1. Three-dimensional heuristic method
2. Context effect
Two. Ways to overcome prejudice
Three. Neuropsychology
1. Education is neurosurgery.
2. The neural structure of the brain
3.？ The brain has the ability to learn.
4.？ The relationship between brain and behavior
5.？ Neuroconductive substances in the brain
6.？ The brain goes in and out.
Four. abstract
1. Cognitive prejudice is hard to eliminate.
Why is cognitive bias so difficult to eliminate? The biggest reason is that the brain uses the system 1 to save resources. When system 1 doesn't work, use system 2 to deal with it. System 1 is based on past experience and past laws, so it is called "shortcut", but system 2 is based on your knowledge, logic or your calculation.
1.3D heuristic method
The shortcut of system one comes from the experience of daily life.
The following examples tell us how the experience of daily life makes us make mistakes:
In the picture below, although these three people have the same figure, we think that the people who are far away are twice as big as those who are near. Because on the retina, when the distant object is as big as the nearby object, we will feel that the distant object is bigger.
There are two triangles in the picture below. We think that the black one is darker than the background and the white one is whiter than the background. Why? Because we think that a triangle blocks three concentric circles, since it can block concentric circles, it means that the triangle is in front of the concentric circles and closer to us, so we can see it more clearly. Therefore, the retina did not lie to us. It was the brain that deceived us. The closer the brain says, the clearer it is, and the farther the background is, so it is entirely the brain that explains it.
In the picture below, the two donuts in the middle are the same size, but you will think that the one on the left is bigger and the one on the right is smaller. Therefore, reason can't actually help you make a decision. Your feeling just tells you that the one on the left is bigger.
The two tables in the picture below are actually the same size, but you will feel that the left one is long and thin, and the right one is short and fat. So your illusion will really make you make a lot of mistakes.
As can be seen from the above example, your past knowledge and experience made you make a wrong decision. Therefore, if you know where your shortcomings are, you will be less prone to deviation.
2. Context effect
Context effect refers to what kind of mistakes you will make under what circumstances.
For example, in the following figure, if the middle figure is put together with 12 and 14, we will interpret it as 13. If it is put together with A and C, we will interpret it as B. This is actually a very important experiment, and your context determines your interpretation of a thing.
So read more books. Your background knowledge helps you decide what you see.
For a good example, I believe everyone has seen Sherlock Holmes. We teach in medical college, which requires doctors to have the ability of observation and reasoning, but generally speaking, doctors don't have it, because they become doctors after graduating from high school and entering medical college. The ability of observation and reasoning can't be taught, and they must feel it from life experience and read it.
For example, there is an empty house in the suburbs of London. There's a body inside. There was no trauma to the body, but the man was dead and there was blood on the wall. Someone wrote the word "revenge" with blood on it. When the police came, they didn't know what to do, so they called Holmes. Both Holmes and Watson walked around the crime scene. Holmes told the police that the murderer was six feet tall, with a red face, a long last nail on his left hand and square shoes. He is about 40 years old. Speaking of age, the policeman's chin fell off, thinking that you are not a witness, how can you know how old he is? But Holmes is too famous to ask more questions. He did as Holmes said, and after he caught it, he really said the same thing to him.
When Holmes was in a good mood after solving the case and smoked a pipe in front of the stove at night, Watson asked him how you knew. You see, Holmes said, when our hands are raised to write, we will naturally write as high as your eyes. I measured the ground, and the word was six feet off the ground, and the murderer was six feet tall. There is no blood on the body, but there is blood on the wall. The blood belongs to the murderer. Who will spray nosebleeds when he is excited? People with high blood pressure blush. Writing with the left hand is different from writing with the right hand. Today, I saw that it was written with my left hand. When I looked at it with a magnifying glass, there were traces of nails on the wall. This person has this habit, and his left little finger nail is longer.
Watson asked him, how do you know this man is over forty? Holmes said it rained three days ago and there were traces of shoes on these carpets. The body is a round toe shoe, so this square toe shoe belongs to the murderer. Walking is related to our age. The old man's pace falters, the child's pace is small, and the mature man's pace is big. Today, I saw the shoe print of this square head and walked across the room in four steps. This is a mature man. Why didn't I say he was 20 and 40? Because hypertension is a chronic disease, you must not have taken good care of yourself in the 20 years before you got hypertension.
This example shows that in the same environment, people with background knowledge saw it, but people without background knowledge didn't see it (saw it but couldn't understand it). So, why is reading so important? Why do you keep absorbing new suggestions after leaving school today? Otherwise, you will be eliminated by society, because you can't see the information after the change is too fast.
Let's look at the picture below. This is a man riding a horse. This is a very fragmentary information, but I will give you a background structure. If you put this information in the right place, the theme will appear. Our interpretation of external information is exactly like this. You usually don't know what it is until you see it. You must piece it together with your brain.
