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The origin of modern factories developed from here; The time and historical significance of the emergence of handicraft workshops;
The status of businessmen has changed, which has caused the change of the status of businessmen; The rise of businessmen and the decline of nobles; Two emerging classes are forming;
Mona Lisa's Smile: the time, reason and essence of the Renaissance: the profound connotation of "smile" in Meng: the conflict between man and God;
The liberation of "Pop Cattle" and the connotation of "Pop Cattle"; The time, essence and significance of religious reform;
The background of the birth of modern science; Meaning science (meaning and social significance);
The light of rationality: the connotation of rationality (democracy and science); The essence and significance of that enlightenment;
The background of discovering the new continent and opening up new routes; New world; Highlight "new"; The impact of the opening of new air routes on human society;
The strengthening of global ties and the spread of species; Developing trade; Civilized exchanges;
The reasons why blacks came to the United States for colonial plunder; Evaluation of opening up new routes; The evil slave trade; Contact the black problem in America today; The origin of Latin America;
Parliament's victory over the monarchy is the fundamental reason of the British revolution; Interpretation of the topic (the victory of capital over expensive, the victory of capitalist system over feudal system); The symbol of the establishment of the new system-the bill of rights, the incompleteness of the British revolution; Constitutional interpretation of monarchy;
A series of events of the first president's North American independence movement in history, the prologue and scope of the war of independence, the time when North America declared independence, the American regime determined by the declaration of independence and its significance 1789 American Constitution, and the structural diagram of separation of powers.
Three levels of understanding of selfless French citizens, the people included in the third level, the symbol of the outbreak of the Great Revolution, the schematic diagram of the capture of the Bastille, the ideological source of the declaration of human rights, the people's contribution to the French Revolution, the peak of the Revolution, and the political system finally established in France.
In the last prosperous period (China was still in the leading position in the world, but it was in crisis), the development of commodity economy and famous business gangs in the south of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties, on the whole, China was still in a natural economy.
The consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country, the reasons why the Great Wall was not built in the Qing Dynasty, the measures taken by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty to consolidate the country, the return of Turku, the strengthening of the central government's management of Tibet, the time stipulated by the golden urn lottery system, and the direct dispatch of officials by the central government to manage the southwest minority areas when the Ming Dynasty became the ancestor, the Qing Dynasty laid the territory of today's multi-ethnic country in China. Battle of jaxa and the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu
Secret Service, Relocation of Personnel, Establishment of Military Department in Qing Dynasty and "Literary Prison" in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Autocracy is embodied in political, cultural, economic and social life. This means that after ideological emancipation and bourgeois revolution, there will be a gap between feudal autocratic China and foreign countries.
Challenges from the sea: the time, frequency, place and purpose of Zheng He's voyage to the West, and the influence of Western Europe's coming to China by sea (the spread of Catholicism to the east in Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi and geometry, the analysis of the world map drawn by Matteo Ricci, the occupation of Macau in 1553, and the successful recovery of Taiwan Province Province by Taiwan Province Province and Zheng). The ideological invasion and military invasion of the West made the rulers adopt a closed-door policy, and discussed the influence of this policy on China.
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The Rise of Inspur Industrial Revolution: Time, Origin, Symbol, Stephenson and Steam Locomotive, Principle of Steam Engine, Influence of Industrial Revolution (Textile, Transportation, Mining).
The reason why countries attach importance to scientific research in the scientific century-the origin of species
The new stage of the industrial revolution is1the second half of the 9th century. With the wide application of electric power, 1870 invented the motor, and 1879 invented the electric light. From the steam engine era to the electric power era, the United States and Germany surpassed Britain at this stage.
The difference between manual workshops and modern factories in working environment and the change of production mode: standardized production and assembly line production.
The shrinking of the earth, the proliferation of factories, the extension of railway tracks, the convenience of navigation, and the emergence of new means of communication and transportation have brought about the flow of population, cultural exchanges and the spread of science and technology. 1896 The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens, and the world finally merged in the early 20th century.
