During the period of Wang Puppet, Nanjing was devastated, with ruins everywhere, poor materials and withered talents. Therefore, Nanjing's construction industry pays equal attention to both repair and new construction, with small construction scale and limited architectural design and construction standards. Due to the serious damage caused by the war, the Works Bureau of Nanjing Special City urged and supervised the restoration of civil buildings, and was responsible for the restoration of buildings damaged by the government. This work ran through the whole Wang Puppet period.
According to the handover list in September 1945, the date of issuing the building permit in Nanjing Special City is (1940- 1945) toNo. 1 1 18, and the repair license was issued to No. 1249, so we can infer the restoration works in this period. As far as professionals are concerned, there are only six China architects active in Nanjing during this period, as well as nine Japanese architects and firms. This situation is quite different from the prosperity of Chinese and foreign architects before the war.
During the period of Wang Puppet, the political and cultural situation of Nanjing Special City was controlled by Japanese forces in addition to economic depression. By studying the architectural design and construction activities at that time, we can observe the power struggle between China government and Japanese consul, as well as China's subtle attitude towards Japan. China has asked the Works Bureau of Nanjing Special City to conduct a general survey of the Anti-Japanese Monument, and provide Japanese training for Japanese government personnel, including technical personnel of the Works Bureau engaged in architectural design. At the same time, they supported China personnel who had studied in Japan, and set up a study club in Nanjing. Although Wang Puppet Executive Yuan ordered humility in dealing with the Japanese, it still tried its best to protect the interests of China people and limit the scope of Japanese rights. For example, although the Municipal Works Bureau cannot interfere with the Japanese consulate's approval of Japanese occupation of local houses, it hinders the actual use of Japanese houses by not approving building repair works. Even if the Municipal Engineering Bureau is in urgent need of architectural design talents, Japanese architects are excluded from working in the Bureau.
Riren steet
After the Japanese army took control of Nanjing, it wantonly occupied the buildings in Nanjing. The first thing to do is to delimit the best areas and buildings in the city for the Japanese to use and set up "Japanese Street". Some traces of Japanese architecture can still be found. 1938 65438+1On October 9th, the first batch of overseas Chinese shops opened in "Japan Street" in the center of Nanjing. Japan Street is located in the most prosperous section of the city, covering an area of about 220 towns (one town is about 15 mu). At first, it was mainly a small military store, and gradually increased various businesses. In addition to the soldiers and their families, there are about 300 Japanese living here (including Koreans under Japanese colonial rule and nationals of Taiwan Province Province in China).
With the Japanese occupation of Nanjing for a long time, the number of Japanese expatriates has gradually increased. According to the statistics of China historian Jing, as of June 194 1 day, there were 128 16 Japanese residents in Nanjing, accounting for 2.06% of Nanjing residents, and there were nearly 1200 Japanese enterprises. 1When Japan was defeated and surrendered in August, 945, the number of Japanese overseas Chinese in Nanjing was about 1 1000. Some overseas Chinese in Japan have also invested in small and medium-sized factories. For example, Nishangyuan invested 50,000 yuan for the second time to open Nanjing Iron Works at No.60 Tangfangqiao; On the other hand, Japanese businessmen set up Huang Ming Foreign Firm in Hanzhong Road and set up machinery factories. The increase of overseas Chinese and Japanese-funded enterprises will inevitably bring about the demand for real estate.
Similar records abound. During the whole Wang Puppet Period, overseas Chinese in Japan could directly apply to the Japanese Consulate for occupying vacant houses or plots in Nanjing, and Japanese architects directly provided architectural renovation or construction schemes. The Chinese side only made a brief inspection of the project. In these cases, housing accounts for a large proportion. For example, the floor plan of Morikawa Yongxiong's building at No.54 Langdong Street was designed by the design department of the limited company, and it has a typical apartment with a wardrobe:1On March 7, 944, Zhao surveyed the Westernization Foreign Firm project of Nishang Garden, with the permission of the consulate, and the design contractor was Imamura Public Works Office; On the same day, he also explored the newly built Japanese-style greenhouses and hotbeds, and planned to open the real garden. If the China municipal government can find the name of the original owner or landlord, it will often say that there is something wrong with the construction procedures and property rights and prohibit construction activities. For example, the renovation of Japanese-style commercial buildings at No.225 Weixin Road and No.53 Beiting Lane in 1943 was designed by the public works department of Gao Qiao, but it was not approved by the China municipal government, so there should be no actual construction of these two properties. This may be seen as a weak resistance to Japanese control.
