Kelly believes that man is a scientist, and he can constantly incorporate complex information about experience into personal construction. Everyone has a unique "personal construct" in his brain. People interpret and predict time according to "personal construction", give meaning to events, and make predictions about the future.
The reason why people have psychological barriers is because there is something wrong with his construction system. When people's structural system can't correctly predict various future events, anxiety is inevitable, which leads to psychological barriers. When "personal construction" is not permeable, people can't learn new knowledge from new experiences. Without the continuous improvement of learning and construction, people's ability to expect the future will inevitably decrease. Kelly believes that psychotherapy is to help patients build a new structure and improve the original structure, so that they can better foresee events.
The first step of treatment is to use role construction test to encourage the subjects to conduct self-test in order to obtain the information of the subjects' construction system. The second step is fixed role therapy. In the process of treatment, the client is given a personality model and asked to perform, that is, the client is asked to play the personality of another person who is significantly different from himself. The core is to let the parties play a brand-new role in life and think and act according to the new role until they naturally accept the new role and internalize it.
First, the basic situation of the case
1. Background information
Senior two student Yang Xiaoqing (pseudonym) is 20 years old this year. Ranked second in the family, with a brother. Normal body, no history of major physical diseases. Both parents are farmers, and the family economy is relatively difficult. My brother went out to work after graduating from junior high school.
2. self-report of tourists
When I was a freshman, my grades were above average. Recently, my academic performance declined, and I felt sorry for my hard-working parents, so I had the idea of dropping out of school. After presenting her ideas to her parents, she was severely rejected and encouraged to study hard. But she still can't get rid of the idea of dropping out of school and often blames herself. The class teacher once talked to him because of his declining grades. However, the head teacher's encouragement not only failed to turn into motivation, but made her afraid that no matter how she studied, she could not improve her grades and was afraid of disappointing the head teacher. Originally, I got good grades in math, and I felt that the math teacher attached great importance to myself. But in recent math class, I feel that the teacher has less and less eye contact with himself. I thought the math teacher was disappointed in himself. Dare not take the initiative to speak in class After a speech, the students around made a little noise. She thought it was a joke and didn't dare to speak in class or speak loudly in the classroom. She is introverted and timid, afraid to take the initiative to associate with people and afraid of being rejected. Contacts are limited to roommates at the same table, and there are no good friends. Depression lasted for a month.
3. Others report
The class teacher reflected: introverted, not good at making friends with people, few friends. I study hard, but my grades are average. Recently, my grades have declined slightly, my behavior has shrunk, and I have participated in less group activities.
Classmate's reaction: She always thinks she is ugly and fat. I seldom associate with others except my deskmate, and I have no intimate friends. Always keep your head down in the classroom, and don't even dare to lift your head when walking. I study hard and often bury myself in reading, but my grades are average.
Second, the cause analysis and evaluation diagnosis
1. The visitors were tested with self-rating depression scale (SDS) and self-esteem scale (SES).
Test results: Self-esteem Scale (SES) score 14, inferiority complex, serious inferiority complex; The score index of self-rating depression scale is 0.52, and there is mild depression.
2. Assessment, analysis and diagnosis
The symptoms of visitors belong to general psychological problems, which are caused by a specific event-deliberately dropping out of school because of dissatisfaction with their grades. The main symptoms are depression, no happiness and self-blame. Inferiority, timidity and introversion are the personality basis of symptoms.
Third, the negotiation process.
The first two consultations used cognitive therapy and psychoanalysis therapy, but the effect was not obvious, and the visitors showed resistance and easily returned to their original selves. Therefore, fixed role therapy is used for treatment. The following is the treatment process of fixed role therapy.
The first stage: role construction
Self-description: Ask visitors to describe themselves in the third person. The following is her description:
Yang Xiaoqing is a senior two student, with a height of1.65m and a medium and thin figure. Ordinary facial features, ugly and unpopular. She studies hard, but she is stupid. Even though she studies hard, her grades are still poor.
When chatting with my deskmate, I mostly listen to what my deskmate says and seldom express my opinions. She is too timid to ask questions in class. Even if I know the answer to the teacher's question, I dare not take the initiative to answer it.
The students don't like to play with her because she is too quiet and seems to want to shut others out. She always walks with her head down, as if afraid of being seen. She likes being with her deskmate very much, because she feels that only her deskmate knows her and is her only friend. She hardly associates with male classmates. She doesn't think her appearance is attractive, and even looks a little ugly. But she likes to listen to her deskmate chatting with her male classmates, so she envies her deskmate.
Analysis of visitors' self-role description: the description is logical and involves academic, interpersonal and family topics. There are two poles in the structure, but the pole of "failure, unhappiness, unattractiveness and ugliness" displayed by tourists drowns the pole of "success, happiness, attraction and beauty". The structure of visitors is expanding, and they think they have failed in all aspects. The structure is relatively simple, and everything is measured and predicted by failure and success. This is the cause of psychological problems of visitors.
