In the fourth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (7 16), Li Dan collapsed in Tang Ruizong and was buried in Qiaoling. Qiaoling is slightly rectangular, with a length of 287 1 m from east to west and 2836 meters from north to south, with a total area of 8.52 million square meters. Qiaoling was built in the century when the Tang Dynasty was founded. At this time, the national strength is strong and the society is peaceful, which is reflected in the mausoleum building: the artistic modeling of stone carving tries to show the grandeur of wealth and weather, and the mausoleum system is tall and magnificent. Tang Ruizong Qiaoling's mausoleum architecture and stone carving art are the representatives of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and together with Ganling, they are called the best stone carving art in the Tang Dynasty. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), Du Fu visited his family from Chang 'an. In addition to the famous poem "From Beijing to Fengxian", he also wrote a poem "Ten Rhymes of Qiaoling Poems Presented in Zhuge Guan County". In the poem, the construction of Qiaoling and the support of officials and ladies-in-waiting are described as if the emperor were alive.
1956, Qiaoling was announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in Shaanxi Province. 1February, 988, Qiaoling was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Qiaoling, also known as Qiaozhong Geographical location: Northwest of pucheng county, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, covering an area of 8.52 million square meters Building date: Tangling? Master: Tang Ruizong Lidan Cultural Protection Level: National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit Price? Value: One of the ten most magnificent imperial tombs in China. Scenic spot level: AAA. Opening hours: 08: 00- 18: 00. Ticket price: 40 yuan suggested playing time: 1-2 hours. Seasons suitable for play: spring, summer and autumn. Country: China City: Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, required reading before departure, dynamic scenic spots. Introduction to the scenic spot, key information, geographical environment, architectural evolution, architectural pattern, cultural relics, three questions, buried tomb, stone carving of Qiaoling, cultural relics protection, cultural relics value, tomb owner file, tourist information, geographical environment Qiaoling, located in the northwest of pucheng county, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province 15km Fengshan. According to records, Fengshan is known as Jinzhishan, Jinlishan and Suyu Mountain. According to its natural situation, the local people call it Phoenix Mountain. At an altitude of 76 1 m, the peaks and valleys fluctuate, forming their own independent hills. These peaks extend from the west to the northeast, and are very large in the south of Ye Ping, far away from the peaks of the Qinling Mountains. On the west side of the mausoleum are the Dongshan peaks with an altitude of 780m, 769.2m, 736.7m, 690.5m and 637. 1 m, and on the north side are the main peaks and surrounding peaks with an altitude of 806m. The mountains are majestic and majestic. Tang Ruizong Li Dan died on June 20th in the fourth year of Kaiyuan (765438+July 2006 13), which coincided with the "Golden Age of Kaiyuan". Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong, spared no expense in spending one third of the national finance to build the imperial tomb for Zong Rui with unprecedented specifications in order to thank his father for his abdication. In October of the fourth year of Kaiyuan (July16), Tang Ruizong was buried in Qiaoling, so Pucheng County was renamed Fengxian County and placed under Jingzhaofu, which was the representative of the most prosperous period of feudal society in China. Zhuquemen Ruins Bridge Cemetery is divided into inner city and outer city. According to historical records, there are nine magnificent temples, more than a dozen que buildings, Xiagong and Mausoleum on the ground of the mausoleum. In the 14th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (798), the number of houses increased to 140, with more than 30 officials and more than 400 households. There is also a folding house, and officers and men are responsible for security work. During the Five Dynasties, Wen Tao organized troops to excavate all the tombs of the Tang Dynasty. "The tombs of the Tang Dynasty in its territory should be excavated and taken away from their treasures." Qiao Ling was among them. From 65438 to 0988, Qiaoling was designated as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council. The organizational structure of Qiaoling is similar to that of