Wutaishan shrine
The Nanjing shrine mentioned in Yomiuri Shimbun 1938 coincides with the existing Wutaishan Japanese shrine in Nanjing. Wutai Mountain Shrine was originally a group of modern Japanese-style buildings with torii, but there are only two halls left in torii. The external walls of the building are all concrete, and the roof truss is wood. The materials used were similar to the buildings in Nanjing at that time, and the details were cool and breezy. There is a chrysanthemum tile on the roof of one of the main halls, which is one of the characteristics of the main hall of the shrine. This temple is often used to worship gods. The other hall should be a worship hall for sacrifice. The street lamp styles around the two halls are in harmony with them and should be works of the same period.
The Nanjing Shrine has a budget of 400,000 yen, and the construction cost is the highest among the shrines in the Republic of China (excluding Kanto Prefecture, Puppet Manchukuo and Taiwan Province Province) during the same period. In February 1940, 1 1, a newspaper campaign was launched. The Wutai Mountain Shrine in Nanjing actually includes two shrines, one is the Nanjing National Protection Shrine and the other is the Nanjing Shrine. The former was founded in1May 2, 942 to offer sacrifices to Japanese soldiers and policemen who died in battle. The latter is established in 1942 and 10. It is dedicated to the gods of Zhao, Meiji and China. The number of children is 34 13. Nanjing National Defense Shrine is located within the scope of Nanjing Shrine. The daily management of the shrine is the responsibility of the clergy, and the handling of important affairs requires the permission of the local Japanese consulate. The architect of Wutai Mountain Shrine is Ichiro Koike, a Japanese.
Nanjing Shrine has high specifications and is unique among Japanese shrines in China. Within the territory of the Republic of China (excluding Kanto Prefecture, Manchukuo and Taiwan Province Province), 56 Japanese shrines have been built successively, among which the Taitung Town Shrine in Qingdao was first built in 19 15, and the Nanjing Shrine was built in 1942+00 at the latest. Among these 56 shrines, only two shrines, Nanjing and Jiujiang, include the National Protection Shrine dedicated to military heroes.
Japanese architects and architectural firms
Affected by the war, there were few European and American architects in Nanjing during this period, and only some Japanese architects and architectural firms were active in Nanjing during the Wang puppet period. According to the existing archives, Japanese architects and architectural firms can be consulted, such as Koichiro Takashi, Nanjing Branch of Shuiye Caixiang Group, Design Department of Nanxing Company, Imamura Public Works Office and Gao Qiao Public Works Office. Most of their clients are Japanese military and secret service agencies, enterprises and Japanese expatriates, and most of the projects entrusted are built in the Japanese street area of Nanjing. During this period, engineering construction and construction in China and Japan were independent systems.
One of the Japanese architectural firms active in Nanjing during this period was Shui Ye Group Nanjing Branch. From 1939 to1941May, the list of design projects of Shui Ye Group Nanjing Branch in less than two and a half years included 52 projects of 1,000 yuan or more, 17 1 project, with a total project amount of1346,985 yen.
After several years of business expansion, the company also wants to participate in the project in China, so it applied to Wang puppet government engineering bureau for permission to participate in the bidding project. The number of projects in Nanjing Branch of Shui Ye Group alone exceeded that of professionals and technicians of Nanjing government at that time. It is conceivable that the Japanese occupied the political and economic dominance of Nanjing at that time and had enough strength to carry out various construction activities.