1. British project cost valuation model The valuation basis for determining project cost in Britain mainly includes project construction standards, engineering quantity calculation rules and project cost information. These bases play an important role in the determination and control of project cost and are indispensable. There is no uniform price quota in Britain. In terms of engineering quantity calculation rules, the Standard Calculation Rules for Construction Engineering Quantity and the Standard Calculation Rules for Civil Engineering Quantity formulated by the Royal Institute of Surveyors have become the common rules for all parties in the construction engineering and civil engineering industries respectively. The calculation rules of engineering quantity are the basic rules of measurement and valuation that all parties involved in construction abide by together. Britain attaches great importance to the data accumulation and database construction of completed projects. In terms of data collection, it is divided into three levels: government, professional institutions and enterprises. From the government level, the Department of Trade and Industry, the management department of the British construction industry, has set up the Construction Market Intelligence Bureau, which is specialized in collecting and sorting out the price information of labor, materials and machinery in the field of engineering construction, calculating the tender index and cost index of various construction projects, and regularly publishing the price information of labor, materials and machinery and the tender index and cost index of various construction projects to the public every quarter to guide and standardize the determination of engineering cost. Professional group level refers to the cost information released by professional groups related to project cost. Represented by the Royal Institute of Surveyors, these professional institutions set up special institutions to collect and sort out all kinds of project cost information, analyze and calculate all kinds of project cost indicators, and provide them with reference for the industry. Enterprise level refers to the cost information released by most surveyors, consulting companies and some large engineering contractors. Most British construction enterprises attach great importance to the collection and accumulation of actual project cost information, which is kept strictly confidential as an important intangible asset of the company. 2. American project cost valuation model The project cost estimation in the United States is based on value engineering, and the construction contract text must include the terms of using value engineering technology. Generally, it is divided into two situations: first, it is adopted voluntarily, and the contractor adopts value engineering technology from its own interests, and the expenses are borne by the contractor itself; The other case is compulsory use, which stipulates in the contract that the contractor must adopt value engineering technology, and the expenses are generally borne by the owner. The standards for calculating project cost in the United States are not compiled by government departments, and there is no unified basis and standard for project cost valuation. The state does not issue a unified quota, but the industry associations, enterprises or government agencies formulate corresponding standards according to their own specific conditions. Its valuation quota, indicators, cost standards, etc. , are generally designated by major engineering consulting companies. According to the local characteristics, consulting institutions in various places calculate the consumption and valuation per unit area as the cost estimation standard of the projects under their jurisdiction. Because there is no standard and unified measurement method of engineering quantity, there is no BOQ in the bidding documents. Each bidder shall calculate the engineering quantity according to the design drawings, and then calculate the price according to the prices of related services, materials and equipment, as well as the determined management fees and profits. In general, the price information held and used by the contractor will not be disclosed to the owner. Many large contractors have their own cost evaluation system, and their companies also have institutions and personnel responsible for cost control, which attach great importance to cost management. 3. Japan's project cost pricing model Japan's project cost adopts a unique project cumulative pricing model, with separate quantity and price, open quantity and confidential price. Japan's project cost management is similar to China's quota charging method, and the premise of its project valuation is to determine the quantity, that is, the engineering quantity. The Ministry of Construction has formulated a set of engineering valuation standards, that is, the benchmark for the accumulation of construction projects. This benchmark is widely used by government public and private projects. Generally, all projects are calculated by the building totalizer according to this rule, and the engineering quantity calculation business is based on design drawings and books, investigating, recording and summarizing the engineering quantity, and measuring all parts of the building. The economic investigation meeting and the construction price investigation meeting, which are affiliated to Japanese official institutions, are responsible for investigating various relevant economic data and indicators. It will also entrust to investigate the cumulative benchmark used by the government, that is, to investigate the quota of civil engineering, building, electrical and equipment engineering and the actual situation of various funds, and report the engineering price, material price, printing fee, transportation fee and labor fee of various building materials on the market. The source of price information is the field investigation of local trading companies, building materials stores, freight yards or construction sites. Each material is marked with the price and cost difference from the factory to the construction site or from the warehouse, store to the construction site, and the monthly fluctuation is also marked. It embodies the principle of market pricing, and different prices in different regions are conducive to bidding under the same conditions. 