The shaking time is about 1 min. This is the first thing that should be considered is the personal safety of yourself and your family. First, hide under a solid table with a low center of gravity and hold the legs tightly. In places where there is no table to hide, protect your head with cushions and other things anyway.
2. Turn off the fire immediately when shaking, and put out the fire immediately in case of fire.
When there is a big earthquake, there will also be situations where you can't rely on fire engines to put out the fire. Therefore, the efforts of each of us to turn off the fire is an important factor in whether the earthquake disaster can be controlled to a minimum.
Get into the habit of turning off even a small earthquake.
In order to prevent the fire from causing great disaster, it is self-evident that it is extremely important for the family to help each other and put out the fire early.
During the earthquake, there were three opportunities to turn off the fire.
The first chance is that a big earthquake occurs before a small one.
At the moment when they felt the small shaking, they immediately greeted: "Earthquake! Turn off the fire! " Turn off the heating stove, gas stove, etc.
A second chance after the earthquake stopped.
Turn off the fire as soon as there is a big shake, and the kettle on the gas stove and heating stove will slide down, which is very dangerous.
When the shaking stopped, he shouted again, "Turn off the fire! Turn off the fire! " Turn off the fire.
The third chance was after the fire.
Even if there is a fire, it can be put out within 1-2 minutes. In order to put out the fire quickly, always put the fire extinguisher and bucket near the fire point.
Don't panic and run outside.
After the earthquake, running out in a panic, broken glass, roof tiles, billboards, etc. are very dangerous. Fall down and hit you. In addition, precast concrete walls and vending machines are also in danger of collapse. Don't go near these objects.
4. Open the door and ensure the exit.
Houses with reinforced concrete structures, etc. Has been locked in the house because of the dislocation of doors and windows caused by earthquake shaking. Please open the door and ensure the exit.
Usually, you should think about how to escape if you are locked in the house, and prepare ladders and ropes.
5. In outdoor situations, protect your head and avoid dangerous places.
When the earth is shaking violently and unstable, people will have the psychology of helping and grasping something. Most of the doorposts and walls around you will be the objects of help. However, these seemingly solid things are actually dangerous.
During the undersea earthquake in Miyagi Prefecture 1987, Japan, many people were killed or injured due to the collapse of precast concrete walls and doorposts. Don't * hide near cement precast slab walls, doorposts, etc.
In busy streets and buildings, the most dangerous thing is that things like glass windows and billboards fall and hurt people. Pay attention to protect your head with your hands or handbags.
In addition, pay attention to the situation that the vending machine falls over and hurts people.
In the building area, according to the situation, it is safer to enter the building to avoid.
6. In department stores and theaters, follow the instructions of the staff.
In places where there are many people in department stores and underground streets, the most terrible thing is chaos. Please follow the instructions of the store staff and security guards.
As far as earthquakes are concerned, it is said that underground streets are relatively safe. Even if there is a power failure, the emergency lighting will come on immediately. Please take action calmly.
In case of fire, it will be filled with smoke immediately. Take refuge in a low body posture and don't smoke at all.
If you take the elevator
In case of an earthquake or fire, you can't use the elevator. In case there is an earthquake when you take the elevator, please press all the buttons on each floor on the operation panel. Once stopped, leave the elevator quickly and take refuge after confirming safety.
Elevators in high-rise buildings and recent buildings are equipped with devices to control operation. When an earthquake happens, it will automatically stop at the nearest floor.
If you are locked in the elevator, please contact the management room for help through the dedicated telephone in the elevator.
7. The car is parked on the side of the road, and driving is prohibited in the controlled area.
In the event of a major earthquake, the car will be like a flat tire, unable to grasp the steering wheel and difficult to drive. You must pay full attention to avoid the intersection and park your car on the side of the road. In order not to hinder the passage of evacuees and emergency vehicles, we should give way to the middle part of the road.
Most roads in the urban area will be completely closed. Pay full attention to car radio broadcasting. If there is a policeman nearby, you should follow his instructions.