The interweaving of civilization and barbarism, the reasons why western capitalist countries seized colonies, the influence of western civilization on colonies and the plunder of colonies by capitalism.
Challenge and deal with the influence of the background content of Meiji Restoration in Haiti and Japan, the first independent countries in Latin America.
Unit 5 the arrival of industrial civilization
1, handicraft workshops first appeared in Italy in14th century. Handicraft workshops are large in scale and employ many workers. The division of labor and cooperation among workers has improved production efficiency.
2. Early handicraft workshops in Western Europe were concentrated in textile, mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding and other industries.
3./kloc-Since the 6th century, western European countries have carried out policies in favor of businessmen in order to make Qiang Bing rich. The class that has changed since the emergence of handicraft workshops is the merchant class, a new class bourgeoisie.
4. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's manual workshops appeared in Jingdezhen.
5, known as "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance" is da? Finch's masterpieces Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; Shakespeare was a famous English playwright during the Renaissance, and his masterpiece was Romeo and Juliet.
6. Known as the "Pope's Cattle" are Germans, and the religious reformers are Luther, Bacon, Copernicus and Heliocentrism. Newton's outstanding achievement is that he put forward the law of gravity, Voltaire, a thinker who advocated natural human rights, and Rousseau, a French thinker, put forward the idea of people's sovereignty.
Columbus, the navigator, was the first person to discover the new continent. The original inhabitants of America were Indians and yellow people. The route from western Europe to India was first discovered by Da? Gamma Magellan was the first man to sail around the world. Known as the "sea coachman" is Dutch.
8. Reasons for opening new routes:
At the end of 15, the extensive development of commodity economy and the continuous expansion of exchange in western European countries made gold the most important means of payment in commodity trade, and gold in eastern countries became the dream of western Europeans.
(2) At this time, however, the Ottoman Empire controlled the main trade routes between the East and the West and blocked the traditional trade routes of western European countries to the East; Western European aristocrats and emerging businessmen who are crazy about pursuing oriental wealth (gold, jewelry, spices, silk, etc.). There is an urgent need to explore a direct sea route to India and China.
(3) Portugal and Spain, located in the southwest of Europe and close to the Atlantic Ocean, started overseas exploration and colonial activities earlier, mastered advanced navigation knowledge and shipbuilding technology, and had certain financial resources, which became the starting point for opening up new routes.
Generally speaking, the direct reasons for opening up new air routes are: pursuing wealth and obtaining benefits; The fundamental reason is the development of commodity economy.
Impact:
(1) The opening of the new air route has changed the economic life of Europe, and since then the European market has expanded to the world, and the types of circulating commodities have increased.
(2) The opening of new sea routes has changed the trade center of Europe, and the main trade routes have shifted from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, which has promoted the economic development of Italy, which is one reason why the seeds of European capitalism first appeared in Italy. At the same time, it has also achieved commercial and economic prosperity in Spain, Portugal, Britain, the Netherlands and other countries.
(3) The opening of the new sea route enabled European countries to join the colonial ranks, and Western European colonialists plundered wealth from the colonies. European countries quickly became rich and formed a new bourgeoisie, which accelerated the disintegration of European feudal system and the germination and development of capitalist relations of production.
④ It has promoted overseas expansion and the initial formation of the world market, and promoted the primitive accumulation of capital. At the same time, it broke the closed and isolated state around the world, linked the old continent with the new continent, and the world history took a key step from decentralization to integration.
9. The countries that took the lead in colonial plunder were Portugal and Spain, and the country that occupied the most colonies was Britain.
10, the kings of Britain and France on the eve of the bourgeois revolution were Charles I and Louis XVI respectively; The leaders are Cromwell and robespierre; The Bill of Rights is the most important law to restrict the royal power in Britain, and the political system established after the revolution is constitutional monarchy.
1 1. The event that opened the prelude to the American War of Independence was the gunfire in Lexington. The document published in the American War of Independence was the Declaration of Independence, and the leader of the War of Independence was Washington.
