Modern logistics enterprises; Business process reengineering; core competitiveness
With the development of economy and the refinement of division of labor, logistics activities are gradually separated from enterprises, forming an independent industry, and correspondingly, some enterprises specializing in logistics activities have developed, which are called third-party or fourth-party logistics. At present, logistics enterprises are playing an increasingly important role in the development of modern logistics. However, the competition among logistics enterprises is becoming more and more fierce, and the optimization and reengineering of logistics enterprise operation process is an important path to improve logistics enterprise operation ability and core competitiveness.
First, the definition and classification of logistics enterprises
(A) the definition of logistics enterprises
China's Classification and Evaluation Index of Logistics Enterprises (GB/T 19680-2005) defines logistics enterprises as: at least engaged in transportation (including transportation agents and express delivery of goods) or warehousing, able to organize and manage basic functions such as transportation, warehousing, loading and unloading, packaging, distribution processing and distribution according to customers' logistics needs, and having an information management system suitable for their own business. Modern logistics enterprise refers to a new type of logistics enterprise that realizes the dynamic displacement of goods on the platform of modern electronic information technology and network technology according to the needs of customers through systematic management procedures, combined with the operation of warehousing, packaging, loading and unloading, transportation, distribution processing, distribution and related information.
(B) the classification of logistics enterprises
The classification and evaluation index of logistics enterprises (GB/T 19680-2005) classifies logistics enterprises, including transportation logistics enterprises, warehousing logistics enterprises and comprehensive service logistics enterprises.
(1) transportation logistics enterprises. Transport logistics enterprises should meet the following conditions at the same time: mainly engaged in cargo transport services, including cargo express service or transport agency service, with a certain scale; Can provide door-to-door transportation, door-to-door transportation, station-to-door transportation, station-to-station transportation services and other logistics services; Enterprises have a certain number of transportation equipment; The information system has the function of network information service, which can be used to query and monitor the state of transported goods. The transportation service logistics companies represented by United Parcel Service (UPS), FedEx and TNT in the Netherlands generally have outstanding advantages in shipping, land transportation and air transportation. They need to provide transportation value-added services in the upstream and downstream links of logistics and make full use of the huge transportation terminal network to provide warehousing and transshipment services.
(2) warehousing and logistics enterprises. A warehousing and logistics enterprise shall meet the following requirements at the same time: it is mainly engaged in warehousing business, providing customers with warehousing services such as goods storage, storage and transit, and has a certain scale; Enterprises can provide customers with distribution services and other services such as commodity distribution, distribution and processing; Enterprises have a certain scale of storage facilities and equipment, and own or rent necessary freight vehicles; With the function of network information service, the information system can be used to query and monitor the state of goods.
(3) Integrated service-oriented logistics enterprises. A comprehensive service-oriented logistics enterprise should meet the following requirements at the same time: it is engaged in a variety of logistics services, can provide customers with logistics services such as transportation, freight forwarding, warehousing and distribution, and has a certain scale; According to the customer's demand, formulate the operation plan of integrating logistics resources for customers and provide contractual comprehensive logistics services for customers; According to business needs, the enterprise owns or rents necessary transportation equipment, storage facilities and equipment; The enterprise has a cargo distribution network with a certain business scope; Enterprises can establish a perfect customer service system and provide timely and effective customer service by allocating specialized institutions and personnel; Through the network information service function, the application information system can query and monitor the whole process of logistics service. There are many ways to classify logistics enterprises, such as using? Fast clustering method? Logistics enterprises can be divided into three categories: the first category is enterprises whose means of transportation are mainly ships, whose transportation forms are mainly maritime transportation, and whose transportation business covers an international scope; The second category is enterprises with strong comprehensive strength and high overall level, such as conditions, resources, management and services. Vehicles are the main means of transportation, and land transportation is the main mode of transportation. The third category is enterprises with weak comprehensive strength and low overall level, such as conditions, resources, management and services. Vehicles are the main means of transportation, and land transportation is the main mode of transportation.
Second, the analysis of key processes in the operation of logistics enterprises
Basic operation flow of logistics enterprises. The basic business process of a logistics enterprise is that when a customer makes an order consultation, the staff first processes the order. After the goods arrive at the warehouse, they are inspected and stored in the warehouse. When the goods are in the warehouse, they should be counted regularly to ensure that they are in good condition. The transportation of goods is carried out according to the vehicle arrangement plan. After the goods arrive in the destination city and region, they will be put back into storage in the destination city and wait for delivery. The goods will be delivered to the customer by the delivery personnel and signed by the customer for confirmation. At this point, the logistics operation process is over. Some large-scale logistics enterprises can also carry out necessary goods? Distribution processing? After the processing is completed, the business personnel will? Issue? Delivered to customers.
