There are many kinds of "Guanzhong", and many areas use different ferns as "Guanzhong". Potentilla anserina, a fern plant, is called "Osmunda japonica" in northern China. Dryopteris is used as "Osmunda japonica" in Guangdong Province. Dryopteris cibotii is widely distributed in Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan. Osmundaceae, Osmunda japonica and Osmunda japonica are widely distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces, while Osmunda japonica is widely distributed in Heilongjiang Province, mainly in Daxinganling, Xiaoxing 'anling, Zhangguangcailing and other mountainous areas.
I. Morphological characteristics
Guanzhong, also known as Guijiu, is a perennial herb with a plant height of 70cm- 1 10cm. Rhizomes are short and erect, and brown triangular scales remain after being broken by leaves year after year; The leaves are two types of annular clusters. Ye Qiu was formed after being nourished and covered with brown scales. It germinated in the following spring, curled when it was young, and then gradually spread out. Leaves are rectangular, needle-shaped, pinnately divided and alternate. Leaves leathery, veins unbranched: spore leaves, shorter than vegetative leaves, longer stalks, feather-like, leaf margin folded back, pod-like, dark green when young, brown when mature, with sporangium inside.
Second, the purpose of the mortar
1. Ornamental value: Podophyllum fern has high ornamental value. Neson coon praised the rolled leaves of Podophyllum podophyllum as "dynamic beauty", like the shell of nautilus, which was loved and praised by Europeans and Americans. Bidens bipinnata leaves are 50cm-110cm long and10cm-25cm wide. They are bipinnately divided, with unbranched veins and beautiful leaves. The color of the leaves changed from green to dark green, and gradually turned yellow-brown. This is a good foliage plant.
2. Edible value: Young leaves are edible and rich in vitamins, which is the best among wild vegetables. Wild vegetables are "sanitary dishes" that are not polluted by the environment, and people pay more and more attention to them. The young leaves of Podophyllum fern can be preserved by salting and freezing. Northeast China has been exporting to neighboring countries for decades, which has brought a lot of foreign exchange to China.
3. Medicinal value: Podophyllum is one of the five largest Osmunda plants in China. Its rhizome contains a variety of medicinal ingredients, which are bitter in taste, cool in nature and slightly toxic, and have the effects of clearing away heat, detoxifying and stopping bleeding. Pharmacological action:
Bacteriostasis: The extract and decoction of Rhizoma Osmundae have inhibitory effects on influenza, meningococcus, Shigella and Shigella flexneri.
B fresh Rhizoma Osmundae has a good inhibitory effect on miscellaneous bacteria.
C has the functions of expelling intestinal worms and killing insects.
Third, ecological habits and cultivation methods
I. Ecological habits
Podophyllum has strong adaptability to temperature, and it is distributed between 22o and 52o north latitude. It is not sensitive to the length of sunshine, but requires high soil moisture and air humidity. Therefore, it is mostly distributed in forests, both sides of mountains and streams and wet valleys, and there is no ghost mortar in arid areas. Light intensity and soil have great influence on the growth and development of podophyllum. Through investigation, it was found that the coverage was highly correlated with the growth and development of vegetative leaves and spore leaves. In a certain range, with the increase of coverage, the number of vegetative leaves and spore leaves decreased, and the ratio of vegetative leaves to spore leaves increased. When the substrate is dark brown soil, it grows well and accumulates a lot of biomass. In a word, I like neutral soil which is moist, shade-resistant, cold-resistant, warm, humus and high in water content.
Second, the method of reproduction.
1, spore reproduction
A. Spore collection: in the middle and late September, when the spore leaves of Pteris pteridoptera change from dark green to yellowish brown, select healthy plants, take the spore leaves, dry them in the shade, crush them, screen out sporangia, store them in the refrigerator at 0-5℃, thoroughly wash them with sterile water before sowing, spread them on sterile paper, and after the sporangia is dried, crack and pop up mature spores.
B, preparing a culture medium: mixing peat soil, dark brown soil and river sand according to the ratio of 5 parts: 3 parts: 2 parts, uniformly mixing, and sieving to prepare mixed soil. Will wash away rough river sand.
Stone, sowing container and mixed soil were steam sterilized for half an hour respectively.
C. Sowing: firstly, cover the bottom hole of the seeding container with tiles, put pebbles, and the coarse river sand accounts for about 1/3 of the container, then add mixed soil, level with wooden boards, and compact and cover the glass plate for later use. Before sowing, soak the container filled with mixed soil in water to make the culture soil fully wet, take it out, spread spores evenly on the culture soil, soak it in shallow water after sowing, take it out the next day, move the sowing container to a warm greenhouse with air humidity above 80%, light it for more than 4 hours every day, and control the temperature at about 20℃. After 3 days, spores germinate, and after sowing, a prothallus is formed. The sporophyte reaches 3 -4 true leaves for the first time. When the spore seedling has more than 4 leaves and the height of the plant is 4 cm -5 cm, the second transplanting is carried out. Transplanting the sprouts with soil in the root system to the nursery, covering them with plastic shed and watering them regularly after transplanting.
Second, asexual reproduction
vegetative propagation
Also known as ramet propagation
That is to say, around the mother plant, more seedlings are produced by rhizomes, usually in spring and autumn. In autumn, September and mid-April, when the foliage begins to grow, select plants with well-developed roots, dig out fern seedlings with roots and soil to keep the roots intact, or dig out the mother plant at the same time, and cut it vertically into several pieces according to the size of the roots of the mother plant, but it is easy to survive with roots and leaves, so it should be planted with the seedlings. On the whole border, dig holes according to the row spacing and the number of plants of 40cm each, plant L plants in each hole, cover with soil, compact to increase the contact between rhizomes and soil, and then water. After 3 ~ 5 days, the seedlings survived.
2. Cultivation management
Choose a bush with a crown for farming. First, remove weeds, branches and stones from the forest, go deep into the soil, screen the soil with a sieve, remove gravel, mix it with fertile loam or humus, apply farm manure, dig 20-25 cm deep, fine and level, and make a good boundary. For field cultivation, choose plots with flat land, good water and fertilizer conditions, fertile soil and good air permeability for planting. Podophyllum likes shade. Sudden or continuous high temperature will make ferns lose water and cause heat damage. In summer, shade sheds will be built to keep a humid environment.
Water is very important for cultivating ferns. To meet the requirements of ferns for soil moisture and air humidity, the principle is to water less, depending on seedling conditions and temperature. The soil is not watered, and the leaves are often sprayed with water to clean the tip of the leaves to keep them clean and moist. Regularly mow grass and shovel soil, and carry out normal production management.
A loosening soil and weeding: after the seedlings grow, loosen the soil in time to loosen the soil. It is best to spread a layer of sawdust on the soil surface to keep moisture and reduce the growth of grass.
B topdressing: topdressing 1 times nitrogen fertilizer in early May, and watering after application; After the seedlings wither in autumn, applying manure or compost can protect the seedlings from overwintering and lay the foundation for the growth in the coming year.
C watering: Ferns like humidity, often keep the soil moist, and the seedlings grow vigorously, which is beneficial to the natural branching and reproduction of rhizomes. It is best to install small sprinkler irrigation and increase air humidity.
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
Podophyllum is used as medicine through its rhizome. After the leaves wither in autumn or before germination in spring, dig out the roots, cut off the petiole and fibrous roots, wash the soil and dry it in the sun.