Ganling, with mountains as the mausoleum, stones as the tomb, and the city built around the mountains. The mausoleum area is modeled after Chang 'an, the capital of Beijing. Mausoleum is located in the north and south, and Gong Xuan Palace is located on the east slope of Fengshan. The fertile field in Guanzhong has a broad prospect, and the mountains behind it are magnificent. The altitude of Ling Xue is 736.7 meters, which is about 250 meters higher than the surrounding flat land. In Qing Dynasty, Tang Ruizong Bridge Mausoleum, the governor of Shaanxi Province, excavated an underground palace on the mountainside and built a tall mausoleum wall around it. The south wall is 287 1 meter long, the west wall is 2836 meters long, the north wall is 2883 meters long, and the east wall is 2303 meters long. It is 903 meters from north to south, folded into 427 meters along the mountain, and then reaches the east gate south, leading to the ruins in the southeast corner. The whole plane is a regular handle shape. The vermilion wall is 1.3m wide and the base is 3m wide. There are doors around the wall of Qiaoling, with Zhuquemen (now Wang 'an Village in Qiaoling Town), Xuanwu Gate (now Shizihuai Village in Dongshan Town of Qiaoling Town), Qinglong Gate (now Zhaojiashan Village in sanhe town) on the left and Baihumen (now Dangyao Village in Dongshan Town of Qiaoling Town) on the right. There are doorways and stone carvings on both sides of each door, and corners are built in every corner of the mausoleum wall. The original Haoquan in front of the mausoleum dried up in the late Ming Dynasty. There is a stone tablet named "Tang Ruizong Qiaoling" near Zhuquemen and Xiandian site, which was written by Bi Yuan, governor of Shaanxi Province during the reign of Qing Qianlong. Outside Suzaku Gate is Shinto, which is 625 meters long and 1 10 meters wide, showing a north-south trend. On both sides of Shinto are groups of tall stone carvings. The three exits of cultural relics are located at the site of the south gate of Qiaoling, representing the highest imperial etiquette. Shi Zhuan-based "Sankou" provides important information for studying the gatehouse system in Tang Dynasty, which shows that the gatehouse architecture in Qiaoling is very particular. The construction method is to take the carved stone as the foundation, build bricks on it according to a certain method, and then tamp the raw soil inside. The overall length is about 17 meters, and the collection and distribution of Quetai are well preserved, so that people can know the architectural situation at that time at a glance. There are 17 buried tombs in Qiaoling, including 1 1 with obvious signs, 3 princes, 4 princesses, 2 queens and 1 concubines. In the southeast of Qiaoling, there are a large number of tombs, including: Empress Su Mingliu, Empress Zhao Chengdou, Princess Wang, Prince Shen (Prince) Li Youwei, Prince Qi (Prince Hui Xuanwang) Ye Li, Princess Li Hua of Daiguo, Princess Li Yuan of Guo Liang, Princess Sui and Princess Xi Sui. The epitaphs of Guo Liang princess royal Monument, Guo Yun princess royal Monument and Jinxian princess royal Monument were all written by Tang Xuanzong himself. There are 53 stone carvings in Qiaoling. Because it was built in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the majestic momentum of its stone carving art is not only manifested in the grandeur of its external form, but also in the enrichment of its internal atmosphere. Therefore, Qiaoling stone carving is the representative of the stone carving in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and has the reputation of "Qiaoling stone carving is the best in the world". There are 38 stone carvings of Huabiao Qiaoling, which are arranged on both sides of Shinto outside Zhuquemen, with a width of 1 10 m and a length of 625 m.. From south to north, they are all Chinese watches. Also known as "Wang Zhu", it belongs to ceremonial stone carving, symbolizing "Wang Nengxun" and "Knowing the balance". Qiaoling Hua watches were originally a pair, but there is a complete one in the west, which is 8.64 meters high and consists of three parts: seat, body and top. The seat is square with 12 petals engraved on it; The column is octagonal, with wired carvings, winding branches and leaves, and various auspicious birds and animals; The top of the column is a lotus bearing peach; The pedestal is carved with lines of animals and flowers. The one in the east has collapsed, leaving only the top and bottom of the column. Awkward, commonly known as "unicorn", is a rare animal that can distinguish right from wrong in ancient legends and belongs to the auspicious beast in front of the mausoleum. There are 1 temples on the east and