Why can't you see what you don't know? Because our interpretation of information is "top-down", the information comes, and the bottom-up is from your eyes. This is a straight line and a horizontal line. What is it, and top-down is what it may be. So, if you don't know, when it doesn't come out from top to bottom, the information below you will be sent out, and there is no way to eliminate it, so you can't see it. So, we will see that our brains combine bits and pieces to piece together what you think it should look like.
The picture below depicts racial prejudice. This is a child of two or three years old. When parents are shopping in the market with their children on their backs, adults are partial and don't talk, but the children on their backs can play together. In kindergarten, we say black, white and Huang Dou play together. But not after entering primary school. Parents say not to play with them, so the prejudice of adults will affect children. The terrible thing about this prejudice is that it can't be washed away in the future.
The picture below shows a young lady or an old woman, but we can't see them at the same time. We can only see one person. This is why prejudice is terrible and cannot be changed. We can never see the truth of the world, but we can see the world you want to see. This is why people are not rational animals, but perceptual animals. The degree of sensibility exceeds rationality, because you can't see the truth of the world, so you can explain it.
Two. Ways to overcome prejudice
It is not easy to eliminate prejudice. Because the cup is empty, you can pour tea, and the room is empty to live in. If you screen your heart from the beginning, new information will not come in. You can only say that when your eyes, ears and nose are empty, you can only see things and experience life.
To get rid of prejudice, we must first know that there is this prejudice. It cannot be judged by the system 1. The system 1 will make you make mistakes, and if things are slow, they will be round.
So, how to avoid prejudice?
First, you can look at the problem from the perspective of others and avoid preconceptions. Then you realize for yourself that your touch will affect your feelings.
Second, you must read.
Man is the only animal among all animals that can enjoy the wisdom of ancestors. We have the ability to write and read.
Why did Newton say that I am not greater than others? I am standing on the shoulders of giants. Because you have reading ability, you won't make his mistakes, and your time will be saved. It took him a lifetime to write a book, and it took you two weeks to finish reading it.
1969, American astronauts landed on the moon, which was broadcast live by color TV. Finally, after the capsule was launched, Lin Bai was photographed sitting in the VIP seat. Lin Bai was the first person to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. It took less than 50 years from 1927 to 1969. Man has never flown to the moon. 1953 Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA, 1997 Dolly sheep came out, less than 50 years from 1953 to 1997. Humans never knew what the password of life was until they found it and copied a sheep. Generally speaking, it is impossible to accumulate intermediate knowledge so quickly. The only possibility is that because you have the ability to read, you stand on the shoulders of your predecessors, and you don't have to do the experiments he has done.
If you want to help yourself succeed today, you must read. Only in this way can you walk faster, climb higher and see farther than others in the competition.
Three. Neuropsychology
Psychology studies human behavior, cognitive psychology studies why people behave like this, and neuropsychology studies the relationship between brain and behavior. The human brain invented the computer, and now it is up to the computer to re-understand the human brain.
1. Education is neurosurgery.
Man is not a rational animal, and will has weak control over emotion, while emotion has strong control over will. Therefore, our decision-making is not rational, but emotional. Without feelings and preferences, people can't make decisions. We need to rely on education, experience and cultivation to transcend the animal nature of nature.
There is a movie called The Queen of Africa. It is about why people should be educated, because people should transcend the nature of animals. You already know how the brain makes decisions, so you need to rely on my education, my experience and my cultivation so that I won't degenerate like an animal. Education is neurosurgery, because education will change the connection of neural circuits and the structure of the brain.
2. The neural structure of the brain
In the above picture, yellow is our forebrain and purple is our parietal lobe, which basically controls the space, and our memories are stored here. Gray is our temporal lobe, our auditory cortex, nouns and so on are all here. Green is the occipital lobe, which we call the visual cortex. Eyes in front, visual cortex in the back of the head, good eyes, visual cortex is broken, can't see.
The amygdala is the fear center of the brain. In the previous experiment, the experimenter's hand was tied to the instrument. When the bell rang, two seconds later, electricity would come out to shock your hand. As soon as the bell rings, the fear light in the amygdala fear center will light up. In addition, in the experiment, others showed the experimenter that the amygdala would still be activated.
The brain was developed 500,000 years ago, and the writing came out 5,000 years ago. When the text comes out, the brain function has been allocated. A new job suddenly came today, but you can't grow a new brain. What should I do? -second, if someone else handles it. The secondment place is fusiform gyrus (Shuttle Back). This place was originally a place to deal with faces and foreign objects. People's faces are symmetrical, so this place is left and right. So we will find that about 6% of children in any language, not just Chinese, English and Japanese, just learn to write. The reason lies in fusiform gyrus (fusiform gyrus), because it has no distinction between left and right, and now it has been seconded for word processing. So it's not the children's fault, but the evolutionary relationship. Some children will do this (6%) and some children won't.
