principle of "expressing one's qi and expressing one's feelings". This is also the reason why Mencius' articles have been so popular for thousands of years.
Rhetorically, this article is also very distinctive. Mencius made good use of parallelism sentences, often adopting a series of sentence patterns with the same structure, expounding the same topic from multiple angles and levels, like a thousand streams and valleys, forming an irresistible turbulent Wan Li trend. This sentence pattern is a very important reason why Meng is eloquent. Born in sorrow and died in happiness, combined with inductive reasoning, this sentence pattern was adopted, and the successful deeds of six sages were quoted continuously for the first time, which moved people quantitatively and made people feel that "born in sorrow" is indeed a common social phenomenon; Then he tried his best to lay out the hardships brought by the difficult environment and compare the success of the sages; Then it describes the correct attitude and handling methods of the sages in the face of difficulties and hardships. Finally, the conclusion that "born in sorrow and died in happiness" is very convincing. Generally speaking, the writing method of bedding can create a grand momentum; If not handled properly, it will also lead to complex procrastination. Later Han Da Fu, due to one-sided emphasis on this feature, often makes people read very hard. Mencius' article, although it uses parallelism throughout, still gives people the impression of concise writing. The reason is that Mencius attaches great importance to the choice of words and tries to expand the capacity of each word, especially verbs. Taking the first paragraph as an example, six sentences and six verbs, including one "Fa" and five "Ju", not only show the movement process of the characters from humble to prominent, but also imply the identity of the characters: Shunjunzi is a saint, and his success is certainly appreciated by Yao, but mainly depends on his own talent and efforts, so it is called "Fa"; Fu said that others were ministers and saints. Of course, their success is due to their own talent and hard work, but it mainly depends on the knowledge of wise masters, so they call it "lifting"
Like all talented scholars, Mencius was not very proud of his life. This article is so well written that it is the result of "expressing one's anger and emotions".
Brief introduction of the author
Mencius (372 BC-289 BC), named Ke, was born in Zouguo (now Zoucheng, Shandong Province) in the middle of the Warring States Period, and was the most important Confucian thinker after Confucius. Mencius once traveled around the world to preach his thoughts of "benevolent government" and "kingly way", but because the vassal States were busy with war and annexation at that time, his views were regarded as "pedantic" and almost no one adopted them. In his later years, Mencius returned to Zou, wrote a book with his disciples, and made seven chapters of Mencius, with 269 chapters. The language of Mencius is clear and fluent, full of emotion, magnificent and inspiring.