According to reports, although the total water resources in Shanghai are abundant, the available fresh water resources are very limited, accounting for only 20% of the surface water resources, which is 1 188 billion cubic meters. In terms of per capita water resources, Shanghai has only 1.049 cubic meters, which is 40% of the national average and 10% of the world average. In addition, the Huangpu River, which is 80% of the drinking water source for Shanghai residents, can only maintain the water quality of Grade 3 ~ 5 all the year round due to the change of water environment, which aggravates the shortage of water resources and affects the living environment and city image of Shanghai.
At present, the per capita water consumption in Shanghai is as high as 200 liters per day, 50 liters more than that in Europe and Japan. Families in Shanghai seldom use water-saving appliances. According to the statistics of relevant departments, nearly 900,000 sets of old-fashioned vertical toilets used by residents in this city leak 0.5 liters to 1 liter every day, wasting millions of tons of water every year.
Experts suggest that extensive and in-depth publicity and education should be carried out among Shanghai citizens to vigorously promote water-saving equipment. At the same time, the water environment should be treated and rectified according to law, and enterprises and units that cause water pollution should be technically transformed. Newly-invested factories should resolutely implement the policy of putting prevention first and try to reduce the pollution of river courses caused by pollutant discharge.
Jiangnan Times (May 2000 16, 4th Edition)
To sum up, there are many people and water, which leads to serious waste and pollution.
Question 2: What kind of water-deficient city does Shanghai belong to? Shanghai is not short of water at present, but China is short of water as a whole.
Question 3: What is the root cause of water shortage in Shanghai? Water shortage in Shanghai mainly belongs to water shortage, that is, water pollution is serious.
Water shortage types are customarily divided into resource type, engineering type and water quality type. In this paper, the water quality type is renamed as management type. According to the characteristics of water resources utilization in China, water resources utilization rate and per capita water supply are used as water shortage classification indicators, and the specific classification criteria are as follows:
Utilization rate of water resources > 40%, per capita water supply.
Per capita water supply in non-arid areas >: 500m3/ person (or per capita water supply in arid areas >; 2000m3/ person), the total water supply can basically meet the demand. However, due to various reasons, there is a temporary water shortage in this area, which can generally be solved by saving water, tapping the potential and rationally allocating resources. It is called a management water shortage area. Among them, water shortage caused by water pollution can also be called water shortage.
Utilization ratio of water resources
Water shortage in other areas generally has two or more characteristics, which is called comprehensive water shortage area.
Question 4: Is Shanghai one of the most water-deficient cities in China? Shanghai is listed as one of 36 water-deficient cities, and predicted by the United Nations as one of the six cities in the world that are seriously short of clean water in 2 1 century.
Question 5: What kind of water-deficient city is Shanghai? Shanghai is a city short of water.
Question 6: Why has Shanghai become a water-deficient city with too many people? Tap water is mostly taken from underground, and now the groundwater level is very low, and even seawater is needed. To put it bluntly, population growth and natural supply are unbalanced. Therefore, it is suggested that the state effectively control the development of big cities and transfer population and economic input to small and medium-sized cities. Only in this way can we make good use of the barrel effect to develop the national economy and balance the income gap of residents.
Question 7: Except for several major river basins, China is short of water.
China is a country with severe drought and water shortage. The total amount of fresh water resources is 2.8 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 6% of the global water resources, ranking fourth in the world, second only to Brazil, Russia and Canada. The average per capita is only 2,200 cubic meters, which is only 1/4 of the world average, while that of the United States is 1/5, ranking 1 in the world and 1 in the world.
After deducting the hard-to-use flood runoff and groundwater resources scattered in remote areas, the available fresh water resources in China are even less, only about 1 1000 billion cubic meters, and the per capita available water resources are about 900 cubic meters and their distribution.
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Extremely unbalanced. By the end of the 20th century, more than 400 cities in China were short of water, among which 1 10 cities were seriously short of water, with a total water shortage of 6 billion cubic meters.
According to the monitoring, the groundwater in most cities in China is polluted to a certain extent, and it is getting worse year by year. The increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the use function of water, but also intensifies the contradiction of water shortage, which seriously affects the sustainable development strategy being implemented in China, and also seriously threatens the drinking water safety of urban residents and the health of the people.
Present situation of water resources in China
1, division of water resources basins in China.
According to the river system, China is divided into ten river basins:
1 Heilongjiang basin, 2 Liaohe basin, 3 Haihe basin, 4 Yellow River basin, 5 Huaihe River basin, 6 Yangtze River basin, 7 Pearl River basin, 7 Southeast River basin, 7 Hainan River basin and 7 inland river basin.
2. Water resources assessment in China.
In the early 1980s, with the support of the Ministry of Water Resources, the first national water resources assessment was carried out, and the national water resources were assessed according to the hydrometeorological data of 1956- 1979. The results are shown in Tables 5 and 6.
