"Space" has been the essence of architectural design since its appearance. With the advent of the information age, various types of buildings have sprung up, which makes people pay more and more attention to how this building creates space and what kind of space environment it will create. The expression of space depends on building materials, and the function of materials is the bridge that determines the relationship between cold building entities and people. People observe and touch the color and texture of the building through the senses, and the space gives people visual and spiritual experience through materials, leaving a deep impression. In a subtle way, materials become the language of spatial expression, giving space an expression of its own, or quiet and soft; Or calm and resolute; Still coarse ore is elegant. This and the audience's experience have a deeper * * * sound in their minds. Architectural space is an artificial space form that people separate from natural space by using certain materials, and the progress of building materials leads the pace of space development.
1 Material Expression in Modern Architectural Space
In the 20th century, under the impact of the industrial revolution, the architectural form has undergone earth-shaking changes. Commercial complexes, railway stations, museums and other large buildings have replaced traditional temples, churches and palaces. These buildings have increased hundreds of times in span and height, and they have changed from buildings to buildings. New building materials, such as steel, glass and concrete, and the application of new technologies in wood, stone and brick and their corresponding spatial structures show great vitality.
1. 1 brick space environment
Brick is an ancient building material. Because of its advantages in shape, color and texture, brick provides unlimited possibilities for its application in architecture. With the passage of time, the brick buildings that have experienced the vicissitudes of time have added a sense of historical existence. Small bricks show different aesthetic feelings due to the change of masonry methods. Kurokawa said: "Architectural details are part of the building. From a distance, this part of the whole does not have a strong personality. However, when people approach them and observe them, they will find a whole new world. This part is the detail. " The unique masonry method of brick is the presentation of architectural details and the unique charm of brick structure. Before the industrial revolution, the use of bricks was to pursue the realism of brick attributes and the technical beauty of masonry methods to a greater extent. The revival of brick buildings after a period of silence, the architect's enthusiasm for bricks is like a dry fire, which burns quickly. In recent years, it has been more widely used. In 2004, the Vienna Mountain Brick Architecture Award was selected and has been successfully held for six times. China architect Li Xinggang's Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Hall in Sichuan won the 20 10 Vienna Mountain Brick Architecture Award (see figure 1). The wide spread of brick structure in the new era proves that the application of brick materials in architectural space is rich and varied, and different artistic effects are achieved, which fully shows the great potential of brick as a building material.
1.2 stone space environment
Stone is the oldest building material, which can cross the dimension of time and the test of nature without losing its own characteristics. Therefore, in the history of architecture, stone is the best choice for museums, memorial halls, tombs and other important buildings. Through the research of new technology, stone is gradually carved into a light and exquisite modern building material from thick and rough. For example, Wright's flowing water villa integrates stone architecture with nature, and the rough texture of the stone is in sharp contrast with the white overhangs, highlighting the simple aesthetic feeling and unique indoor space of the stone. The German Pavilion, located in Barcelona, has realized the classic application of polished stone in architectural space, using different types of stone and retaining the color and texture of the stone itself.
1.3 wood space environment
The natural affinity of wood is unmatched by any building material. Wood has become one of the favorite building materials for architects because of its easy processing and beautiful appearance. Whether wood is used as a load-bearing structure or a decorative component in buildings, it will be limited by its strength and length. With the birth of modern wood gluing and laminating technology, wood is no longer inferior to masonry structure in creating long-span space. The concept of paying attention to energy conservation, environmental protection and low-carbon buildings has brought vitality to wood structure buildings, and modern wood structure buildings combining original ecological wood with modern technology have become the new favorite of architects. There are many kinds of wood, and the integrated wood and board processed by new technology are applied in buildings, creating a rich space. In the architectural studio in renzo piano (see Figure 3), the whole building is made of wood structure, and the periphery is made of large area glass, which connects the indoor and outdoor spaces. When the light is projected to the studio through the glass, the light and shadow of the wood structure move indoors with time, which makes any material in the building space change in color.