1. Order receiving and processing stage. Order receiving processing refers to the whole process from customer consultation to order processing. It mainly includes three parts: order receiving, order data checking and order management. When dealing with orders manually, due to the limitation of working time and energy of staff, the error rate of manually inputting data and materials is very high and the efficiency is very low. Therefore, the computer system is now used for automatic entry, which greatly improves the efficiency and accuracy of data transmission.
2. Inventory stage. The goods inventory mentioned here includes not only the goods stored in the warehouse at the place of departure for transportation, but also the process of goods entering the warehouse for distribution after arriving at the destination. After the goods arrive at the warehouse, the staff will count the goods and compare them one by one according to the quantity, name and special requirements for transportation on the order, and then put them in storage. During storage, inspect the goods to ensure the integrity of the goods during storage. Because of the high circulation rate of goods in the warehouse, it is necessary to plan the storage area, ensure the smooth handling channel and clear area identification, so as to facilitate the handling personnel to carry goods.
3. Cargo transportation stage. Freight transportation refers to the process of transferring goods from the place of departure to the destination by using appropriate means of transportation. After the goods are stored in the warehouse of the origin, they are transported to the destination according to the car allocation plan. The transportation work mainly includes: the staff make the vehicle scheduling plan in the vehicle scheduling database according to the shipment data in the warehouse database, and then select the driver for transportation according to the real-time updated data in the vehicle scheduling database.
4. Delivery stage. After the goods are stored in the destination warehouse, according to the needs of customers, the delivery personnel will use the means of transportation to deliver the goods to customers in time. Its main job is to collect the delivery note information of the day by the management personnel, and deliver the goods to the delivery personnel in each designated area through the vehicle dispatching database and delivery database. The delivery personnel will get in touch with the customers and deliver the goods to them in time.
5. Distribution processing stage. In the development of logistics enterprises, distribution processing is not only an important means to improve service function, but also the main way to build new core competitiveness, seek new profit growth points and improve logistics service level. Distribution processing refers to simple processing or packaging required by logistics enterprises when customers require processing of their goods due to promotion and other reasons. General distribution processing will remove the old labels and packaging, add gifts or change the quantity of goods, and then repackage and label them.
Thirdly, the key process reengineering in the operation of modern logistics enterprises.
Business Process Reengineering (BPR), also known as BPR, refers to a method to meet the rapid development needs of enterprises and supply chain management systems to the greatest extent through resource integration and resource optimization. In-depth analysis of the whole process of logistics enterprises, find out the shortcomings, optimize the process, reduce the overall links in the operation process, remove unnecessary parts in the process, and make the whole operation process more concise and reasonable. And make the operation of key processes stable, reduce variation, and reject data beyond the controllable range during operation. The key process analysis mainly includes order receiving and processing, goods transportation, inventory, delivery and distribution processing.
(1) Order receiving and processing stage
The operation of logistics enterprises begins with receiving orders. When customers have orders, they can log in to? Order consultation? Interface to query the required service. The order processing center will reply to the customer, and if the customer accepts, the order will become a formal and effective contract. Then the customer will inform the arrival time, place, commodity attributes, packaging form, settlement method and other contents, thus entering the order processing stage. After the order is accepted, can the transportation capacity of the logistics enterprise meet the requirements? If so, enter the order confirmation and transfer the customer order to the business database. If the transportation capacity of the enterprise can't meet the needs of customers, we can negotiate with customers again. After the order is confirmed, the information center will automatically generate the required documents and deliver them to the customer and the business department respectively through electronic data interchange (EDI).
At this stage, the receipt and processing of orders mainly rely on computer systems, which has incomparable advantages compared with manual order taking and data entry.
The application of this part of control technology is mainly to provide the most correct and timely control information to the control decision makers. There are three main tasks in this part: (1) the construction of order taking system. The construction of order taking system will directly affect the processing speed of future control system. At present, the order receiving methods in distribution centers are mainly telephone and fax. If the order sending and receiving mode is changed to EOS-Electronic Order Sys tem, the data entry time will be effectively reduced, and the errors in data control connection will be reduced, thus improving the control efficiency. (2) Establishment of database system. Whether the database is established and its integrity will affect the control function. In the control system of order processing, there must be three databases: one is the customer database, which mainly includes the basic information of customers, including their names, addresses, contact numbers and emergency contacts. Because the content of the data involves personal information, the query and modification of this part of the data should be handled in an encrypted way. Second, the cargo database: the database includes the name, value, quantity, size and weight of the delivered goods. This information must be open to the department that formulates the link distribution plan and updated in real time to maintain interaction with customers. The third is the distribution database: the content includes data such as vehicles of distribution personnel, distribution destinations and distribution methods. And the establishment of vehicle and personnel data owned by the company also belongs to this kind of database. In the process of work, the person in charge of order processing must always pay attention to the revision and real-time update of orders, and must also carefully handle the connection of various databases. After one database updates the data, the other two databases must also be updated to ensure the accuracy of the data.
