Nurhachi has an evolutionary process of attaching importance to Han officials first and then despising them.
Nurhachi's successful surrender to Li Yongfang shows that he attaches great importance to Han Chinese officials. First, in April of the third year of the mandate of heaven (46 years of Wanli, 16 18), Nurhachi attacked Fushun city. Ming will guerrilla to defend Fushun city. Nurhachi knew Li Yongfang better because of the horse market trade, and he wanted to surrender to Li Yongfang. So, I sent him a letter of persuasion. There was a sentence in the letter: "China accepts talented people, even those who are slightly self-motivated, will still use it and get married."
If this is the case with you, aren't you more favored and tied with my first minister? You surrender without a fight, let you do your duty as usual and support you; If you fight, can my arrow know you? Will die when common goals intersect. "Nurhachi lured him to profit and scared him to death. Li Yongfang finally surrendered. Nurhachi doesn't eat the preface.
Promote him to be the company commander and marry his granddaughter. Nurhachi kept his promise. Li Yongfang became an example of Nurhachi's surrender to Han officials in the Ming Dynasty.
Another Han official who surrendered was Fan Wencheng. There is a biography in the Biography of Qing History (Volume 5). Fan Wencheng is from Shenyang. Born into a noble family, his great-grandfather was the minister of war in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and his grandfather was the commander-in-chief of Shen Yangwei. "Wen Cheng is less good at reading, and Ying Min is heavy." He is a student. "Destiny for three years, private Fushun, twenty years one. Taizu spoke highly of it, called it, knew that he was familiar with the affairs of the world, and made him accompany him. " How did Nurhachi find him? Peng, a person in the early Qing Dynasty, wrote: "(Fan Wencheng) said from one place to another,' Here I am. 17 people were bound and punished, when Mao suddenly asked: Can you read? By students. Yes I was overjoyed. So far, 17 people have been hired. ""This is the process of Nurhachi hiring Fan Wencheng, which is very dramatic. Seventeen scholars who were about to be slaughtered were hired by Nurhachi because they could read, and they escaped.
Fan Wencheng was a slave at first. Later, with his wisdom and talent, he gradually won the appreciation and reuse of Nurhachi. Nurhachi repeatedly said: "He is the son of a famous minister and should be treated well." Therefore, Fan Wencheng was respected by the kings.
However, after entering Liaoshen area, due to the increasing number of Han Chinese officials, Nurhachi began to despise Han Chinese officials. He put the captured Han official under the jurisdiction of Baylor, the minister, and the status of Han official declined sharply. Their personalities were insulted, their bodies were beaten, their property was looted and their wives and daughters were bought and sold. There is not enough food to eat, so they often sell their servants or pawn their clothes to make a living.
Nurhachi's wrong practice caused resistance from Han officials. However, Nurhachi is increasingly suspicious of the loyalty of Han officials. He even once suspected that Li Yongfang had ties with foreign countries, cut off Li Yongfang's post, and later resumed it. However, since then, Li Yongfang has been spoiled.
The shrewd Huang taiji realized the extreme importance of Han officials from a strategic perspective. He changed Nurhachi's wrong practice and adopted three important policies for Han officials, which achieved success.
Actively recruit and do everything possible to win him over. He believes that Han officials are indispensable talents and will be of great use in the future. Now we must do everything possible to attract them. To this end, he formulated a specific surrender policy: the original Ming officials surrendered, and the descendants inherited the father's position unchanged; If ordinary people kill local officials and surrender, they will be awarded official positions according to their merits; When a person comes down, the state supports it; When the number of people comes down, they will be appointed according to the number of people. Huang taiji adopted the strategy of coming and going freely to the surrendered Han officials. Ming Taizu Zu Dashou was forced to surrender when he was guarding the Daling River in the fifth year of Tiancong (163 1 year), and was later released to Jinzhou to rebel, but never came back.
Huang taiji didn't blame him, but patiently waited for him for ten years, until he was defeated in Songshan Battle in the seventh year of Chongde (1642) before surrendering. Huang taiji still expressed his welcome and hospitality.
Respect for personality, generous treatment, due to the correct policy, more and more Han officials surrendered. No matter the position or the number of Han officials who surrendered, Huang Taiji accepted the "grace". Respect for personality, generous treatment. The surrender of the Han officials made everyone happy, and they were bent on seeking gold.
