Finite element analysis is the abbreviation of finite element analysis, which is widely used in engineering analysis and calculation. Its basic concept is to replace complex problems with simpler ones and then solve them. The solution domain is regarded as composed of many small interconnected subdomains called finite element, and the small elements are analyzed. Generally, finite element analysis software is used to calculate practical engineering problems, such as ABAQUS.
FEA integrated marketing communication
The FEA integrated marketing communication system was founded by Deng Chaoming, chief planner of Win Way Consulting. Since 2007, it has been successfully applied in many industries such as ceramics, coatings, small household appliances and software. The whole system gradually matures and has higher marketing lethality.
The word "FEA" in FEA integrated marketing communication is the initial combination of three words: focus, event and activity, which respectively represent topic, event and activity, thus forming three marketing methods: topic marketing, event marketing and activity marketing. Generally speaking, we define it as: topic marketing, event marketing and activity marketing mainly relying on internet communication channels; Through the combined application and continuous development of various topics, events and activities, relying on various Internet communication platforms and channels, diversified creation, massive delivery, interactive participation and viral dissemination of publicity content are adopted in various forms such as words, pictures, sounds, animations and videos, which will infinitely expand the reach of the target audience of brand and product information, deepen the impression of brands and products among the target audience, form in-depth communication with the target audience, and induce the target consumer groups.
American federal enterprise architecture
Federal enterprise architecture (FEA):
Enterprise Architecture (EA), as the methodology of informatization, not only describes the architecture model and relationship of business architecture, data architecture, application architecture and technology architecture, but also defines the road map and governance method of controlling IT projects with architecture. Enterprise architecture is the methodology of real integration of IT and business, and it has become a hot spot and commanding point in the field of informatization. Federated Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is the top-level architecture used by the US federal government, which is equivalent to the top-level design of the US government's e-government. FEA is an EA in use, which has a complete method system and is the crystallization of knowledge and experience made by many experts, users and manufacturers. Finite element analysis is of great reference significance to government departments and group enterprises at all levels in various countries.
Is the abbreviation of federal enterprise architecture, namely: American federal enterprise architecture. FEA consists of five reference models, which is the basis of systematic analysis of government business processes, service capabilities, organizational components and technologies used. Its purpose is to enjoy the IT investment of the federal government and realize the interconnection of government information resources. FEA has many distinctive features, which indicate that the U.S. federal government's e-government policy is undergoing major changes, from the original special management focusing on specific projects, businesses and fund allocation to the routine management by introducing performance management, formulating business norms and defining technical standards, and bringing e-government into the institutionalized operation track.
Localization Development of FEA Federated Enterprise Architecture in China
In recent years, with the deepening of enterprise informatization, how to establish an effective mechanism to integrate IT with business, that is, to generate corresponding business value through better IT operation and improve core competitiveness, has become an urgent problem for enterprises. Enterprise Architecture (EA) which integrates strategic development, business and IT systems came into being.
Enterprise architecture has a long history, and there are many successful cases in Europe and America. The most successful practice is that the enterprise structure has been incorporated into the bills of European and American governments. Practice shows that EA can help enterprises to maximize IT benefits and avoid repeated investment and information islands through business architecture blueprint. However, at present, Chinese enterprises are still in the stage of learning and exploring EA, and only a few enterprises completely adopt the methods and ideas of enterprise architecture design to plan, implement and manage IT systems. It will take some time for China enterprises to have truly mature information knowledge and practice. The introduction, publicity and promotion of enterprise structure are of great significance to enterprises or governments in China.
As the Beijing Research Base of National Information Resource Management and the co-organizer of CIO class in Peking University, Peking University Soft Informatization Consulting and Training Center has accumulated rich information knowledge and resources. In the field of information technology, Peking University Software took the lead in the research of enterprise architecture methodology and application, introduced TOGAF (Open Group Architecture Framework) and FEA (Federated Enterprise Architecture Framework) into China, and carried out corresponding consulting services on the basis of training.
In 2005, the first CIO class in Peking University introduced the course content of enterprise architecture.
In 2007, the Academic Affairs Office of CIO Class in Peking University invited Jason, the chief designer of Open Group and chief architect of QRS, to give lectures to CIO Class in Peking University.
In June, 2009, ATE (Architecture Enterprise) and Peking University Software jointly launched the first training on the Open Group Framework (TOGAF), which opened an important chapter in the introduction of enterprise architecture into China.
On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2009, Peking University Software was invited to participate in the Open Group2009 Global Conference and was invited to give a keynote speech, which aroused great interest and extensive discussion among representatives from all countries. At the same time, Peking University Software signed a strategic cooperation agreement with QRS (Rapid Response) and FEAC, the main certification training institutions of Open Group. The training and certification system of soft enterprise architecture in Peking University was formally established.
Subsequently, Peking University Software, QRS and FEAC jointly carried out TOGAF9 and FEA certification training, and held a series of China Architects Development Salons on a regular basis, aiming at establishing a neutral and open communication platform for domestic enterprise architects, and jointly promoting the deepening application of enterprise architecture EA methodology in domestic information construction with well-known institutions and experts at home and abroad.
While introducing foreign excellent EA methodology, Peking University Software put the localization of enterprise architecture on the agenda. On 20 10, Peking university software made a breakthrough in the field of e-a: after several months of painstaking research by the architecture expert group, it successively developed Chinese teaching materials TOGAF and FEA, and then carried out Chinese certification training on open group architecture framework and federal enterprise architecture.
