In fact, the historical stage of the development of ancient classical Chinese in general classical literature has indeed been roughly mentioned in the upstairs answer, but according to the graduate version of ancient literature textbook published by Peking University, China's real classical Chinese novels should have appeared from the Han Dynasty, not the pre-Qin period mentioned upstairs. China's ancient classical Chinese novels developed to * * * only once, that is, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the novels circulated among the people were basically in the form of classical Chinese, and the scope of circulation expanded unprecedentedly. In the late Tang and Song Dynasties, vernacular novels began to shake the position of classical Chinese novels because vernacular Chinese appeared more and more in folk writing, which was the decline period of classical Chinese novels. Upstairs, it is wrong to say that the Qing Dynasty was a * * * period from the academic point of view. Because in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although there were excellent classical Chinese novels such as Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, in fact, in the era of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, vernacular novels have greatly replaced the status of classical Chinese novels, so it can no longer be regarded as the peak period.
So now the academic circles think that the peak of classical Chinese novels is in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and the representative works should be Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying, Bai Xingjian's Biography of Li Wa and Li's Biography of Liu Yi. But today, the highest historical achievement is Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio.
(Note: The success of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio cannot be explained only from a literary perspective, so although it does not belong to the peak period of classical Chinese novels, it is still the most successful classical Chinese novels. )
2. What are the test sites for classical Chinese in the college entrance examination? 1. The syllabus for reading classical Chinese requires that the examination contents and corresponding ability levels specified in the syllabus are as follows: 1. Understand B (1) Understand the meaning of common function words in classical Chinese (2) Understand the meaning and usage of common function words in classical Chinese: He, What, Hu, Nai, Qi, Qi.
(3) Understand the sentence patterns and usages different from modern Chinese: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, prepositional objects, component ellipsis and flexible use of parts of speech. (4) Understand and translate the sentences in the text. 2. Analyze and synthesize C (1) to filter the information in the text. 2. Summarize the main points and summarize the central meaning. 3. Analyze and summarize the author's views and attitudes in this paper. 2. explain the main points. 1: Understand the meaning of common content words in classical Chinese. Explain that "common content words in classical Chinese" refer to the meaning of ancient and modern Chinese words with high frequency of use. The content word 120 in the appendix of "Chinese Curriculum Standard for Ordinary Senior High Schools (Experiment)" is the main object of examination; According to the principle of "examination questions are outside the classroom and knowledge is outside the classroom", the key substantive words in the textbook are the focus of examination.
"Meaning in the text" refers to the meaning of notional words in classical Chinese in a specific context. Understanding the Meaning of Common Content Words in Classical Chinese not only examines the knowledge of content words in Classical Chinese, but also examines the ability to use this knowledge to solve practical problems. The main test sites involved include polysemy, ancient and modern different meanings, interchangeable words, flexible use of parts of speech, compound words with partial meanings and other classical Chinese phenomena. Candidates should be able to make correct and reasonable inferences and explanations according to specific contexts.
Point 2: Understand the meaning and usage of function words commonly used in classical Chinese. This test center has two specific requirements: one is "common use" and the other is "meaning and usage in the text". The so-called "gong" refers to 18 commonly used function words in classical Chinese: er, he, Hu, Nai, Qi, Ye, Ruo, Suo, Wei, Yan, Ye, Yi, Cause, Yu, He, Zhe.
The so-called "meaning and usage in the text" refers to the grammatical functions such as the meaning (meaning) of function words and their parts of speech or components (usage) in sentences, and on the other hand, it refers to understanding the meaning and usage of function words in classical Chinese according to the specific context (meaning in the text), rather than relying on rote memorization. Although there is no separate test about this test center in the national volume of the new curriculum standard, having this ability is not only very helpful to dredge the meaning of the text and understand the article, but more importantly, to accurately translate sentences, so it can not be ignored.
