International logistics is a necessary condition for international trade.
Socialized mass production in the world will inevitably lead to different international division of labor, and no country can do everything, so international cooperation is needed. The international flow of goods and services includes business flow and logistics. The former is carried out by international trade organizations in accordance with international practices, while the latter is completed by logistics enterprises according to the production and market structure of various countries. In order to overcome the contradiction between them, it is necessary to develop international logistics that is suitable for international trade.
Does international trade put forward new requirements for logistics? Current situation of logistics in China
1. Strategic cooperation between manufacturing enterprises and logistics enterprises.
Manufacturing enterprises and logistics enterprises give full play to their respective advantages, reach strategic cooperation, * * * promote their main advantages, and gradually reach an understanding. For example, China Ocean Logistics Co., Ltd. has successively formed strategic cooperative relations with Haier Group, Changhong Group, China National Nuclear Corporation and TCL Group.
2. Large leading enterprises realize supply chain management.
Large enterprises in various industries in China have implemented supply chain (SCM) management technology to improve their competitiveness. Luneng Fanmao Logistics Co., Ltd. implements integrated information management in the coal field, from coal mining and transportation to cinder recycling and waste burial, from coal mine procurement logistics to distribution logistics. The application of supply chain management technology is an important embodiment of the transformation of production and operation mode of Chinese enterprises.
3. Foreign logistics enterprises continue to enter.
After entering China, foreign logistics enterprises have developed rapidly. For example, the export business of United Parcel Service (UPS) in China maintained a strong growth momentum, with an increase of 65,438+0.25%. In 2004, EXCL's business volume increased by more than 60%. By the end of 2004, DHL's 56 branches had covered more than 300 cities in China, and its business maintained a 50% growth rate.
What are the problems in China's international logistics?
1. The bottleneck of logistics infrastructure is prominent.
The national highway is only 1.3 million kilometers, most of which are second-and third-class highways. More than 60,000 kilometers of railways, with an average of 1 10,000 square kilometers of land, are only 6 kilometers, less than half of that in Europe, and there is a big gap compared with North America, which has a transportation network extending in all directions; In 2004, the port received and unloaded 200 million tons of imported iron ore, a year-on-year increase of 38%. Due to the mismatch of transportation capacity, the iron ore storage in major ports in China reached 34 million tons in July, up by 1.46% year-on-year, and still reached 24 million tons at the end of the year. However, due to various reasons, the existing facilities cannot be effectively utilized.
2. The pattern of extensive management has not fundamentally changed.
① The proportion of social logistics expenses to GDP is usually regarded as an important indicator to measure the logistics operation level of a country in the world. Developed countries have implemented modern logistics operation mode through economic restructuring, and this index has generally dropped to around 10. Although this index has been reduced in China, it still reached 18 in 2005. 6。 Although China's economic development stage and economic structure are quite different from those of these countries, it also reflects the gap in logistics operation efficiency. ② The socialization of logistics service is low, and the problem of "small, scattered and poor" of logistics enterprises is still outstanding. In the transportation market, a large number of small enterprises and individual transporters with small scale and weak strength are engaged in road transportation, which leads to the coexistence of empty driving and overload. In terms of storage, some cold storage, refrigeration, constant temperature and humidity, and storage capacity of dangerous chemicals are insufficient, especially the "cold chain" from farmland to dining table has not been formed. Some experts estimate that the loss rate of fresh frozen agricultural and sideline products in China is as high as 25 to 30 in the circulation links such as picking, transportation and storage.
3. The informatization level of logistics enterprises is not high.
According to the investigation of Beijing freight market, there are about 950 freight companies in 22 large freight markets, of which only 4 have information technology over 30, and about 130~ 140 use information systems, less than one seventh. According to the survey of China Logistics Information Center, the proportion of commercial enterprises using computer systems in China is less than half, and the proportion of service industry and transportation industry is even lower, only 24. 3 and 18. 3。 Except POS and barcode technology, the application of other information technologies in the field of logistics is generally low. Logistics technology and logistics service standards are mostly inconsistent. According to the Survey Report on Logistics Service Demand of Multinational Corporations in China, up to 80% of the nearly 100 foreign-funded enterprises interviewed in China rated their satisfaction with logistics service providers as "average". The interviewed enterprises believe that the efficiency of information transmission ranks first in the aspects that logistics service providers need to improve.
