Brief introduction to the treaty:
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was a major turning point in China's modern foreign relations. China's defeat completely exposed the weakness of China and the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. Western powers clamored for the "second discovery" of China, so they jumped up like a hungry wolf in an attempt to share the legacy of China, a dying "sick man of the Far East". Russia got there first, and by signing the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty and seizing the railway rights in the Middle East, the Northeast became its sphere of influence. Not to be outdone, Germany forced the Qing government to allow it to set up concessions in Tianjin and Hankou on the grounds of intervening in Liaoning, and also tried its best to build a harbor in China as a base for its invasion and expansion in China and the Far East.
1896 65438+In February, Germany formally proposed to the Qing government to lease Jiaozhou as a "coal storage station", which was rejected by the Qing government. 1897 1 again, which was also rejected. Because Russia also wanted to get their hands on Jiaozhou Bay, in order not to arouse Russian opposition, Kaiser visited Russia in August of the same year, and reached an understanding with Russia on the condition of supporting Russia to occupy Dalian Bay in China. So Germany began to look for excuses to occupy Jiaozhou Bay by force. 1 1 year 1 October1day, two German missionaries were killed in Juye, Cao Zhou (now Heze). On the day of learning this news, Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered the German Far East Fleet to sail from Wusongkou to Jiaozhou Bay (165438+1October 6). 1 14 10/4, the german fleet sailed into JIAOZHOU bay, and occupied jiaozhou city on June 15. On the same day, six requirements were put forward for the Juye priest case. In response to the German aggression, the Qing government declared that it would "stop transferring troops" and gave in blindly. Germany finally proposed to lease JIAOZHOU bay directly. Germany secretly traded with other imperialist powers, and on the basis of sharing stolen goods, it obtained the acquiescence of Britain, France, Japan and Russia. The Qing government begged countries to mediate the JIAOZHOU bay issue, but to no avail. Under the threat and blackmail of Germany, the Qing government was forced to compromise. 1898 (24th year of Guangxu) On March 6th, Li Hongzhang and Weng Tonghe wrote? On behalf of the Qing government, he signed the Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty with German Ambassador to China Hai Jing.
The Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty includes Jiaoao Concession, Railway Mining and Shandong Province Law, and its main content is: (1) Jiaozhou Bay and its islands were leased to Germany for 99 years. During the lease period, Jiaozhou Bay is under the jurisdiction of Germany, which can make laws and regulations to bind ships from other countries (including China). (2) The tidal flat along JIAOZHOU Bay 100 Li is classified as a neutral zone, and German officers and men have the right to pass freely. In this respect, the Qing government "stationed in military camps and prepared for the art of war" must first consult with Germany. If the Germans need to rectify the waterways, China can never stop them. (3) China allowed Germans to build two railways in Shandong, one from Jiaoao via wei county, Qingzhou, Boshan, Zichuan and Zouping to Jinan, and the other from Jiaoao via Laiwu to Jinan to Yizhou. Germany also has the right to mine minerals within 30 miles of the railway. (4) When any project in Shandong Province needs foreign personnel, funds and equipment, it should first do business with Germany.
By signing the Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty, Shandong Province became the sphere of influence of Germany. But Germany is not satisfied with this. It is based in Shandong and will continue to expand its influence until it takes the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as its sphere of influence. The Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty was the first unequal treaty in which foreign countries seized China port and occupied leased land by force in the wave of partition. In the name of leasing, Germany seized ports and garrisons and practiced naked colonial rule, which set a bad precedent for other countries. Since then, the great powers have followed suit, and the crisis of the Chinese nation has deepened.
Original text of the treaty:
1March 6, 898, February 14, Guangxu, Beijing.
The lesson plan of Cao Zhou has been settled now, and China has also rewarded the German mutual friendship. Therefore, both the Great Qing Dynasty and Germany are willing to strengthen the friendship between the two countries, and the trade between the businessmen and people of the two countries has brought them special contact. Therefore, they agreed on a special clause in a harmonious way, as follows:
First end Jiaoao concession
Section 1 The Qing Emperor wanted to establish diplomatic relations between China and Germany and improve his military strength. He allowed quasi-German officers and soldiers to stay in China within 0/00 of Jiaoao Beach, and they still had the right of independence whenever they changed their tune, but they all returned to China. If China orders us to try something, we should first reach an agreement with the Germans. If the Germans need to improve their waterways, China will not stand in their way. Barracks are stationed in this area to organize the art of war, which still belongs to China, and should be handled through consultation with the Germans first.
Section 2. The great German emperor hoped that his country, like other countries, would own land along the coast of China to build and prepare ships, store materials and use spare parts flexibly, which was very appropriate. Emperor Qing has promised to lease the north and south exits of Jiaoao to Germany for 99 years. Germany should build a battery on the leased land to protect the land stack and protect the Macao port.