Point 3: Understand the sentence patterns and usage points different from modern Chinese. Explain that the focus of this test center is "different from modern Chinese", indicating that the focus of this test center is the difference between classical Chinese and modern Chinese. The examination syllabus clearly stipulates that it is necessary to master "sentence patterns different from modern Chinese", including sentence patterns in classical Chinese, such as judgmental sentences, passive sentences, prepositional objects and component ellipsis, and it is necessary to master "usage different from modern Chinese", that is, the flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese.
Although these classical Chinese sentence patterns are not specially set in the national volume of the new curriculum standard, they may be involved in sentence translation. Not only that, mastering these sentence patterns is also conducive to understanding the meaning; As for the flexible use of parts of speech, it may not only appear in the translation of sentences, but also in the examination of the understanding of the meaning of notional words in classical Chinese. Point 4: Understanding and translating sentence points in the text This test center has two requirements: one is to correctly understand the meaning of sentences in the text, and the other is to translate classical Chinese sentences into modern Chinese.
"Understanding the sentence in the text" refers to reading the meaning of a sentence according to the context, and making an in-depth analysis of this sentence from the aspects of ideological content, expression effect and tone. Translating a sentence is to transform a classical Chinese sentence into a logical vernacular that conforms to the grammatical norms of modern Chinese on the basis of understanding, so as to achieve accurate meaning, orderly words and clear norms.
Accurate understanding and translation of classical Chinese sentences is the basis and key to reading classical Chinese, and we must attach great importance to it. Point five: filter the information in the article and explain the main points. This test center requires candidates to read articles purposefully.
The so-called "information in the text" generally refers to the language materials that reflect the characters' ideological character, personality temperament and behavior in the selected text. The so-called "screening" means that candidates are required to delimit intervals according to certain requirements or directions, identify and judge the language materials in the text from a certain angle, select the main information that meets the requirements, and remove the secondary and redundant information.
It requires two aspects: first, it can screen out sentences that meet the requirements of the topic, and second, it can distinguish the right and wrong information in the topic by comparing the materials. Point 6: summarize the main points of the content, summarize the central meaning and explain the main points. This test center examines the ability to further understand the materials and ideas of the article on the basis of screening information.
The so-called "content division" mainly includes the basic situation, main deeds, influence and evaluation of the characters, and the most important content is the deeds of the characters. The so-called "central meaning" refers to the spiritual quality and moral sentiment of the characters.
"Summarize the main points of content and summarize the central meaning" requires candidates to accurately understand the meaning of words and sentences, screen the main information through discrimination, grasp the main deeds of characters, and accurately summarize the spiritual quality and moral sentiments of characters accordingly. Point 7: Analyze and summarize the author's views and attitudes in the article. Explain that "the author's point of view and attitude in the text" refers to the attitude of the author of historical biography when describing a certain character.
This attitude or love-hate relationship of historical biography authors towards characters is generally implied in the narrative of the main deeds of characters. Therefore, "analyzing and summarizing the author's views and attitudes in the text" should first sort out and grasp the main deeds of the characters, then summarize the spiritual quality and moral sentiments of the characters, and finally judge the author's attitude towards the characters or love-hate relationship. It should be noted that "analyzing and summarizing the author's views and attitudes in the article" must be based on the premise of "summarizing the main points of the content and summarizing the central meaning". Therefore, the exams of these two test sites are generally inseparable.
3. Seek the common sense of classical Chinese in the college entrance examination, sum up the common sense of literature, don't confuse it, and always pay attention to distinguish some easily confused knowledge, such as remembering some literary thoughts and representative figures of different schools; The recitation of famous sentences and articles ultimately depends on dictation on paper. When reviewing, we must combine recitation with dictation, and we must be careful when dictation, so as not to make mistakes such as typos, missing words and inverted sentences. Also pay attention to punctuation and tone.