4. Valuation mode of engineering cost in Hong Kong In terms of engineering quantity calculation rules, the "Rules for Calculation of Construction Quantity in Hong Kong" compiled by the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors is currently used. In terms of project valuation, Hong Kong's project cost information is usually published in the form of index, which is compiled according to the changing trend of project cost and project price respectively. The cost index is released independently at the government level and the enterprise level. The government-level index is issued by the Architectural Services Department, and the comprehensive cost index of building materials, labor index and material price index have become the most influential cost indexes in Hong Kong. The most influential tender price index is compiled by Architectural Services Department and two private quantity survey companies. The tender index of surveyor's firm is based on one of its own standard lists, and is compiled by using the unit price of major projects listed by the winning contractor when quoting, which belongs to a fixed proportion weighted index. The bidding index of Architectural Services Department extracts the heavier items in the winning contract, and the weight of each item is subject to the actual proportion in the contract, which belongs to the variable proportion form. The quarterly tender price index compiled by the Architectural Services Department is mainly used to help adjust the construction cost data for evaluation, and is also used to measure the tender price level of new construction projects undertaken by the Architectural Services Department. 5. Comparative analysis of pricing modes between China and developed countries 5. 1 There are two kinds of current engineering quantity calculation rules in China: one is quota pricing mode, and the engineering quantity calculation rules are local unification, that is, regional unification, which is mainly determined by regional quota. This situation is not conducive to the audit of engineering quantity, and the engineering quantity calculated by different quota calculation rules will be different. In addition, the quota model is adopted, the measures are not divorced from the entity projects, and different budget personnel have different understandings of the quota, which leads to inconsistent final results of engineering quantity calculation and difficult engineering quantity measurement. Two, the current promotion of the bill of quantities valuation, the calculation rules are based on the "Code for the Valuation of the Bill of Quantities of Construction Projects", and the calculation rules are unified from the whole country, and measures and entity projects are distinguished. The calculation rules of engineering quantity are the basic rules of measurement and valuation that all parties involved in construction abide by together. It can be seen that the widely used bill pricing model is basically consistent with the formulation of engineering quantity calculation model in developed countries, which meets the requirements of the development of project cost management. 5.2 In terms of project valuation, Britain, the United States, Japan and Hong Kong all calculate the final project cost according to the published relevant cost information or tender quotation indicators, combined with the actual project and enterprise characteristics. In China, the combination of quantity and price is not in line with the principle of market competition, and it is difficult to reflect the competitive advantage and stimulate the innovation ability of enterprises. List pricing is based on the principle of separation of quantity and price, unified quantity and flexible price, which is determined by enterprises independently and conforms to the principle of market competition. In practical work, most enterprises still do not break away from the constraint of quota in the process of compiling prices, and still adopt the method of quota group pricing or list pricing in bidding, but return to quota mode in settlement, and the list has not really been used substantively. 5.3 Foreign countries mainly rely on engineering consulting institutions, project management companies or their government-registered cost engineers to complete the project cost management. In China, the construction cost consulting market has not been formed for a long time, and the engineering consulting units are still in the initial stage. The nature of their intermediary services requires their business activities to be independent and fair. Generally, the cost engineers in our country can only participate in the early stage or the implementation stage of the project. Compared with overseas cost consulting institutions, we are still far behind in the cost management of the whole project process. Some people are limited to single work such as engineering quantity calculation and quota application. Compared with the comprehensive quality of foreign engineering cost personnel, we still have a big gap. Although China's cost management agencies regularly publish project cost information, they mainly publish individual price information of various kinds of labor, materials and machinery, and only publish a few comprehensive price indexes. The price index is also published by the local cost management department. This published price information still can't get rid of its singleness and can't fully reflect the actual level of a contractor. Moreover, some published cost information is distorted, with a certain time lag, and the user's usability and operability are not strong. Therefore, we need to learn from the methods of developed countries, formulate methods that can not only adapt to the rapid changes of market and technology, but also provide reference and basis for owners and contractors, do a good job in the accumulation of completed project data and database construction, strengthen the collection, processing and release of project cost information, establish corresponding information network systems, release information in time, and let employees obtain project cost information in time, which has become an important content of current project cost management. Considering China's national conditions and the historical background of the industry, and drawing on the relevant experience of other countries and regions, it can be carried out step by step. The state establishes a unified data acquisition and processing platform, standards and calculation methods to guide and guide the release of national and local cost indexes and information.
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