Section 3. Land leased by Germany shall be under the jurisdiction of Germany before the expiration of the lease term to avoid disputes between the two countries. The leased land of each bid section is shown in the following table: all islands connected with dry land to the north of Jiaoaokou, the northeast of which is limited to the line from the northeast corner of Yindao to Laoshan Bay; 2. The southwest of all islands connected with dry land to the south of Jiaoaokou is limited to the line from the southwest of the bay south of Qiboshan Island to Diluoshan Island; Third, Qibo Mountain and Yindao; Fourth, the glue purlin reaches the whole sea surface of the tidal flat; 5. Used to protect the islands off Jiaoao, such as Mount Rorty and Zhalian Island. For the land leased by Germany and the border around Jiaoao 100 Li, the two countries will send personnel to inspect the land situation and explain it in detail in the future. In Jiaoao, all ships of China soldiers and businessmen, as well as ships of countries where Germany meets, will receive preferential treatment from Germany. Because the sea surface of Jiaoao is under the jurisdiction of Germany, the German state can formulate appropriate regulations at any time to restrict the traffic of ships from other countries; This charter, that is, the ship China, should also be observed as a whole, and there should be no obstacles.
Article 4. For islands and shoals outside Jiaoao, Germany should set up a floating pile equal sign. As long as ships from all countries pay fees, ships from China should also pay fees to repair various projects in the port. The rest of the expenses, China ship have nothing to pay.
Paragraph 5: If Germany voluntarily returns Jiaoao to China before the expiration of the lease term, China promises to repay all the expenses incurred by Germany in Jiaoao and cede the more suitable part to Germany. Germany promised never to sublet the land leased from China to other countries. China people who lease land can live at will as long as they are well-behaved and not illegal, and Germany should protect them as a whole; If Germany needs land, it should pay the land price to the landlord. In addition, China's original tax card was set outside the German leased land, but within the agreed 100 Li land. In this case, Germany plans to negotiate the tax boundary and tax regulations with China separately without violating the laws of China.
Second end railway mining and other things.
Paragraph 1: China countries allow Germany to build two railways in Shandong: one is from Jiaoao via wei county, Qingzhou, Boshan, Zichuan and Zouping to the border of Jinan and Shandong; The second is from Jiaoao to Yizhou, and from here through Laiwu County to Jinan Prefecture. One of the roads from Jinan to Shandong should be built after the railway reaches Jinan, so that it can be connected with China's own trunk highway. After that, the place where the railway passes is stipulated in a separate detailed charter.
In the second paragraph, German and China companies should be established to build the above railways, or one company or several companies should be established. German and Chinese companies should each raise shares and send appropriate personnel to lead them.
Paragraph 3: In any case, the two countries should quickly conclude another contract, and China and Germany will negotiate this matter on their own; However, China should give preferential treatment to Lide businessmen and Chinese businessmen who build the above-mentioned railways, which will not make them lose compared with the benefits obtained by Huayang Commercial Company in other parts of China. Check this paragraph for business purposes, and there is no other intention. The construction of the above railway will never occupy the land of Shandong.
Paragraph 4: German businessmen are allowed to dig coal and other articles and things that need to be done near various railways, such as Ji Jiao North Road in wei county and Boshan County, and Jinan Road in Yizhou and Laiwu County. German businessmen and Chinese businessmen can also jointly mine, and their mining regulations should be discussed separately. German businessmen and engineers, China countries should also give all preferential treatment according to the section on railway construction, compared with the benefits obtained by Huayang Commercial Company in other parts of China. This paragraph is also for business purposes, and there is no other intention.
The third part is the way of doing things in Shandong Province.
If there are various affairs in Shandong province, it is agreed to ask for help from foreign countries or use foreigners, foreign capital or foreign materials. China promised to ask the German businessman first if he would like to undertake the project and sell the materials. If German businessmen are unwilling to undertake this project and sell materials, China can do it at its own convenience to show fairness.
The above articles were approved by the great emperors of the two countries. After the agreement approved by China arrived in Berlin, Germany, the agreement approved by Germany was handed over to China's ambassador to Germany as an exchange basis.
This article should be written in quadruplicate, two in Chinese and two in German, sealed by the ministers of the two countries, one in Chinese and one in German, as a sign of commitment.
February 14th, 24th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty
Dade,1March 6, 898
Ordered the Prime Minister's Shangshu Taifu Prince, the first-class scholar Su Yiboli of Wenhua Hall, and the Prime Minister's Shangshu Military Minister to assist Laure Shang, the minister of college sex; An imperial envoy from Dade was stationed in Lianchenhai, China.