If the forebrain is injured and your personality changes, this person is no longer you.
The earliest example is 1848. This man's name is Fanny Gage. He is the foreman. He blew up the mountain with some explosives to build a railway. One day, the explosive was accidentally detonated, and the stick she carried with her went in through her left cheek and came out of her forebrain. He didn't die or lose consciousness. He shook ten feet away and was taken to the hospital. After the stick was removed, there was an unclosed hole in his brain, but he could still eat, drink, walk and talk, so he returned to the construction site to work. But once the forebrain is broken, he can't make a decision. Besides, he has a bad temper. Seeing a girl walk past, whether there is a gentleman beside her or not, walking past is sexual harassment. Later, the railway company couldn't stand it anymore and gave him a sum of money to let him go. But because he was injured in the front brain and couldn't make a decision, the money was quickly cheated out. What should I do after I have cheated everything? He couldn't do business and finally went to the circus.
So a forebrain injury is equivalent to a useless person, useless at all. You can live, talk, eat and walk, but there is no reason.
3. The brain has the ability to learn
The brain has the ability to learn. For example, there is an orbitofrontal cortex in the forebrain, which is a place to restrain yourself from doing something wrong. Mature at 20 years old. A two-month-old baby can be held by anyone and will not be shy with strangers. At six months, strangers come to hug and cry, because at two months, the forebrain is still blue and not activated. After 6 months, my forebrain wakes up, so I accept strangers and strangers refuse to hug. But a baby of 10 months has reached the level of an adult.
4. The relationship between brain and behavior
The brain is directly related to behavior. When you stimulate a certain part, a certain behavior appears.
There is an important experiment in 1953. When the child was 9 years old, he hit a tree by bike, injured his forebrain and began to have epilepsy. So the operation was carried out at 1953, and the discharge position was cut off, so it was clean. After waking up, this person got amnesia, because the hippocampus of memory was also cut clean. At the age of 27, he had an operation, and his memory returned to the age of 25, with a gap of two years.
Princess Diana of England died after colliding with others in the tunnel. The bodyguard in front is still alive, but the bodyguard can't tell what happened. Because our memories need to be sorted out all the time. For example, after a car accident, patients usually have a blank memory for a period of time, only remembering that the car rushed past and not remembering the back. This is called consolidation.
In the early days, we saw that the current directly stimulated your brain and there would be violent behavior, which was reflected in the following experiments:
We put the electrode over there and apply current to the patient, and the patient will get angry. Keep the current falling rapidly, and the patient's hand will immediately shrink back and laugh. I don't know why you were so fierce just now. Push the current up again and he will hit you again soon. This behavior can be completely controlled by current.
An epileptic, find out where she discharges. Turn on the current, she will get up, hit the wall hard, turn off the current, and she will fall down immediately.
And these are actually related to our neurotransmitters.
5. Neuroconductive substances in the brain
Our nerves are not all connected, so we need to rely on nerve conduction substances for conduction. After the current reaches the anterior neuron, the nerve sensory substances and nerve conductive substances in the excitation capsule wander in the middle, exciting the inferior neuron. There are also many molecules on the receptor side, allowing current to pass through.
Most brain problems are caused by neurotransmitters.
Without the MAOA gene in the brain, there will be violence:
If a mouse knocks out the MAOA gene, it will become fierce. If you put another mouse in it, it will bite another person until there is no skin or hair. But if we input this MAOA again, the biting mouse will not know why it bit another mouse just now, so it will stay away for fear that another mouse will retaliate.
There is one in Henan. All the boys in their family were sentenced to death, awaiting execution. Why was it discovered? It's the mother, her child, a boy, 9 years old. Because of this history, their family was very scared, so they went to the doctor and said, I know my child will definitely be sentenced to death after raising it, but why is the whole family like this? You take my blood, test my genes and find out why the whole family is like this. Once it is tested, there is no way to make MAOA without a gene.
Therefore, neurotransmitters are very important, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, which is actually a problem with the nucleus of the basal ganglia of the brain.
Why are mental patients difficult to treat? It doesn't come from outside at all, but from inside the brain. Something happened in Taiwan Province Province. This girl is schizophrenic. She kept hearing someone talking in her ear, letting a boy die. But the boy was not alert enough to send her to see a doctor. One day, when the boy went to the toilet, the girl stabbed him in the kidney with a fruit knife and died. When the girl was sent for examination, she found that when she heard the sound, the auditory cortex of her brain really lit up, so the sound did not come from the outside, but from the inside of her brain.
