By the Han Dynasty, they could no longer distinguish each other.
The basis of Yue culture is Hemudu culture 7000 years ago and Liangzhu culture 5000 years ago. Its development has roughly gone through three stages: in the pre-Vietnamese cultural stage (the end of Paleolithic Age-Neolithic Age), the historical culture centered on Huiji (Shaoxing) extended north and south along the coast, leading the Yangtze River to develop southwest and northwest; In the stage of Sino-Vietnamese culture, Dayu summoned governors in Huiji more than 4,000 years ago, and first chose the superior family as the basis, which marked the establishment of "the country of Xia Hou". The post-Yue culture stage is the Yue culture in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Wu culture is the product of the blending of local civilization in Jiangnan and Central Plains. Hemudu culture did not spread to Taihu Lake basin until Liangzhu culture period after its birth. For more than 3000 years, the area around Taihu Lake has been dominated by fishing and hunting, supplemented by farming. Taibo brought the farming civilization of the Central Plains, and "changed the square full of Jing, and shared the same wind with China", which made Wu land come from behind. In wuyue's hegemony, Wu also had more advantages in cultural strategy, but this pattern was finally changed because of Fu Cha's mistakes. However, despite the political and military opposition in wuyue, the cultures have already infiltrated and influenced each other and become the base of Jiangnan culture together.
By the Han Dynasty, "wuyue" was indistinguishable from each other. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wu Dong was divided into Jiangdong, which became a pivotal position with Shu Wei, and the land crossing the river was its stable rear. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the State of Wu Yue, with Qian Liu as the king, was established, which further realized the political, economic and cultural integration of wuyue. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, the northerners moved southward three times on a large scale, which not only injected capital and technology into the Wuyue culture, but also integrated into the northern culture. There is a poem in Han Lian's Complete Bamboo Slips in the Song Dynasty: "Taihu Lake invades Jiangsu and Taiwan, and Wan Li blooms in the daytime. Modao Wuzhong is not a paradise, and most southerners are northerners. " During the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu and Yue culture completely abandoned the tradition of "advocating martial arts" and turned to worship martial arts and attach importance to education. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the superiority of Wuyue culture was very obvious, and it was far superior to the north in literature, art, science and manufacturing. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, there were more and more exchanges with overseas countries. Before the popularity of wuyue, the germination of capitalism in China almost happened in both places at the same time. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economy and culture in the south of the Yangtze River flourished. Kangxi's poem "A land of wealth in the southeast and a land of humanities on the left bank" is a true portrayal of the south of the Yangtze River.
Since modern times, Wu and Yue cultures have been deeply integrated in Shanghai, inheriting Beijing and Tianjin in the north and Hong Kong and Guangdong in Nantong, and accepting new thoughts from the East, Europe and America. The cultural connotation is constantly enriched and eclectically modernized. With the rapid rise of the Yangtze River Delta with Shanghai as the leader and Jiangsu and Zhejiang as the wings, the culture of Wu and Yue has been activated to the maximum extent, giving off new vitality.
Wu Yue has a "water culture".
The uniqueness of Wuyue culture stems from the similarity of geographical environment, climate and living habits. This similarity is manifested in many aspects, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, morality and ethics, religious beliefs, folk customs and so on. The people of Wu and Yue all love to live in the pillow river by the water, take rice as their staple food, and are also good at raising silkworms and weaving, making good use of boats, so they are similar. "Wu Gou Jian Yue" has been famous for its exquisiteness since ancient times. Excellent bronze casting, developed shipbuilding industry, colorful ceramic handicrafts and later developed textile processing industry are all owned by Wu Yue. In the early days, wuyue shared the same religious beliefs as John Lone and Byrd, and later it developed. Even if the self-contained language systems are different, communication does not hinder and contributes to the regional integration of cultures.
Wuyue is rich in water resources, with dense water networks and convenient transportation. People make good use of boats and boats and have rich experience in water life and work. Wuyue culture also has the characteristics of "water culture". This kind of culture is smart, sensitive, open, inclusive, good at sizing up the situation, daring to explore, sensitive to change, and has the distinctive characteristics of "wise man culture". In a word, many characteristics of water have already been integrated into the blood of Wu Yue people and become the personality and endowment of the group.
The environment of rivers, lakes and seawater in wuyue also breeds the cultural spirit of forging ahead and being brave in exploration. Wu's digging canals, his sharp weapon, his extensive territory in all directions, Yue's diligence and forbearance, and his sharing of weal and woe all show the spiritual characteristics of striving for progress and strength. Jianghu Haina has also made Wu Yue culture open, eclectic, eclectic, good at absorbing and integrating heterogeneous cultural elements, able to accommodate all dynamic cultural factors, and constantly update and sublate itself. Since the Jin and Tang Dynasties, this spirit of openness and kindness has been increasingly strengthened, which has played an irreplaceable role in the process of shifting the cultural center of gravity to the south and leading the economic development.
Since the Tang Dynasty, most of wuyue's land, social stability, noble families and world wealth have come from the south of the Yangtze River. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Han Yu once said, "Give the world and Jiangnan occupies nineteen places". The description of "The Book of the Whole Tang Dynasty" is "plowing crops by machine and raising seven states, during which cocoon taxes fish and salt, food and clothing for half a day"; "The meeting of the Three Wu Dynasties, there are salt wells and copper mountains, and there are giants dajia, and the benefits are gathered here."