12. The French Revolution was marked by the conquest of the Bastille. The document issued is the Declaration of Human Rights, the national anthem of France is La Marseillaise, and the founder of the French Empire is Napoleon.
13, Zhu Yuanzhang was the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Songjiang was a developed area of cotton textile industry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. A large number of China products have entered the international market, such as silk, tea and porcelain.
14, during the Ming Dynasty, Turku of Mongolia moved westward and was accepted by Qianlong. /kloc-In the early 8th century, the Qing government set up a minister stationed in Tibet to manage Tibet on behalf of the central government. The Qing government put down the aristocratic rebellion in Junggar, Uighur and other places, and legally determined the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers as China territory. This treaty is the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar.
15. The institutions established in Ming and Qing dynasties to strengthen the royal power were the factory health and the military department. In order to strengthen ideological control in Qing dynasty, a literary inquisition was established in Daxing. At that time, the style of imperial examination papers was eight-part essay.
16, China's thinker who opposed the autocratic imperial power was Huang Zongxi.
17, Geographical Map of the Great World was drawn by Italian missionary Matteo Ricci. As a court painter in China, the Italian missionary who participated in the western-style architectural design of Yuanmingyuan was Lang Shining.
18 and 1553, the Portuguese occupied Macau, and the Dutch occupied Taiwan Province Province at the beginning of 17 century. The hero who successfully recovered Taiwan Province Province was Zheng Chenggong. 1793, British envoy Margaret led a delegation to China, with the main purpose of expanding the British overseas market.
Unit 6 The wave of industrial civilization sweeping the world
1 and1In the middle of the 8th century, Britain began an industrial revolution in which manual labor was replaced by machine production. The earliest industry was the cotton textile industry. The invention and application of a new power machine, the steam engine, brought human society into age of steam.
2. Known as the "century of science" is19th century. The earliest industrialized country in the world is Britain. The most prominent feature of the new stage of industrial revolution is the wide application of electricity in production and life, which has brought mankind into the electrical age.
3. Compare the early and new stages of the industrial revolution.
The early stage of the industrial revolution, the new stage of the industrial revolution.
Main technical inventions and inventors: Jenny spinning machine (Hargreaves), hydraulic spinning machine (Akelet), steam engine (Watt), steam locomotive (Stephenson), motor (Gram), electromagnetic induction principle (Faraday), utility generator (Siemens), electric light (Edison), Paris Electric Railway, movie projector, telephone (Bell) and automobile.
The leading countries in industrial development are Britain, the United States and Germany.
The main industrial categories are textile, machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, mining, paper making, transportation, electric power industry, steel industry and chemical industry.
Petroleum industry, automobile industry
4. In modern factories, assembly line production mode appeared, and film projectors were invented.
5, the world finally formed a complete time in the early 20th century, mainly as follows:
Domain performance
Economic circles have basically formed a unified market, and goods from all countries flow in this huge market.
Traffic tracks extend to all parts of the world, and many port cities have developed in various countries.
The population movement has accelerated, and there has been an upsurge of overseas immigration.
Cultural exchanges are more extensive, and advanced ideas, science and technology and lifestyles of industrial civilization are spread all over the world.
There are some world-wide sports activities, such as the Olympic Games.
Haiti is the first independent country in Latin America. Japan became the first industrialized country in Asia through the Meiji Restoration.
Comprehensive problem
1. Compare Zheng He's and Columbus's voyages to the West.
(1) Zheng He's farthest voyage to the Western Ocean: the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa; The farthest place Columbus sailed: America.
(2) What was the purpose of Zheng He's and Columbus's voyages to the West?
The main purposes of Zheng He's voyage to the West are: to publicize national prestige; Strengthen ties with overseas countries; Meet the ruler's demand for exotic jewelry. The purpose of Columbus's voyage was to find gold; This is Europe's need for eastern trade.
(3) What impact did Zheng He's and Columbus's voyages to the West have on the world respectively?
