Background of psychoanalysis

Mentioned psychoanalysis (also known as psychoanalysis, psychodynamics), it is inevitable to talk about Freud (S. Freud, 1856- 1939). As a famous psychiatrist in Austria and the founder of psychoanalysis school, he gradually developed psychoanalysis theory and related treatment methods from the clinical treatment work at the end of 19. At first, his work was unknown, criticized and notorious. Later, due to more and more followers, his critics reluctantly accepted some of his special arguments and gradually gained support. His thoughts expanded day by day until all his thoughts about human motivation spread among psychologists and ordinary people. In their view, the word Freud is almost as well known as Darwinism. It should be said that a set of classic psychoanalytic theories established by Freud required great theoretical courage and practical spirit at that time. His work is a pioneering event in the field of psychotherapy, which makes this field have its own complete theoretical system and working methods for the first time. His theory also made a psychological discussion on the causes of mental diseases such as neurosis for the first time, which turned people's attention from the outside world to the study of people's hearts. Many people have raised many criticisms and objections to psychoanalytic theory and treatment methods. Before and during the Cultural Revolution in China, psychoanalysis was regarded as a forbidden area. In fact, no matter how many shortcomings or defects Freud and his psychoanalytic theory and treatment methods have, they can't hide his brilliant contributions to mankind already and possibly in the future.

Among the basic theories of psychoanalysis, the parts related to psychological counseling and psychotherapy mainly include: unconsciousness and depression theory, sexual psychological development theory, personality composition theory and psychopathology theory of neurosis.

Unconsciousness has two meanings: first, people can't realize the real reasons and motives of some of their actions; Second, there is a potential psychological activity under people's conscious consciousness.

Freud's unconsciousness is a kind of dynamic unconsciousness. He thinks that there is a conflict between motivation, desire and repression in human unconsciousness, which is dynamic rather than static. When the concept of unconsciousness was formed, Freud pointed out that there are two kinds of unconsciousness, one is the deep unconsciousness called "repressed unconsciousness"; One is shallow and close to consciousness, which is called "pre-consciousness" or "potential unconsciousness"

Freud believed that people have two instincts: self instinct and sexual instinct.

Psychological structure theory, also known as personality structure theory, is Freud's later theoretical contribution. According to this theory, personality structure includes three stages: ego, id and superego. Id: It is the most primitive, fuzzy and difficult part of personality. It is blind excitement with no purpose in the life system, including all kinds of desires and conflicts. It is an energy reserve with no purpose at all, and it is the motive force for seeking satisfaction from instinct. Ego: Ego is on the surface of the original ego, between pre-consciousness and unconsciousness. Reflect rationality and caution in personality structure. In addition to the general functions of perception, memory, thinking and action, the ego is mainly to feel the reality and deal with the relationship between individuals and reality. Superego: Also known as ideal ego, it is the supervising and criticizing institution in personality and the representative of all moral reasons. The main function is to distinguish good from evil according to the social moral concept to which an individual belongs, as a criterion for self-action. It represents ideals and conscience.