This testing center is up to standard. 1. "Where the soul evokes, vanilla will give birth to three families; At that time, Xiang Liu should know the heart of Jiuge. This couplet is about () A. Jia Yi B. Zhuge Liang C. Qu Yuan D. Wen Tianxiang Answer: C. (The couplets are embedded with the names of Qu Yuan's poems "Evocation of Soul" and "Nine Songs", and Qu Yuan's poems use herbs as a metaphor for noble qualities. Qu Yuan was exiled in Xiangjiang River and Yuanjiang River.
From the content point of view, it is consistent with Qu Yuan. Emotionally, I expressed my regret and sympathy. ) 2. The following works, writers and countries (or dynasties) are all correct: () A. Journey to the West-Wu Cheng'en-Divine Comedy in Ming Dynasty-Dante-German B. Garden in the Mirror-Li Ruzhen-Tom in Ming Dynasty? The Adventures of Sawyer-Mark? Twain-American C. The West Chamber-Wang Shifu-Don Juan in Yuan Dynasty-Byron-Englishman D. Peach Blossom Fan-Kong Renshang-Red and Black in Qing Dynasty-Mo Bosang-French Answer: C (A A. Dante, the author of Divine Comedy, is Italian, not German; B. Li Ruzhen, the author of "Jing Hua Yuan", is from the Qing Dynasty, not the Ming Dynasty; The author of Red and Black is French Stendhal, not Mo Bosang.
(13) "One father and three sons are great writers, handed down from generation to generation, and Emei has a high proportion of * * *." The "three fathers and sons" in this poem are () A. Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi B. Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe C. Ban Biao, Ban Gu, Ban Chao D. Du Fu, Du Mu and Du Xunhe. Answer: b) A poem in the stem is written by Comrade Zhu De for Susan Temple in Sichuan, and the correct answer should be B.
In item A, although Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are also great writers, they also have poems that have been handed down to this day, but they do not conform to the content of "Emei is higher than * * *" in the poem. In item C, although Ban Biao, Ban Gu and Ban Chao are three fathers and sons, Ban Biao and Ban Gu are both famous for their historiography, while Ban Chao is a celebrity, which is inconsistent with the content of "all great writers" in the poem.
Du Fu, Du Mu and Du Xunhe in Item D are not father and son, and they are even less poetic. )。
4. The key classical Chinese texts in junior high school are arranged according to the dynasty and the author's dynasty (1): Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period of The Analects of Confucius
(B): The Debate of Cao Gui Zuo Qiuming was selected from Zuo Zhuan in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
(3): "I want fish" Warring States Mencius is selected from "Mencius? Gaozishang
(4): "Born in Worry and Died in Happiness" Mencius in the Warring States Period was selected from "Mencius". Tell your son. "
(E): Zhuge Liang in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms
(6) Tao Qian of Peach Blossom Garden in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
(7): "Three Gorges" North Wei Li Daoyuan.
(VIII): Ma Shuo was written by Tang Hanyu from about 795 to 800.
(9) The Story of Little Stone Pond was written by Liu Tang Zongyuan in 805.
(X): "Humble Room Ming" Liu Yuxi in Tang Dynasty
(XI): Zui Ting was written by Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty in August 1046.
(XII): The Story of Yueyang Tower was written by Fan Zhongyan in the Northern Song Dynasty in September 1046.
(XIII): The Theory of Love Lotus was written by Zhou Dunyi in the Northern Song Dynasty in 107 1 year.
(14) Night Tour in Chengtian Temple was written by Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty on 1083.
(15): Song Lian1310-1381sent to Ma Sheng in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.
(16): "thoroughfare" Shen Qingfu
5. What are the common official titles for reading classical Chinese in senior high school? They are four hundred stones, six hundred stones, bronze seals and black belts, offering sacrifices to various countries and committing crimes.
Ding Cao, the main book. Taizai Cheng received a salary of 400 stones, a salary of 400 stones, and a bronze seal and black ribbon to assist Taishiling.
Zhao Shi, grade salary 200 stone, ephemeris. Tai Shicheng.
Taibu is an official. Grand ceremony star, palm ephemeris, a hundred stones for food, Osamu Dazai's specific work.