As of July, 20 10, more than 100 CIOs and heads of information departments of governments and enterprises have participated in TOGAF and FEA certification training of Peking University Software, and obtained the global registered architect qualification. The influence of enterprise architecture in China is expanding, and the team of internationally certified architects is also growing rapidly.
Peking University Software will always devote itself to the research and promotion of enterprise architecture, truly adapt EA methodology to the reality of informatization in China, and realize borderless information flow for the government and enterprises.
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Five Reference Models for Finite Element Analysis
Get core competitiveness and make contributions.
FEA is an inter-departmental performance improvement framework of a certain level of government based on business and performance. It provides a new way for OMB and federal government agencies to describe and analyze the federal government structure and improve their ability to serve the people. Its purpose is to identify those opportunities that can simplify the process, * * * invest in federal IT, and integrate the work between government agencies and within the business lines of the federal government. FEA consists of five reference models [1], which together provide the general definition and framework of the federal government's business, performance and technology. If government agencies want to establish an ideal organizational structure, these reference models can be used as the basis for systematic analysis of government business processes, service capabilities, organizational components and technologies used. These models can be specially used to help cross-departmental analysis to find out the government's repeated investment and capacity gap, and to find cooperation opportunities within and between federal agencies.
1. Performance reference model (PRM finite element analysis)
PRM is a performance evaluation framework that provides overall results and output indicators for the entire federal government. It provides an ideal FEA for government agencies and a method to shorten the gap between reality and ideal. At the same time, it also enables government agencies to better manage government business from a strategic perspective. PRM provides a general collection of performance results and methods used by government agencies to achieve their business planning objectives. Its model explains the relationship between internal business component configuration and business performance and customer-centric results. Most importantly, it can help government agencies to make resource allocation decisions according to the reference factors that make the planning or organizational structure work effectively. PRM can also be used as an evaluation and comparison tool (part) and general indicators for OMB integration and implementation plan. By determining the results and outputs of service areas, service types and service components, PRM can provide the federal government with the necessary tools to measure the efficiency of each service component in the inter-departmental action plan.
2. Business Reference Model (FEA-BRM)
BRM is a business framework that describes the implementation of federal government agencies but has nothing to do with specific government agencies, and it constitutes the basic content of FEA. This model describes the internal operation of the federal government and the business process of serving citizens externally, and has nothing to do with a specific committee, office or bureau of the federal government. Therefore, because it abandons the narrow concept of government departments, it can effectively promote cooperation between government agencies. There are two versions of BRM. Due to the separation of business processes from government departments, the "service delivery mode" has been added and closely matched with the "budget function description". The second edition is significantly different from the first edition and is now used to support the formation of the federal government budget in 2005. BRM includes four business areas, 39 business lines (internal and external) and 153 subfunction.
3. Service Component Reference Model (FEA-SRM)
The so-called components are business processes or services that can be controlled by themselves, and their functions have been set in advance, which can be embodied through business or technical interfaces. SRM is a business-driven functional architecture, and service architectures are classified according to the improvement methods of business objectives. SRM is based on the horizontal business field and has nothing to do with the specific business functions of the department. Therefore, it can provide basic leverage for realizing business reuse, improving business functions and optimizing business components and business service types.
4. Data Reference Model (FEA-DRM)
DRM is used to describe data and information supporting project planning and business processes, and to describe the types of information exchange and interaction between the federal government and its customers, voters and business partners. It divides government information into general content areas corresponding to BRM sub-functions, and decomposes these content areas into more detailed functional modules, especially data components common to many business processes. DRM classifies federal information in a way that is easy for everyone to accept, so it is easier to identify those data resources that are repeatedly built, thus realizing information sharing among government agencies. The universal data classification model helps to achieve seamless connection with government business processes, whether these business processes occur between government agencies within the federal government or between the government and its stakeholders. DRM is based on one business process after another, rather than the efforts of a single department, which enables people to identify and pay attention to key business improvement areas and obtain clearly defined and measurable results. The project management office of the federal organization structure will monitor the key changes in DRM to ensure that all services suitable for integration can be found. In addition, they help identify reusable data components that support business processes or sub-functions. The characteristics of these data components are based on the FEA technical reference model and are consistent with specific business components. SRM and other FEA reference models provide the definition and framework for the business, performance and technology of the federal government. If government agencies want to establish their own ideal organizational structure, it can be used as the basis for improving existing business processes, enhancing business capabilities, and optimizing service component technology and data model.
5. Technical Reference Model (FEA-TRM)
TRM is a hierarchical technical architecture, which is used to describe the technical support methods for transmitting service components and improving service performance. It provides a set of technical elements to adopt and implement the component-based reference model, as well as mature technologies and tools for determining the federal government's work projects (such as FirstGov and 24 Presidential Priority E-government Plans).
6.6. Other methods. Federal energy agency
It is worth noting that when designing top-level e-government, the US government not only applied the above methods, but also attached great importance to other related methods. In the selection of cross-departmental general services, the BSP method, which has been used by IBM for many years and is familiar to the IT industry, is adopted. By applying this method, a "process or business/organization matrix" (such as table 1) is established, and by considering other factors and methods, a more valuable business type is found. For example, FEAPMO has established a "process or business/organization matrix" to "serve the people", analyzed the business operations of various government agencies, and obtained the analysis results as shown in Table 1, and then determined the priority construction projects in combination with relevant factors.