1.4 space environment created by new materials
The emergence and further development of new materials, such as concrete, steel, glass, etc. The modeling and spatial form of the building have been promoted to a higher level. The appearance of concrete is valued by architects because of its essential strength and heavy feeling, which provides great space for the shaping of architectural image and exerts the greatest plasticity in design. The original function of architecture is to shelter from the wind and rain and resist the cold. With the progress of society, people have a higher level of life needs, and they question the traditional closed and dark architectural space. Large-span open and bright space has entered people's consciousness. The appearance of reinforced concrete structure and the gradual upgrading of glass materials provide a guarantee for the comfort of modern architectural space. Glass is a contradictory movement, smooth, indifferent and skilled, but sheltered from the wind and rain; It reflects light and is also penetrated by light. It is transparent, but it still has a sense of material existence. It can focus or separate light into different colors.
It has all the sensory and aesthetic characteristics and is an extremely warm and obscure material. As a special building material, glass has its own different artistic forms in different historical periods, showing a transparent and closed hazy aesthetic effect, which is the link between indoor and outdoor space. Reinforced concrete structure is the representative of architecture in the industrial age. In today's information age, steel structure and glass have become the most frequently used combination of building materials, and steel structure has become the skeleton system of buildings, providing endless support for architectural modeling and creating rich spatial forms. The architecture of any era is closely connected with the latest scientific and technological achievements of this era, and the steel structure is constantly optimized, which gives birth to new structural forms, bringing new atmosphere and new hope to the architecture with the attitude of leading the new trend of architecture. The integration of high technology makes the steel structure break through the limitation of span and height, and the lightness of the structure makes the indoor space spacious and bright (see Figure 4).
2. The audience experience of building materials in space performance.
Louis Sullivan once said, "A real architect is a poet, but he uses building materials instead of language". For excellent designers, a weather-beaten stone with traces, like a carefully carved and crystal-clear gem, is a work of art, enough to shake their minds. People perceive the color, texture, hardness, temperature and other characteristics of building materials in the space through vision, hearing, touch and smell, thus creating an impression of this building space. The environmental perception of different materials is different, and the different types of materials determine the first perception of understanding materials. Masonry space gives people a feeling of calmness, massiness and tranquility. The warmth, softness and lightness of the wooden space will touch the soul for the first time; The roughness and naturalness of concrete space is another kind of interest.
Different colors, textures and textures of the same building material also bring people different experiences. Rough concrete is a symbol of being close to nature and open-minded, while polished concrete wall is a solid and delicate representative. With the integration of high technology, the structural changes and spatial extension caused by new building materials have created a richer spatial experience. The combination of different building materials has shaped different new spaces. Time is the fourth dimension of experience space. Building materials and space experience are just like human thinking, and the complexity changes with the passage of time. The maturity of building materials and the aging of forms can all be regarded as the memory of time. Every building material has timeliness. With the rapid or slow change of the surrounding environment, materials can be divided into strong timeliness materials and weak timeliness materials according to the timeliness of building materials. Strong time-sensitive materials (wood, stone, paint and some metals without coating protection, etc. ) It is greatly influenced by time, and the change cycle of architectural space environment is relatively short. In other words, the experience of architectural space has different performances in different time periods. Weak materials are materials whose properties are in a stable state after some physical means, such as glass and processed metal. These materials have little impact on the space experience, but they should be properly protected. No matter whether the timeliness is strong or weak, building materials are the best witness of time and bear the memory of architecture.
3 Conclusion
Masonry, wood, concrete and other materials bear the architectural history of mankind for thousands of years. Looking back on the history of traditional building materials, processing and integrating traditional materials in modern buildings is the support for developing new materials and the full embodiment of scientific and technological development. Materials come from nature and belong to culture. As the "language" of communication between architectural space and people, rapid updating and optimization is the need of social development and humanistic demand. Building materials play an irreplaceable role in today's architectural creation and practice with their profound cultural heritage and vivid forms of expression.
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