(1) Total precipitation. During the period of 1956- 1979, the average annual precipitation was 6.2 trillion cubic meters, which was equivalent to the precipitation depth of 648mm, which was about 20% lower than the global land average. Affected by climate and topography, the regional distribution of precipitation is extremely uneven, decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. The average annual precipitation in Taiwan Province Province is 2535 mm, while the average annual precipitation in Tarim Basin and Qaidam Basin is less than 25 mm. ..
(2) River runoff. In China, about 56% of the precipitation evaporates through land and returns to the air, and the remaining 44% forms runoff. The national river runoff is 2.7 trillion cubic meters, equivalent to the runoff depth of 284 mm, of which the groundwater discharge is 678 billion cubic meters, accounting for about 27%; Glacier meltwater supplies 56 billion cubic meters, accounting for about 2%; The inflow of foreign water is about17.2 billion cubic meters.
(3) Soil water flux. According to the estimation of land evapotranspiration and groundwater discharge, the soil water flux in China is about 4.2 trillion cubic meters (accounting for about 67% of the total precipitation), of which about 16% is replenished to the groundwater aquifer by gravity, and finally discharged by rivers to form a river-based flow, and the remaining 3.5 trillion cubic meters are consumed by soil and vegetation evapotranspiration.
(4) Groundwater resources. Groundwater resources refer to the total amount of groundwater directly related to precipitation and surface water. According to the present situation of water resources development and utilization, the national average groundwater resources for many years is about 828.8 billion cubic meters, including 676.2 billion cubic meters in hilly areas, 654.38+0874 billion cubic meters in plain areas, and the repeated exchange between mountainous areas and plain areas is about 34.8 billion cubic meters.
(5) Total water resources. After deducting the duplication of mutual transformation between surface water and groundwater, the total water resources in China is 2.8 trillion cubic meters; Its water volume is more than river runoff 1009 billion cubic meters, which is a part of precipitation and surface water recharge in plains, valleys and basins. Without exploiting groundwater, this part of water is consumed in the form of phreatic water evaporation. By exploiting groundwater, some water can be obtained from evaporation and used. After calculation, the average annual phreatic evaporation in the northern plain is 84.4 billion cubic meters, and that in the southern plain is11900 million cubic meters.
Present situation of water resources in China
How bad is the water in China? A United Nations research report pointed out that 654.38+0.2 billion people in the world are facing moderate to high water shortage pressure, 80 countries are short of water, and drinking water for 2 billion people is not guaranteed. It is predicted that by 2025, the situation will further deteriorate, and people who lack water ... >>
Question 8: How many countries in China are short of water? Tap water prices in several cities have increased recently. Especially in the last two months, almost all large and medium-sized cities in China, including Shanghai, Tianjin, Shenyang, Guangzhou and Nanjing, have held hearings on water price increase. According to the general logic of price "hearing", this move means that the increase of water price will be a foregone conclusion, just an order of magnitude problem.
Water resources are both private products and public products. As one of the most water-deficient 13 countries, it is self-evident that China needs to save water, and it is also an indisputable fact that the water price is low. Therefore, it is understandable to regulate with the help of price leverage. However, the hope of saving water is completely pinned on the price increase, which obviously fails to see the fundamental problem of the water price mechanism in China. The crux of the problem is that only by truly establishing and rationalizing the water price mechanism can the problem of water waste be solved once and for all.
Question 9: Why is Shanghai a city short of water? Will there be water shortage in Shanghai by the sea and the river? It is an unavoidable fact that the United Nations listed Shanghai as one of the six cities with serious shortage of drinking water in the world in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century. This is the information from Shanghai Water Conservation Publicity Week, which opened yesterday.
According to reports, although the total water resources in Shanghai are abundant, the available fresh water resources are very limited, accounting for only 20% of the surface water resources, which is 1 188 billion cubic meters. In terms of per capita water resources, Shanghai has only 1.049 cubic meters, which is 40% of the national average and 10% of the world average. In addition, the Huangpu River, which is 80% of the drinking water source for Shanghai residents, can only maintain the water quality of Grade 3 ~ 5 all the year round due to the change of water environment, which aggravates the shortage of water resources and affects the living environment and city image of Shanghai.
At present, the per capita water consumption in Shanghai is as high as 200 liters per day, 50 liters more than that in Europe and Japan. Families in Shanghai seldom use water-saving appliances. According to the statistics of relevant departments, nearly 900,000 sets of old-fashioned vertical toilets used by residents in this city leak 0.5 liters to 1 liter every day, wasting millions of tons of water every year.
Experts suggest that extensive and in-depth publicity and education should be carried out among Shanghai citizens to vigorously promote water-saving equipment. At the same time, the water environment should be treated and rectified according to law, and enterprises and units that cause water pollution should be technically transformed. Newly-invested factories should resolutely implement the policy of putting prevention first and try to reduce the pollution of river courses caused by pollutant discharge.
Jiangnan Times (May 2000 16, 4th Edition)
To sum up, there are many people and water, which leads to serious waste and pollution.
Question 10: What kind of water-deficient city does Shanghai belong to? Shanghai is not short of water at present, but China is short of water as a whole.