Dopamine is a positive neurotransmitter, which has a lot to do with our mood. We are addicted. Why is it difficult to give up taking drugs? Nowadays, many people are addicted to surfing the Internet on their mobile phones because of dopamine. Parkinson's disease occurs when dopamine is insufficient.
If your child has hyperactivity and attention deficit today, see a doctor. The medicine prescribed for you will make your brain secrete more dopamine, because hyperactivity is definitely not because your brain is too excited, but because your brain is not excited enough. If you really think that today's children can't sit still and lack attention, we now find that exercise is a good way. When you let him exercise until his heart rate reaches 70% of the maximum, the brain will produce dopamine by itself.
In addition, serotonin is also a very important neurotransmitter. 90% in small intestine and 10% in brain. It is directly related to our mood, our sleep, memory and motivation. So some people say that our stomach is the second brain because of serotonin. Everyone must have had this experience. Hungry, grumpy, hungry, unable to sleep, hungry with poor memory, hungry without motivation, the problem lies in serotonin. Because it is carbohydrate, it enters the brain through the blood-brain barrier and becomes serotonin.
Norepinephrine, which is related to your attention and stress hormones. When adrenaline comes out and you decide to fight or flee, your brain will produce stress hormones.
Oxytocin, this thing is very important. We saw it in rats. When the mouse is born, mother will lick it. When licking, both the mother's brain and the mouse's brain produce this oxytocin. After coming out, this parent-child bond is connected. It doesn't matter if the mouse is born and the mother dies. You can help it by brushing its skin with a brush, and brushing its hair will also produce oxytocin. But you will find that if the mother mouse ignores the little mouse today, the little mouse will grow up to be bad mother. When foreigners shake hands with others, skin contact will produce this oxytocin. For example, when aborigines and Indians meet people hugging and kissing each other's faces, it is directly related to oxytocin produced in the process of contact.
Therefore, the oxytocin in autistic children is relatively low.
6. The brain is used and discarded.
People in China say that three years old is a lifetime, but it's not. It is found in the experiment that the brain is the product of the interaction between environment and genes, which was used and discarded in the past.
Ordinary people are generally more flexible index finger, because the index finger occupies the largest place, so it is the most flexible. But in one experiment, we asked Berlin Philharmonic's 12 violinist to scan, and found that his left little finger was as big as his index finger. Because the violinist draws the bow with his right hand and presses the string with his left hand, the brain is used in and discarded. You don't need it, others use it right away, and it changes quickly.
Another example: the blind man's eyes can't see, so his visual cortex is not bright. But blind people can read Braille. Braille relies on fingers and needs to use the premotor cortex and sensory cortex. So we found that when he was reading, the front motor cortex and sensory cortex were of course bright, but the back visual cortex was actually bright. Why? Because the brain already uses this part of the visual cortex.
A German college student, in his twenties, asked him to come to the laboratory to take a brain photo, and then asked him to practice throwing and catching three balls. Don't stop practicing until the ball hits the ground for a minute. After practice, tell him to go back to the lab and scan his brain. Then tell him to go home and rest for three months without touching the ball, and then scan his brain. We found that this motor cortex is obviously a person who has been stereotyped at the age of 20, or it will become bigger by using the brain and smaller after stopping practicing.
A 4-year-old girl, she studied fusiform gyrus's disease, but this place is a place to recognize letters, even those letters can't be recognized. How does she study? She had no problem reading when she was 1 1, so she was invited to have a brain scan. It turned out that her right side recovered the function of her sick left side.
Therefore, the brain will constantly change the internal nerve distribution because of the needs of the outside world, which means that our brain is plastic. The younger we are injured, the faster the function of the brain changes. But this kind of change is only useful if it is active, and it is useless if it is passive. A taxi driver in London for 45 years helped him find a bus driver for 45 years. Everyone is driving, but the taxi driver is active and the bus driver is passive. He can only follow the original route. After 45 years of driving, it was useless, and the area behind the spatial memory of hippocampus became very large. Therefore, only initiative is useful.
Interaction between brain and behavior: when the brain produces ideas, ideas guide behavior. This behavior will produce results, which will change the brain. This is a cycle. Therefore, everyone is the sum of past experiences, and your past experiences have made you who you are now. How you treat your child today will affect his neural connection and behavior tomorrow.
Four. abstract
We grow 250,000 nerve cells every minute in our mother's belly, and there will be as many as 10 13 at birth. Every nerve cell should eat and drink. We can't bear so many nerve cells. We must trim them. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how the brain works, learn through experience, choose with wisdom, read good books, and promote the correct connection of nerves.
Today we will make many decisions, which come from our brains and past experience.
There are many things that can get the best results in different ways. Let's use our brains to find the best way to solve the problem.
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