west sides of Qiaoling, about 3 meters high, with strong figure and glaring teeth and wings, which are well preserved. The east pedestal is engraved with the word "Fupingtian". The stone carving of Qiaoling, weighing about 65,438+00 tons, is made of a whole piece of bluestone and is unique among the 18 tombs of the Tang Dynasty. Ostrich. Ostrich relief mainly appeared in the stone carvings of tombs after the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Qiaoling has 1 ostrich relief, which is a high-fleshed relief carved on a stone screen about 2 meters high and 2 meters wide. The ostrich's light legs stood on the rockery. Looking back, it sticks to the wings. Plump feathers and exquisite carving. The stone carving on the neck is pale yellow and engraved with tiny scales. It is a treasure in stone carving art and is now well preserved. Ostrich was not made in China, but was introduced from Persia in the Han Dynasty. Central Asian countries have sent ostriches to China many times. This kind of bird is rare, so it is regarded as a symbol of good luck, and it is also called Suzaku or Phoenix. Stone horse stone horse. Stone horses (or pommel horses) symbolize ceremonial ceremonies in the Tang tombs, and there are 5 pairs according to the specifications. There are five pairs of stone horses in Qiaoling Shinto, with a height of 1.7m-2m and a length of 2.3m-2.6m, all of which stand on the stone platform with different shapes and lifelike decorations, such as saddles, and the third stone horse on the left is even more mysterious. If you tap the horse's head or ponytail with a small stone, you can stick it on the horse's face and hear the clang of metal impact. Most stone horses have head injuries. In addition, outside Xuanwu Gate, three pairs of stone horses arranged according to regulations have been broken. Weng Zhong. Commonly known as "stone man". After the Tang Dynasty, 10 pairs of courtiers (stone men) were arranged on both sides of Shinto as sacrificial ceremonies to reflect the concept of patriarchal order. The height of the stone statues in Qiaoling ranges from 3.67 meters to 4.28 meters, which is the highest among the tombs in the Tang Dynasty, and most of them are well preserved. They all dressed up as general Naoko, wearing cuckoo crowns, decorated with an eagle in the middle, wearing belts of praise and clothing, wearing high heels and holding swords in both hands. Their facial expressions are solemn and solemn, some stare at the distance, some are thoughtful and have different shapes. Shishi. The stone lion in front of the tomb has the right to guard the tomb, which is a symbol of the feudal legal rights of the untouchables. Mainly to boast to people, to defend the dead, to shock people. It is a humanized "beast" image. According to the program, there are 1 pairs of stone lions in the four gates of Tangling, and 1 pairs of stone lions outside Zhuque Gate of Qiaoling. They are crouching, male and female, with their eyes open and their teeth held high, with different shapes, plump flesh, magnificent shape, well-preserved body and huge body, reaching 2.8 meters, which is a treasure of stone carving art; The stone lion sitting outside the Qinglong Gate looks back (called "looking back"), which is also rare in the stone carvings of the Tang tomb, and other stone lions are well preserved. Cultural Relics Protection 065438+2004 10, Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics reached an agreement with the Japanese consortium "Cultural Property Protection and Art Research Assistance Consortium", and Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Tokyo Institute of Cultural Property signed the "Cooperation Agreement on the Protection and Restoration of Stone Carvings in Shaanxi Tangling". From April, 2004 to June, 2008, 5438+ 10, Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics organized Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Ganling Museum, Shunling Cultural Management Institute and pucheng county Cultural Relics Bureau to cooperate with Tokyo Institute of Cultural Property to implement the demonstration project of stone carving protection and restoration in Ganling, Shunling and Qiaoling. 20 10, 12, 2 1, the main protection and exhibition project of Zhuquemen site in Qiaoling was completed, and the main content was to restore the original appearance of the site. 20 13 On May 27th, National Cultural Heritage Administration and the Ministry of Finance formulated the 12th Five-Year Plan for the protection of great sites, and Tang Ruizong Qiaoling was selected. 