The prosperity of economy gave birth to the folk custom of respecting culture and attaching importance to education. There are many ancient scholars in wuyue, many academies in wuyue and many libraries. In the Ming Dynasty, most books were collected in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and there were also many painters and painters in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. When Sikuquanshu was revised, the number of books provided by Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces also ranked first and second in China.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the culture of Wu and Yue was mature and mellow, feeding back the Central Plains. Suzhou and Hangzhou have a very high status, talented people and beautiful women gather, and culture and art are prosperous. Jiangnan children have always been the protagonists in the examination room, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the imperial examination history of 1000 years, * * * produced 596 literary champions, and the number of Jiangsu and Zhejiang champions accounted for more than 35% of the total; Qing dynasty champions 1 14, Jiangsu 49, Zhejiang 19. By the end of 20 16, among the 629 academicians of New China/KLOC-0, there were 909 academicians from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, accounting for 56%.
From coarse to fine, combine rigidity with softness.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue competed for hegemony, and the prince of Wu indulged in beauty and despised his enemy, leading to national subjugation; The early legends of Gou Jian seem to have branded different historical birthmarks for Wu Yue culture. After the destruction of Chu, Chu expanded eastward. Due to the closure of Wu in the spring and the "rule of Wu Fan for fourteen years", Chu culture has a greater influence on the economy and culture of Wu than that of Yue.
The climate and environmental conditions in Wu are superior, and the people's lives are relatively comfortable. People like to eat fresh fish and shrimp, and the taste is light; The more land near the sea, the more seafood comes ashore in the fishing season, so it is good to make bacon. Vietnamese fishing is no more risky than shallow Taihu Lake, so they are bolder and rougher. The same is true in art. Wu's art is quaint, gentle and delicate, such as Kunqu opera pingtan; On the other hand, the art of Yue-di, to a certain extent, retains the simplicity, rigidity and desolation of ancient times, such as Shaoxing's high-pitched voice, which has the flavor of northwest Qiang Qin.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, some scholars put forward that "Yue is the law" to resist the revival of the country. In the twenty-seventh year of Shaoxing, the scholar Wang summarized the cultural characteristics of Yue State as "forgiveness for grievances and forbearance for success". "forbearance makes things happen" is a way for the ancient Vietnamese to retaliate against their shame and anger in order to strengthen their own strength. Its source can be traced back to Gou Jian, the King of Yue. Forbearance, which emphasizes calmness, restraint and tenacity, can still be seen in the pioneering work of Zhejiang entrepreneurs today, especially in the group struggle of Wenzhou people.
In the culture of Ren Yue's origin, the characters of "lying on the salary and tasting courage", "generous revenge, forbearance and success" are particularly prominent in the past dynasties, especially among the "literati with backbone". Qiu Jin, Xu Xilin, Zou Rong, Lu Xun and others, as the representatives of "scholars" who crossed the country in modern times, have both the side of literati and the side of "fighters". * * * There was a poem saying: "Jianhu crossed the hometown of Taiwan Province celebrities, and your heart was broken for your country. The song of bo nan sings in the autumn wind, and a case is immersed in a poem bag. "
There are many reasons for the cultural differences between Wu and Yue. Besides environmental differences, the primitive cultures of wuyue and Guangdong also have different historical origins. Wu Zhu Zhou was greatly influenced by Central Plains culture, while Yue Zhu had distinct local characteristics, which was called "the difference between literary and wild". Since Shoumeng, the ancient kingdom of Wu had frequent contacts with Zhou Jinlu and other governors in the Central Plains, and was fortunate to have contacts with foreign civilizations. The crossing place is in a corner, mountainous and close to the sea, with little contact with the Central Plains and little influence from foreign cultures. Viet Nam, adjacent to Wu Chu, was once a vassal state of the two countries, and had to adopt a closed strategy to maintain its independence, thus retaining more ancient, simple, vigorous, bold and wild cultural characteristics.
From the perspective of custom, Yue culture is more primitive. Pre-Qin classics contain folk customs such as "tattooing, gnashing teeth, sitting in a corner", "liking raw food and being good at wild sounds", and emphasize the belief in witches and ghosts, which is obviously different from the ritual and music civilization of Emei in the Central Plains. The primitive custom of "crossing the tattoo to avoid the harm of dragons" also reflects the hardships and dangers of Vietnamese. Although the ancient Wu culture was also branded with the ancient Yue people, it changed under the influence of the Central Plains culture.
The relatively harsh environment has created the courage, boldness and simplicity of Vietnamese culture. However, under the historical background of wuyue's integration, aborigines' emigration and northerners' emigration, the culture of Yue changed with the change of cultural inheritance subjects. Yue culture was formed in the historical situation of feudal lords fighting for hegemony, but later, Yue was not only far away from the battlefield competing for the Central Plains, but also became a place for refugees in the Central Plains to avoid chaos. With the influx of a large number of gentry and literati, the connotation of Vietnamese culture has been constantly changing, and the style of writing has become increasingly prosperous, eventually becoming a place where celebrities gather and talents come forth in large numbers. The gradual improvement of living environment and the continuous improvement of living standards have also promoted the transformation of culture from "vulgar" to "elegant" and from "rough" to "refined".
The cultural differences in wuyue are only relative. In the historical evolution, the two rivers meet, and you and I already have each other. However, the early Wu people's "martial arts" and "death is easy to happen" do not mean a lack of wisdom. The courage and tenacity of the Yue people do not exclude exquisiteness and elegance. Wuyue culture is a combination of simplicity and beauty, and it is the product of appealing to both refined and popular tastes, just like the ivory carving "Bird and Sun with the Same Body" unearthed from Hemudu cultural site, the jade carving in Liangzhu culture period, the exquisite "Wu Gou Jian Yue" in wuyue's hegemony period, and the later gorgeous elegance.
Editor-in-Chief: Text Editor: Chen Title Source: IC photo Picture Editor:
Culture (14) Central Plains (12) Jiangnan (3)