Taile City, the rank salary is 400 stone, and the rank salary is 300 stone. Hu Cao, the chief civilian, offered sacrifices to ploughing mulberry, and the bronze seal was black: Tai Zhu Ling, with a salary of 600 stone, and Qiu Yushi, the chief magistrate of the county.
Master book, save and record everything. In history, killing people, telling stories, and taking charge of national sacrifices can't specify which official positions are common. Rank 400 stone, copper seal black, palm wish little god.
Officials, rank them for food. 3. The censor mainly exercises the functions and powers of the Deputy Prime Minister, is the assistant to the Prime Minister, and is in charge of Tang Ming.
Ling Taicheng participated in the administrative decision-making of the central government. The system of "Nine Nobles" is too common, and "Three Publics" refers to nine institutions, namely, the Prime Minister, the Bronze Seal Black Belt and the Shaofu. At the same time, Jin Wu, Da Changqiu, will be a great craftsman with the same status and rank as Jiuqing, praising the son of heaven.
Dr. Li Guan, 1000-6000 Stone, scattered posts without seal, salary, seal and palm posts are as follows. Zuo Fengyi is the third assistant, that is, the local governor of Shi Jing, who is qualified to participate in the discussion on the DPRK. He has a special status as a high and ordinary county magistrate, so he can also be listed in Zhu Qing. 1, copper seal black, because the college entrance examination is a person's random biography, so they and Jiuqing are collectively called Zhu Qing, and the prime minister ranks first among all officials, with the highest salary.
The Prime Minister imposed a tax. Facao, in charge of the day, code the grave.
Yes, the rank salary is 600 stone and the rank salary is 2000 stone. TaiChangCheng, rank salary thousand stone, copper seal black ribbon, palm all the things of sacrifice and salute, general administration cao, manager informed.
2. Rank salary is more complicated than wine festivals, temples and cemeteries of Shifan, Taifu, Liu Lingcheng and doctors. Look at the gas, the Lord looks at the gas, and the result of the discussion is that the prime minister will take the lead and hit the emperor in charge of food.
Soldier Cao is in charge of military affairs. Jin Cao, who is in charge of money, salt and iron affairs, is the specific agent of Taylor Cheng, who is divided into stars, the sun, the moon and the sky.
Musical eight dances. * * * The nobles exercise the functions and powers of the Prime Minister.
Officials have the right to be in charge of the planning and assessment of counties, to lead officials to discuss and play things, and to slaughter livestock. Guard, captain of the guard.
The prime minister is young, Guang Luxun assists the prime minister, and the sovereign is lawless. Gold seal purple ribbon, Wanshi rank, palm, auxiliary Wanji, Taishu, Taizai, the main chapter plays things. The thief Cao, the chief thief, will be jointly decided by the emperor and the prime minister * * *: Taizai Order, with a rank of 600 stone, will be the main post.
Cao Wei changed everything. Play Cao, rank salary of two hundred stone, bronze yellow ribbon, palm guard platform.
Tai Changyi, rank 400 stone, bronze seal black ribbon, the highest military attache position, rank 10 thousand stone, big sinong, standing by. Give an official title, rank four hundred stones, seal two thousand stones, and clear the ribbon with silver. Cheng, rank salary of two hundred stone.
A surname is an official, and when the country is enshrined, he holds Chen furniture, ranking more than 600 stones. History of prime minister.
In the early Western Han Dynasty, the prime minister had the right to choose officials. Slaughterers, input from the mountains.
The Great Wall, the capital city, and the water control dike of the main ancestral temple cemetery. Director of Qutai, main hall, turtle, please rain.
Ruling calendar, master calendar, in charge of the furniture of slaughter workers. Serving Cao, with black ribbons and yellow ribbons, assisting the emperor in handling state affairs, earned a lot of money.
The prime minister has a long history, assisting the prime minister, black belt of bronze seal, civil affairs and law. No grass.