Zheng He's voyage to the West strengthened the ties and friendly exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and overseas countries, but it brought a heavy economic burden to the Ming Dynasty, which eventually led to the quiet end of navigation.
Columbus's voyage made Europeans discover America, accelerated the development of America and promoted the development of capitalism in Western Europe. But at the same time, it has also brought great disasters to the Latin American people.
2. Look at the following materials to answer:
Material 1: China's products are rich and all-encompassing, and we don't borrow foreign original goods in exchange for needed goods. -Guangdong Customs Records, Volume 23
Material 2: The customs and habits of Zhejiang people are easy to make trouble, and the mistakes of foreign businessmen will inevitably bring trouble. -The Hadith of Emperor Gaozong in Qing Dynasty (Volume 28 1)
Material 3: This generation (note: overseas Chinese and businessmen) are mostly restless people. If they are allowed to come and go at will, Iraqis and others will have no scruples. People who go back to their hometowns lightly and wander abroad will benefit many people. Later, a time limit should be set. If he doesn't return after the deadline, he is willing to emigrate, and I won't allow him to come back. This kind of trade wants to belong to the owner and dares not stay out for the night. -"General Examination of Qing Dynasty Literature" Volume 33
(1) The material 1 indicates that "China" is unwilling to trade with foreign countries. We call this policy a closed door policy.
(2) Combining the materials I and II, talk about the reasons for implementing this policy.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the feudal natural economy was mainly self-sufficient, and the development of commodity economy was very limited. The ruler thinks that China is rich in products and short-sighted, and disdains to exchange needed goods with foreign countries; The rulers are also afraid that the contacts between foreign businessmen and coastal people will cause trouble and facilitate foreigners to invade China.
(3) What is the direct consequence of this restriction on coastal people's maritime trade in Material 3?
China's foreign trade was blocked and hit, and it gradually lost its initiative in foreign trade. Since the Ming Dynasty, the maritime industry has also declined.
(4) According to the above materials and knowledge, talk about the understanding of the consequences of implementing this policy.
If it is closed, it will fall behind, and if it falls behind, it will be beaten.
3. The opening of new air routes has made the world integrated, and the development of new means of transportation and communication has provided the necessary conditions for the strengthening of world ties, eventually forming a global market, and foreign goods began to flood into the China market. Nowadays, foreign color TVs such as Sydney, Toshiba and Panasonic, and high-end cars such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Buick have begun to enter the homes of ordinary people.
(1) Please analyze why western European countries have to spend huge sums of money to open up new routes.
The development of commodity economy and the germination of capitalism; Europeans' crazy pursuit of gold; Motivation to spread Christianity;
(2) The final formation of the whole world has had a great impact on human society, but is it the same for all countries in the world? Why?
No, the new industrial revolution was basically completed at the beginning of the19th century. The western capitalist countries became stronger and the countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America fell behind. Western capitalist countries, which took the lead in completing the industrial revolution, accelerated the pace of colonial aggression in order to occupy overseas markets and raw material producing areas. By the end of 19, the whole world was basically divided, and countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America became colonies or semi-colonies and were enslaved by them.
(3) "Now, foreign color TVs such as Sydney, Toshiba and Panasonic and high-end cars such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Buick have begun to enter the homes of ordinary people." What does this mean? Economic globalization.
4. What are the similarities and differences between the characteristics of economic and political development in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Europe in the same period?
Differences: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's autocratic imperial power was constantly strengthened, while the bourgeois revolution broke out in western countries, overthrowing the feudal autocratic system and establishing the capitalist system; China's ideological control is very strict. Rulers set up literary courts and strengthened their ideological control. On the basis of the emergence of handicraft workshops and the development of industry and commerce, western countries have produced new classes and caused changes in the ideological and cultural fields. The Renaissance, the Reformation, the birth of modern science and the Enlightenment all appeared in this period. With this closed door, the west constantly wants to explore overseas and explore overseas colonies.
Similarities: the handicraft industry is developed; The status of businessmen is gradually changing or the capital of businessmen is very abundant; Modern progressive thinkers have emerged.