When you need to take refuge, in order not to get involved in the fire, please close the window, put the car keys in the car, don't lock the door, and act with the local people.
8. Be sure to pay attention to landslides, falling rocks or tsunamis.
On slopes and steep slopes, there is danger of landslides and falling rocks, so you should take refuge in a safe place quickly.
On the coast, there is a danger of encountering a tsunami. If you are aware of an earthquake or issue a tsunami warning, please pay attention to the information on radio and TV and take refuge in a safe place quickly.
9. Walk when taking refuge, and take as few personal belongings as possible.
When the fire caused by the earthquake spreads and burns, and life and personal safety are in danger, take refuge measures. In principle, people's disaster prevention organizations, streets, etc. You should take refuge on foot under the leadership of the person in charge and the police, and carry as few items as possible. Never take refuge by car or bike.
The cooperation and mutual assistance of local residents is indispensable for patients to take refuge. Usually, neighbors need to agree on the way to take refuge in advance.
10. Don't listen to rumors and act rashly.
In the event of a major earthquake, people are easily shaken psychologically. In order to prevent confusion, it is extremely important for everyone to act calmly based on correct information.
Get correct information from portable radios, etc. Trust the information obtained directly from the government, police and fire prevention agencies, and never believe irresponsible gossip, let alone make a move.
To put it simply, the main reason for the earthquake is that the major plates of the earth are squeezing each other, and volcanic eruption is also one of the reasons.
Earthquakes are divided into natural earthquakes and artificial earthquakes. Natural earthquakes are mainly tectonic earthquakes, which are caused by the fracture and dislocation of rocks deep underground, so that the long-term accumulated energy is suddenly released and spread in all directions in the form of seismic waves, making houses shake and move to the ground. Tectonic earthquakes account for more than 90% of the total number of earthquakes. Followed by earthquakes caused by volcanic eruptions, known as volcanic earthquakes, accounting for about 7% of the total number of earthquakes. In addition, earthquakes will also occur in some special circumstances, such as cave collapse (collapse earthquake) and large meteorites hitting the ground (meteorite impact earthquake).
Artificial earthquakes are earthquakes caused by human activities. Such as vibration caused by industrial blasting and underground nuclear explosion; High-pressure water injection in deep wells and water storage in large reservoirs increase the pressure on the earth's crust and sometimes induce earthquakes.
The place where seismic waves are generated is called the source. The vertical projection of the source on the ground is called the epicenter. The depth from the epicenter to the source is called the focal depth. Generally, the focal depth less than 70km is called shallow earthquakes, the depth of 70-300km is called Zhongyuan earthquake, and the depth greater than 300km is called deep earthquake. Destructive earthquakes usually occur in shallow earthquakes. For example, the focal depth of the Tangshan earthquake in 1976 was 12km.
Earthquakes are vibrations of the earth. It originates from a point underground, which is called the focus. Vibration comes from the source and propagates in the earth. The closest point on the ground to the earthquake source is called the epicenter, which is the place where the vibration was first received. Ground vibration is the most intuitive and common manifestation of earthquakes. Strong earthquakes at the bottom of the sea or in coastal areas will cause huge waves, which is called tsunami. Earthquakes are extremely frequent, and there are about 5 million earthquakes every year in the world.
The structure of the ball is like an egg, which can be divided into three layers. The middle layer is the "yolk"-the core; In the middle is "egg white"-mantle; The outer layer is the "eggshell"-the shell. Earthquakes usually occur in the earth's crust. The earth is constantly rotating, and the interior of the crust is constantly changing. The resulting force led to the deformation, fracture and dislocation of the crust and strata, so an earthquake occurred. The place where an earthquake occurs underground is called the source. The place from the source vertically upward to the surface is called the epicenter. The distance from the epicenter to the source is called the focal depth. Earthquakes with a focal concentration of less than 70km are shallow earthquakes, earthquakes with a focal concentration of 70km to 300km are moderate earthquakes, and earthquakes with a focal concentration of more than 300km are deep earthquakes. The earthquake with the deepest focal depth was 1963, which occurred in the northern part of Irian Jaya province, Indonesia, with a focal depth of 786 kilometers. Earthquakes of the same size have different damage to the ground because of different focal depths. The shallower the source, the greater the damage, but the smaller the spread, and vice versa.