The positions and salaries of the officials in the Prime Minister's Office are as follows: All the people are singing and dancing during the sacrifice, and they are cooks with bronze seals and black belts. Cheng, rank salary of two hundred stone.
Member collector, silver ribbon. Second, reward achievements and punish crimes. : Taishiling, the rank salary is 600 stone: Prime Minister, often entrusted by the emperor to preside over the Prime Minister, convene hundreds of officials to discuss, and have the right to help the wind. Among the three, the position is the lowest, and the funeral is married, which helps Taichang.
Storytelling, the rank salary is 600 stone. Taizai is an official.
Murderers, say blessings and greet the gods when the country sacrifices. Taizhucheng, Taiwei Taiwei is a North Korean official position, second only to the prime minister, specializing in military affairs. These are regarded as extracurricular knowledge, which is Lv Zhong's business.
Le Tai was an official: Le Tai helped TaiChangCheng. According to this story, the salary scale is 200 stones, and all countries offer sacrifices to Zhang Mingtang.
In charge of temple affairs, he generally does not participate in specific administrative affairs, such as chefs, bronze seals and black ribbons, and mainly divines when national affairs are important. I am a servant, holding three hundred stones, bronze seals and yellow ribbons, and assisting the servant.
A clerk, an agent. Doctor: Doctor's order, salary of 600 stone, black belt of bronze seal, in charge of medicine.
Doctor Tai Cheng, with a salary of 400 stone, bronze seal and black ribbon, is in charge of medicine. Doctor Tai is in charge of medicine.
All the ancestral halls belong to the official: the order and rank are paid 600 stone, the black ribbon is sealed with bronze, the ancestral hall is guarded, and the case is sorted out. Food supervisor, rank salary 600 stone, copper black belt, staple food official order number.
Cheng, with 400 stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, helped to maintain the temple. Principal, salary of 400 stone, bronze seal and black ribbon, thief of the main ancestral temple.
Cheng Jian, rank salary 300 stone, bronze medal and yellow ribbon, food supervision assistant. Zhong Huangmen, Assistant Food Supervisor.
The food officer of the tomb cemetery belongs to the official: Miaolang, the main ancestral hall. Sleeping Lang, Lord, go back to sleep.
In Yuen Long, the master guards the garden. Officials, guards, guards of major temples and cemeteries.
Doctor: offering wine, ranking 600 stone, bronze seal and black ribbon, master's degree. Doctor, with a salary of more than 600 stone, is responsible for educating disciples. If there is any doubt about the country, he will ask the right questions.
Doctoral disciple, singing all over the students. 2. Guang Luxun Guang Luxun, evolved from Qin Langzhong Ling, was in charge of public security affairs in the imperial court, but the actual power did not stop there.
The emperor's brain trust is concentrated here, and it is also the place where alternate officials are trained. Officer Guanglu Xun: Guanglu Qing, salary of 2,000 stone, silver and silver ribbon clearing, salary of 1,000 stone, general Chelang, general Hulang, salary of 1,000 stone, general Riding Lang, salary of 1,000 stone. These three saburos will be collectively referred to as the three generals in Langzhong, and they will be the hosts and guardians.
As a corps commander, the rank salary is more than 2,000 stones, the rank salary is more than 2,000 stones, and the rank salary is more than 2,000 stones. These three saburos will be collectively called corps commander, and they will be the hosts and guardians. The rank of commander-in-chief among samurai is more than 2000 stones, and that in feather forest is more than 2000 stones. These two places will be collectively called samurai feather forest, where the master stays and guards.
Dr. Guanglu, Dr. Taizhong, Dr. Zhong San, Dr. Zhong San, Dr. Kenichi, Dr. Qi Da Fu, Dr. Qi Da Fu, Dr. Qi Da Fu, Dr. Qi Da Fu. These four doctors asked questions from their stories and asked for help for the emperor. Negotiator, rank salary of 600 stone, for the emperor.
Servant shooting, the rank salary is more than a thousand stones, and the host and guest praise patience. .