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The most typical example is the gift from Huang Taiji to Daling River City. In the fifth year of Tiancong (the fourth year of Chongzhen, 163 1), on the first day of December, Huang Taiji occupied Daling River City. Because of the siege in March, the ammunition was exhausted, and Huang Taiji ordered that the grain and rice of his army be transported to the Ming army for 233 tons to solve the famine. He also called the generals of the Ming Dynasty, ordered the lieutenants and other officials to sit around them, and gave a "big banquet" on the way back to the army. Although there was a lack of food and grass and the horses were tired, they were stationed below the lieutenant general, and they still gave vehicles according to the amount of luggage and horses according to the level, and sent 4,000 people to escort them. Arriving at Puhe River near Shenyang, the left-behind generals of the late Jin Dynasty, Baili DuDu, and others greeted them here, and "paid homage to the victorious Baili minister and the surrendered officials" and "ordered hundreds of cattle and sheep and 300 bottles of wine to be sent to the soldiers of the Hanguan camp". Also awarded to the generals "mink hat, fox skin, sheepskin, satin clothes are all poor." On February 18, Huang Taiji issued an order: "All the captains, generals, guerrillas and other officials will surrender and turn to the eight flags, with four members for each flag. Zu Dashou's sons and nephews are all separated, and they are treated with courtesy. More than 100 officers under the command and garrison will be adopted by old Han officials. Its scholars and Hexi people belong to the Eight Banners Old Han Dynasty. Return those who fled from Liaodong to Hedong to your master. If there is no owner, it will be distributed according to the place where it should be given. " Huang Taiji also told Minister Baylor: "The officials of Daling River can make the eight families more delicious, and they will hold a big banquet every five days. As today, as a gift. " The commander-in-chief of the Ming army said with emotion, "Officials have a lot of banquets every day, and they always pay attention to their diet. I feel indebted to them and kowtow to them. " Huang taiji's treatment of Han officials even surpassed that of Manchu officials in some aspects. The number of Han officials reached thousands, and the remaining hundred people, at least twenty people. There are not thousands of ministers full of officials. Huang taiji said to the Han official, "I have attached a new official to you, which is integrated with the old official and even better than the old official." Everyone is exempt from corvee. Are there any old ministers who have been exempted from corvee like you? "The' veteran' here refers to the full officer. Han Guan became an upstart. Huang taiji sighed with emotion: "Now you are rich! "Some Manchu officials also have feelings about the superior situation of Han officials. They grumbled, "Mao slaughtered the Han people and raised Manchuria. Today, the Han people are king, and there are people who are loyal to the country. As for the imperial clan, there are officials and people today. The opposite is true, consistent with this. "Obviously, these Manchu officials yearned for the Nurhachi era and were very dissatisfied with Huang Taiji's Han official policy. This also proves the success of Huang taiji's policy of Han officials from the opposite side.
Rely on, promote and reuse Huang taiji's sincere reliance on the demotion of the Ming Dynasty. Really capable, he boldly promoted and reused, giving direction and future. Fan Wencheng was really put into use in the era of Huang Taiji. Huang Taiji cut down the Ming Dynasty and asked Fan Wencheng for advice. He replied, "Tell people along the road that once the territory belongs to me, they will be exempted from taxes to show their love and support." Huang taiji adopted his suggestion. Later Jin Dynasty changed the title to Qing Dynasty, and Fan Wencheng was promoted to be a civilian leader, and was awarded a bachelor's degree in Secret Academy. "When Wencheng is in charge of secret affairs, every time he enters the right place, he has to leave for dozens of minutes or be summoned again before he can eat." Huang taiji respectfully called him Fan Zhangjing. "Militarists to discuss where to play, it is better to ask fan know. Maybe there is a problem, that is, Yun: Why not discuss it with Fan? The courtier said: Fan ran away. That is Yu Xing. " Fan Wencheng became Huang taiji's "confidant". After the death of Huang Taiji, Fu Lin, the ancestor of Qing Dynasty, succeeded to the throne, and Fan Wencheng's position became more important. Later, Fu Lin was in charge of Michelle Ye, and Fan Wencheng's reputation was even more prosperous. It can be said that he was the leading founding father of the Qing Dynasty. His reuse began in the period of Huang taiji, and Huang taiji's policy of reducing Han played a key role.
The wide implementation of Huang taiji's policy of surrender to Han laid a solid foundation for his conquest of Ming Dynasty. But the urgent task is to form an alliance and friendship with another country, Mongolia, and consolidate the home front.
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