The distance from a place to the epicenter is called epicentral distance. Earthquakes with epicentral distance less than 1000 km are called near earthquakes, earthquakes with epicentral distance between 100- 1000 km are called near earthquakes, and earthquakes with epicentral distance greater than1000 km are called teleseisms. Among them, the farther the epicentral distance, the smaller the impact and damage.
The ground vibration caused by earthquake is a complex movement, which is the result of the joint action of longitudinal wave and shear wave. In the epicenter, longitudinal waves made the ground jump up and down. Shear waves make the ground shake horizontally. Because longitudinal waves travel faster and decay faster, while shear waves travel slower and decay slower, they are far from the epicenter, so you often can't feel the jump up and down, but you can feel the horizontal shaking.
The magnitude of the earthquake itself is expressed by magnitude, and the magnitude is determined according to the energy of elastic waves released during the earthquake. China generally uses the Richter scale. Earthquakes with magnitude less than 2.5 are usually called small earthquakes, earthquakes with magnitude 2.5-4.7 are called inductive earthquakes, and earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.7 are called destructive earthquakes. For every magnitude difference of 1, the energy released by the earthquake is about 30 times different. For example, an earthquake of magnitude 7 is equivalent to 30 earthquakes of magnitude 6 or 900 earthquakes with magnitude difference of 0. 1, and the average difference of energy released is 1.4 times.
When a large earthquake occurs in a certain place, a series of earthquakes often occur within a period of time, the largest of which is called the main earthquake, the earthquake before the main earthquake is called the foreshock, and the earthquake after the main earthquake is called the aftershock.
The degree of ground vibration at a certain point during an earthquake is called seismic intensity. China divides the earthquake intensity into 12 degrees.
Although both magnitude and intensity can reflect the strength of an earthquake, their significance is the same. The same earthquake has only one magnitude, but the intensity varies from place to place, and the intensity value varies from place to place. For example, on1February 1990 10, an earthquake of magnitude 5. 1 occurred in Changshu-Taicang. Some people say that Suzhou is level 4 and Wuxi is level 3, which is wrong. No matter where it is, it can only be said that an earthquake of magnitude 5. 1 occurred in Changshu-Taicang, but this time, the earthquake intensities in shaxi town, Taicang, Suzhou and Wuxi were 6 degrees, 4 degrees and 3 degrees respectively.
Seismic intensity is a frequently used term. There are qualitative and quantitative standards for dividing strength. On the China Earthquake Intensity Table (see the table below), people's feelings and the degree of earthquake damage of ordinary houses are described, which can be used as the basic basis for determining the intensity.
Earthquakes are divided into natural earthquakes and artificial earthquakes. Natural earthquakes are mainly tectonic earthquakes, which are caused by the fracture and dislocation of rocks deep underground, so that the long-term accumulated energy is suddenly released and spread in all directions in the form of seismic waves, making houses shake and move to the ground. Tectonic earthquakes account for more than 90% of the total number of earthquakes. Followed by earthquakes caused by volcanic eruptions, known as volcanic earthquakes, accounting for about 7% of the total number of earthquakes. In addition, earthquakes will also occur in some special circumstances, such as cave collapse (collapse earthquake) and large meteorites hitting the ground (meteorite impact earthquake).
Artificial earthquakes are earthquakes caused by human activities. Such as vibration caused by industrial blasting and underground nuclear explosion; High-pressure water injection in deep wells and water storage in large reservoirs increase the pressure on the earth's crust and sometimes induce earthquakes.