(2) cargo transportation stage
When the order processing center processes the customer information with transportation demand, the transportation database will analyze it according to the existing transportation resources of the enterprise. After the analysis results confirm the transportation, the vehicle scheduling and transportation route selection are started. When choosing a traffic route, you can use relevant route planning software to make a choice. Then the loading sequence is determined according to the sequence of transportation routes, so as to realize the tracking, control and handling of unexpected situations in the process of cargo transportation. In the process of transportation, both enterprises and customers can accurately understand the real-time situation of transported goods. If customers want to know the transportation situation of the transported goods, they can log in to the customer interface of the enterprise and enter the order number of the goods, so that they can clearly know the real-time arrival of the goods. The technologies that need to be used include: GPS, GIS, automatic tracking and so on.
The application of relevant technologies in the transportation stage is mainly the application of vehicle positioning technology and communication technology, which is mainly used to realize the task of tracking objects when goods are delivered, and to convey relevant delivery information through the application of communication technology, with emphasis on the transmission of real-time information and? Time? The key point of information acquisition is to know whether the delivery completion time of the delivered customers can be reached within the time limit.
(3) Inventory stage
After the goods enter the distribution center, they should be numbered according to the distribution destination city and the administrative division of the city, and then put into storage for shipment. Therefore, the components of the inventory management module include the processing and management of warehousing business, inventory business and outbound business. In the process of goods warehousing, the staff should check the warehousing information and goods according to the summarized orders, classify the goods after checking, determine the number of the warehousing warehouse, and input the warehousing information into the database for real-time update. When the goods are in the warehouse, the warehouse staff should keep and manage the goods to ensure that the goods are intact during storage. Finally, according to the customer's demand for delivery time, enter the delivery process.
After the customer's goods are delivered to the distribution center by the delivery personnel or the customer himself, according to the order number generated by the order system, the order number is scanned by radio frequency technology, and the warehouse system will automatically generate the number of the destination city or region where the goods are delivered (most domestic logistics enterprises divide the distribution area in the form of postal codes). At the same time, the system will clearly indicate which area the goods should be stored and the delivery time, and the staff can place the goods in the corresponding area according to the prompt information. This can make the warehousing process more efficient and the error rate is low. Not only that, in the process of selecting goods and preparing for delivery, you can also sort them quickly and accurately directly according to the number.
(4) Delivery stage
Distribution is a logistics activity to deliver goods to designated customers within a specified time according to the user's order requirements and other parameters. Through this link, the goods are delivered to the customers, and the logistics process is completed. The warehouse staff will summarize the shipment data and send it to the porter, who will move the goods to the temporary storage area, and the staff will estimate the vehicles needed. The driver sends the goods from the main warehouse to the sub-warehouse, and the sub-warehouse staff will inspect them and then send them to the delivery staff, who will deliver the goods to the customers. After the delivery personnel finish the delivery work, they should hand over the customer's signature to the warehouse personnel to check the signature and invoice, so as to prevent the delivery personnel from being unable to deliver the goods to the customers. Update the data in the warehouse database after confirming that the distribution work is correct. At the same time, it is necessary to estimate unforeseen circumstances. For example, if the goods delivered this time or before do not meet the customer's requirements, they can be returned to the logistics enterprise for return processing.
(5) Distribution and processing stage
Before the goods leave the warehouse, logistics enterprises with a wide range of marketing can implement distribution and processing services according to the individual needs of customers. In order to make the distribution and processing operations more perfect, logistics enterprises should do a good job in the formulation of combined packaging rules, the selection of packaging tools, the management of packaging materials and containers, the arrangement of distribution and processing operations and the scheduling of operators.
Four. conclusion
The application and promotion of business process reengineering in the field of logistics has had a revolutionary impact on the business processes of logistics enterprises. Based on the concept of business process reengineering, this paper deeply analyzes and studies its application in the operation process of logistics enterprises, and finds that the redesigned operation process of logistics enterprises is more reasonable and easy to operate. Process reengineering provides a reference for logistics enterprises. Different logistics enterprises can improve the reengineering business process according to their own actual situation to make it more in line with their own situation. The transformation of business process makes it more reasonable and simple, and the extensive use of advanced information technology equipment can greatly improve the production efficiency of logistics enterprises, reduce the error rate of process, improve customer satisfaction, and bring economic benefits and operational efficiency.
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