4. Single function and lack of characteristics.
With the rapid development of economy, higher requirements are put forward for logistics service industry. Logistics enterprises should not only provide door-to-door transportation and related basic services, but also implement an integrated logistics and supply chain management model to provide a complete set of service systems from purchasing production materials to delivering products to consumers, including related logistics extension services, such as packaging, processing and distribution. However, due to the influence of the planned economy system, the management concept of "customer first" in China logistics industry has not been fully implemented, and the backward management, technology and equipment have also affected the improvement of service quality.
5. Lack and loss of logistics professionals.
At present, the education and training of logistics talents in China is relatively slow, and there are few logistics talents who meet the requirements in the market, with low level and lack of logistics professionals. Due to the lack of logistics education and training, there are few middle and senior logistics talents who can effectively provide effective solutions for enterprises, which restricts the development of logistics industry. Moreover, most foreign-funded logistics service enterprises established in China implement the development and application strategy of "personnel localization", and the employees are mainly China talents. Attracted by the generous treatment of foreign-funded enterprises, some outstanding talents began to drain.
6. The logistics development environment needs to be further improved.
(1) institutional obstacles. The industrial form and position of logistics are not clear, the distribution of logistics organizations is scattered, the logistics resources and market are fragmented, and local blockade and industry monopoly form institutional obstacles to resource integration and integrated management. ② The influence of policy environment. Due to the complexity of the logistics industry, logistics-related policies belong to different departments and lack a unified and transparent industrial policy system. Although the National Development and Reform Commission and other nine ministries and commissions have issued the Opinions on Promoting the Development of China's Modern Logistics Industry, it still needs to be implemented. To strengthen the construction of logistics infrastructure and realize the modernization of ships, the selection of ship grades and models should be adapted to the actual traffic volume; In port construction, we should not only attach importance to containerization, but also consider the loading and unloading of a large number of bulk energy and materials. Construction of distribution center, etc. Gradually realize the standardization of packaging, mechanization of loading and unloading and containerization of transportation, and actively develop and popularize advanced and applicable standardized special equipment such as warehousing and loading and unloading to meet the requirements of sustained and rapid international logistics operations. Improve the logistics network in China, promote the rationalization of international logistics and the development of modern logistics technology, and leave room for future expansion. Establish a perfect logistics information management system. Logistics information is timely reflected in the database of the internal LAN, and the data is analyzed and scheduled by the management information system. External contact through the Internet can not only register online demand and online payment, but also track and investigate logistics services. Public logistics information platform. Through this platform, we can integrate the old resources of the industry, realize the enjoyment of industry resources, give full play to the overall advantages of the logistics industry, fundamentally improve the status quo of the logistics industry, and truly realize the enjoyment of logistics information and logistics functions between logistics enterprises and between enterprises and customers. Establish and improve the standardization system of logistics technology
Accelerate the formulation of technical standards such as logistics infrastructure, technical equipment, management process and information network, and form a coordinated and unified modern logistics technology standardization system as soon as possible. Standardization, serialization and standardization technologies such as transportation, warehousing, loading and unloading, packaging machinery and facilities, bar code and information exchange have been widely used.
Improve service functions and strengthen value-added services?
In European and American countries, the logistics service industry has full functions and high level, and enterprises are closely linked with customers, even strategic partners. In view of this, while providing basic logistics services, China logistics enterprises should constantly subdivide the market according to market demand, expand their business scope, develop value-added logistics services, extensively carry out processing, distribution, freight forwarding and other businesses, meet individual needs with professional services, improve service quality with services, and seek benefits with services; In addition, it is necessary to strengthen business ties with major customers, enhance interdependence and develop strategic partnerships by providing all-round services.
Accelerate the cultivation of open logistics talents
In terms of policy, we should vigorously support and protect enterprises that develop transportation services, warehousing services, freight forwarding services and wholesale distribution services in China's logistics industry, and allow them to expand the scope and fields of logistics services according to their own business advantages and around market demand, and gradually become part or all of the logistics service suppliers; With the advent of knowledge economy and information age, the logistics industry will inevitably develop in the direction of internationalization. In order to gain a foothold in the increasingly fierce international economic competition, China must vigorously cultivate a team of high-quality logistics talents, bring up a group of logistics elites, establish a sound logistics system, provide high-quality and efficient services for China to participate in international economic competition, promote the rapid economic growth of China, enhance the comprehensive strength of China, and thus enhance China's international status.