Set up a self-role draft writing group, which consists of a class teacher, a math teacher and two psychological teachers, and discuss and analyze the self-role description of visitors collectively. The psychological teacher wrote the first draft, and after group discussion and repeated revisions, the role draft was determined as follows:
Yang Xinli means confidence and beauty. The impression is quiet and delicate, and warm to people. When I first met her, I thought she was gentle and quiet. After a long time, I can especially feel her enthusiasm, sincerity and talkativeness towards her friends. She is so popular that everyone likes to make friends with her. She is honest and unpretentious. The opposite sex has a good relationship. She is a loyal listener, good at empathy and considerate of others. Boys like to talk to her when they have something on their mind. She is a person with strong opinions and personality. She can handle her study and life independently and help her peers enthusiastically. When others encounter difficulties, they are always eager to stand up first and share the burden for others.
She studies very hard, although her grades are not top-notch, but she takes her study seriously, and her earnest attitude has been recognized by teachers and classmates. I like to ask questions to teachers, and I often take the initiative to ask questions in class. After class, I went to the teacher's office to discuss the study with the teacher. Teachers all think that she is a studious and persevering person.
The second stage: the implementation process of fixed role therapy
1.
"Here describes the characteristics of a person. Her name is Yang Xinli. In some ways, she is a very different person from you, but she is a bit like you. But it doesn't matter whether she looks like you or not. Let's look at her specific situation first ... "Look at the visitor's reaction and answer her questions at any time.
practise
"In the next two weeks, I want you to do something unusual and let you play another person. Let's finish this task together. In two weeks, try to forget your own name or what you used to look like. You are Yang Xinli! You have to be like her! Just as she thought. You must do what you think she will do. You think in her way of thinking, enjoy what she wants and do what she is interested in. In the next two weeks, Yang Xiaoqing can't appear, and you are Yang Xinli. We arrange a conversation every other day. You should read the draft at least three times at different times every day. Now let's assume three different situations. You must play Yang Xinli in different situations.
Scenario 1: learning scenario
Make eye contact with the teacher bravely in class. When the teacher asks questions, raise your hand boldly and speak, and look at the teacher confidently. Answering questions is loud and pleasant. When the teacher came to tutor in the evening, he bravely raised his hand and asked him to help solve the problem. When you have questions after class, discuss with your classmates and express your opinions. I can always feel happy and fulfilled for my serious study.
Scene 2: Family Scene
When you come home from school, greet your family loudly and happily. Watching TV with my family, chatting happily about my life at school, getting along with my classmates, and reflecting my progress in learning and communication to my family. Take the initiative to help your family do housework and feel happy about it.
Scenario 3: Communication scenario
Meet classmates on the way to say hello or nod and smile. When you enter the classroom, take the initiative to say hello to the students around you. After reading the extracurricular books, share your feelings and opinions with your classmates. In group activities, you can naturally and generously join the group. Students have difficulties and take the initiative to help. Take the initiative to talk to the teacher after class, talk about your confusion in learning, talk about your feelings in life and so on.
implement
In the next two weeks, a * * * held eight consultations with visitors. Feedback the situations you play in daily situations every time, and practice consolidating the roles you play. In the first two performances, the visitors' initial reaction was unnatural, returning to their original selves and complaining that they didn't perform well. But with the help of the counselor, she gradually made progress, especially in the last three conversations. When she gives feedback, she tends to use the phrase "I felt at that time ...", which shows that she has completely regarded herself as Yang Xinli. She said that she could feel Yang Xinli's happiness and self-confidence during the performance, and hoped that she would be as confident and happy as the role she played in the future. All this information shows that visitors gradually choose a new role and internalize this new role into their own.
Four. Evaluation of consulting effect
According to the feedback, with the promotion and development of the consulting project, the above consulting objectives have achieved initial results.
1. self-evaluation
"Before, I always felt useless. I always compare my shortcomings with the advantages of others, which makes me feel unhappy in life. Now I finally understand that happiness is actually very simple and I have many advantages. "
2. Peer review
Her condition has improved, she has talked more, and people have become more lively than before. When dealing with things, I am more confident than before. My mental state has improved. I won't feel sorry for myself as before, and I can still see her smile.
3. Psychological test evaluation
Passed SDS and SES tests again. According to the answer, the total level of depression is 0.44, and mild depression has dropped to no depression; Self-esteem level of 26, has also been significantly improved.
References:
[1] Hu Haiyan George? Comments on Kelly's Personal Constructivism [D]. Shantou University, 2005.
[2] Kelly. Translated by Zheng Xifu. Personal structural psychology [M]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Education Press, 2003. Omitted)
Editor/Yu Hongshujuan Final School/Li Yiqian