20 13 13 On February 4th, the planning seminar of Tangqiaoling National Archaeological Site Park was successfully held in the conference room of Xi 'an Northwest University Hotel. The text of "Planning Outline of Tangqiaoling National Archaeological Site Park" was jointly compiled by Northwest University, Xi 'an Ancient Road Architectural Planning and Design Co., Ltd. and Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology. 2065438+On March 20th, 2005, National Cultural Heritage Administration approved the "Request for Instructions on the Project Establishment of the Cultural Relics Protection Project of Qiaoling Nanmenque and Fan's Emirates Hall" (No.270 [2065438+04]), and agreed in principle to the project establishment of the Cultural Relics Protection and Exhibition Project of Qiaoling Nanmenque and Fan's Emirates Hall. 2065438+On March 20th, 2005, National Cultural Heritage Administration approved the "Request for Instructions on the Project Establishment of Zhuquemen in Qiaoling and the Protection of Local Mausoleum Wall Sites on both sides" (Shaanxi Cultural Relics Zi [2065438+04] No.272), and agreed in principle to the project establishment of Zhuquemen in Qiaoling and the protection of local mausoleum wall sites on both sides. On April 24, 20 15, National Cultural Heritage Administration approved the request for instructions on establishing the southwest and southeast corner protection project of Qiaoling site (Shaanxi Cultural Relics Zi [20 14] No.271). On April 24th, 20 15, National Cultural Heritage Administration approved the Request for Instructions on the Project Establishment of Tangqiao Xiagong Site Protection and Exhibition Project (Shaanxi Cultural Relics Zi [2065438+04] No.307). On July 3rd, 2005, National Cultural Heritage Administration approved the "Request for Instructions on the Compilation of Tang Tomb Protection Planning (Revision)" (Shaanxi Cultural Relics Zi [2015] No.76), and agreed in principle to the compilation of the revision of Qiaoling Protection Planning. These cultural relics are very valuable. The Han Dynasty flourished in the Tang Dynasty, which is the pride of the Chinese nation. In the prosperous period of Kaiyuan, the politics, economy and culture of the Tang Dynasty empire reached its peak, representing the highest level of world development at that time, and Qiaoling was the representative of social prosperity in tomb architecture in this special historical period. Qiaoling was built in the prosperous era of Kaiyuan, and all kinds of facilities are very respectful. Lingqu Mountain has the momentum of "three mountains and one platform in Jiu Feng", and the stone carvings on both sides of Shinto are exquisite and majestic, which has the reputation of "the crown of stone carvings in the world". After 1270 years of wind erosion and rain stripping, it is still magnificent. It can be called the open-air exhibition hall of stone carving art in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the representative of the most prosperous feudal social relics in China, and the important link and hot spot of the tourist line "Mountain-Water-City-Mausoleum" in eastern Shaanxi. In the Tang dynasty, nobles advocated thick burial, and stone carving was popular as a tomb decoration. As the saying goes, "not magnificent, but important after death." As the mausoleum of the emperor in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Qiaoling fully embodies the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty in terms of scale, quantity, skills, majestic modeling and perfect procedures, and is also a well-preserved mausoleum area. Therefore, together with Ganling, it is called the highest stone carving art in the tombs of the Tang Dynasty, which is a national key. Tang Ruizong Li Dan, the fifth emperor of the Tang Dynasty, the eighth son of Emperor Gaozong, the fourth son of Wu Zetian, and the father of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Longji. Li Dan once ascended the throne of the emperor twice, but the time was not long and the results were minimal. Because of his insight into form, he chose his third son, Li Longji, who had martial arts skills, as the prince, and abdicated in time to the emperor's father, which prevented the palace coup and laid the foundation for the prosperity of Kaiyuan. He was a wise monarch. Visit Information Location: Northwest of pucheng county, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province Opening Hours: 08: 00- 18: 00 Tickets: 40 yuan Transportation: Take the long-distance bus from xi 'an Chengdong Bus Station or Weinan Bus Station to Pucheng, and then transfer to the bus "Pucheng-Dakong" in pucheng county. Take a taxi from Pucheng County to Qiaoling, and the fare is about 20 yuan. Driving guide: 77 kilometers away from Weinan city. Weinan City-Weipu Bridge-S108-x 219-s106-x 219-x 308 to the destination.