The appearance of ancient information transmission can not be separated from the Great Wall, which is "up and down for five thousand years, with a vertical and horizontal distance of one hundred thousand miles". The word "Great Wall" first appeared in the documents of the Warring States Period. In ancient dynasties, due to the different architectural forms, the titles of such defense projects were different, such as: Fierce City, Fangcheng, Fortress, Linluo, Jiegou, Side Wall and so on. All these actually refer to the Great Wall. In fact, the Great Wall in a broad sense refers to all the giant military engineering systems in ancient China.
Huo Feng communication
As early as the Zhou Dynasty, China had a method of transmitting information by bonfire. As a primitive means of acousto-optic communication, bonfire served the ancient military war. From the border to the capital and the border, a beacon tower is built at regular intervals. When the enemy invaded, firewood was stored inside, and the fire alarms were lit one by one. When the princes saw the fire, they immediately sent troops to help and resist the enemy.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to guard against enemy invasion, the "bonfire tunnel" was used as the contact signal for border defense emergency. In the ancient history book "Zhou Li", it is recorded that "on the passage from the frontier to the hinterland of various countries, a beacon tower is built at intervals, one after another. There are oranges on the stage, and there are cages full of firewood on the heads of oranges. When the enemy invaded, the beacon tower set off fireworks in succession to convey the alarm. Every night, the watchman lit the firewood in the cage and held it high, calling it a "lighthouse" to convey information to the leaders. During the daytime warning, the firewood piled up on the stage is lit, and the smoke is used to indicate the urgency, which is called "embarrassment". In order to make the smoke straight without bending, so that it can be seen from a distance, the ancients often used wolf dung instead of firewood, so it was also called wolf smoke. The Zhou Dynasty stipulated that when the emperor raised a bonfire, local governors must immediately lead troops to rescue and fight against the enemy. It can be seen that the implementation of the beacon system means that a huge and perfect military information contact network has appeared as early as last week.
Before the invention of papermaking, our ancestors also used bamboo slips as the carrier of words. Bamboo slips are made of bamboo, with thin skin and long sections. First, the round bamboo is sawed into a certain length, then cut into a certain width, and then cut into a simple piece. Then use silk rope, hemp rope and thin leather strip to weave two simple pieces, which can be used for lettering or writing.
Bamboo slips are the longest-used book form in the history of China. As early as Shang Dynasty, there was the word "book" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, symbolizing that a bundle of bamboo slips was tied with two book strings, while the word "Dian" in bronze inscriptions meant that the book was on the desk.
According to legend, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Fangshuo, a scholar, gave the emperor a recital book, used more than 3,000 pieces of bamboo slips and sent two Hercules to carry it into the palace. Therefore, bamboo slips are very troublesome to use. After a long time, they will be eaten by insects and cannot be preserved for a long time.
Banner newspaper, brand newspaper, and post-unveiling banner newspaper originated from "unveiling cloth" in ancient China. They are usually carried by special personnel, rode on horses, and sent out by Mercedes-Benz for military and civilian reading along the way to boost morale. Brand newspaper is a news dissemination tool written on "raft", while posters are printed materials similar to leaflets, which can be distributed everywhere.
Newspapers began in the Qing Dynasty, mainly concentrated in Beijing. As early as the early Qing Dynasty, there were people engaged in newspaper copying activities in private names in Beijing, mostly low-level officials, who took printing and newspaper copying as a sideline. By the middle and late Qing Dynasty, it had evolved into a private newspaper.
On behalf of all official documents and letters, the organization is always called "delivery" and has "emergency delivery shop" with a copper bell tied to the horse's collar in a hurry. Running on the road, ringing the bell during the day and lighting a fire at night, the person killed is not responsible. Shopping for horses, shopping for people, rain or shine, day and night. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, an anti-gold general, was forcibly recalled to Lin 'an from the front with 12 gold medals by Song Gaozong. This kind of gold medal is a gold plate sent by express delivery, indicating urgency.
In ancient times. People build tall beacon towers. When the enemy invaded, they immediately lit the firewood on the beacon tower, transmitted the enemy's message with the burning beacon smoke, and called the army to come to help. Later, people found a way to send information by horse. Many post offices have been set up all over the country, and special people deliver letters. In this way, information can be transmitted to far places by horses. Later, people invented the method of transmitting information by semaphore and light.
As early as 968 AD, China invented something called "Thumtsein", which is considered as the embryonic form of today's telephone. The research on long-distance sound transmission in Europe began in17th century. In 1796, Hughes proposed the method of transmitting voice information through microphone relay. Although this method is not practical, he gave this way of communication a name-telephone, which has been used ever since.
Some people say that the telephone is a song that has been sung for 100 years. It is still full of sound, echoing all over the world. 100 years, although the basic function of telephone as a human voice transmission mode has not changed much, with the progress of technology, it has experienced the development process of "magnetism-* * * electricity-automation".
1753, 17 In February, a letter signed by C.M. was published in The Scotsman magazine. In this letter, the author put forward a bold idea to communicate with electricity. He suggested that a set of metal wires be extended from one place to another, and each metal wire corresponds to a letter. When sending a message at one end, the wire is connected to the static motor according to the message content, so that it passes through the current in turn. The current passes through the small ball on the metal wire and sucks up the small pieces of paper with different letters or numbers hanging on it, thus playing the role of transmitting information over a long distance.
A whole set of evacuation system was formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the documents delivered were graded, and the documents of different grades should be delivered by special personnel and special horses in accordance with the prescribed order and time. Sending and receiving these documents must be registered and marked with time to show responsibility.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cause of evacuation developed unprecedentedly. The official postal transport line in the Tang Dynasty centered on Chang 'an, the capital city, radiating in all directions and reaching the frontier, with a post station about 30 miles away.
References:
http://2 18 . 4 . 203 . 36/oblog 3 1/user 1/ 1/archives/2006/ 12 162 . html
Respondent: Yushu Zhe-Great Magician 13 Level 5-4 10:46.
Supplementary, flying pigeons pass books. ..
Defendant: yoyo suka- probation period level 1 5-4 10:53.
You are very free.
! ! ! ! ! ! !
post office ...
Reply: Photocopying Bluestone-Magic Apprentice Level 1 5-4 1 1:03.
First, deliver the letter.
Second, flying pigeons pass books.
Third, lighthouse lighthouse lighthouse
IV. River Drifting (Leaves)
References:
For the landlord's reference only, oppose others' plagiarism!
Respondent: 99909 15 189- Juren Level 4 5-4 20:26.
The ancients mainly used the following methods to transmit information: flying pigeons, bonfires, fast horses, code words, sign language, letters, flags and so on.
China is one of the first countries in the world to establish an organized information transmission system. As early as 3000 years ago, there were records of information transmission in Shang Dynasty. Post-horse relay is an early organized mode of communication. The "Postman" sculpture is located in Jiayuguan Railway Station Square, based on the mural tomb of Wei and Jin Dynasties in Jiayuguan. With a simple document in his hand, the postman galloped at high speed on all fours. This brick mural was taken as the theme of a small stamp by the First Congress of the All-China Philatelic Federation 1982, which shows that Jiayuguan is one of the cradles of information culture in China.
The appearance of ancient information transmission can not be separated from the Great Wall, which is "up and down for five thousand years, with a vertical and horizontal distance of one hundred thousand miles". The word "Great Wall" first appeared in the documents of the Warring States Period. In ancient dynasties, due to the different architectural forms, the titles of such defense projects were different, such as: Fierce City, Fangcheng, Fortress, Linluo, Jiegou, Side Wall and so on. All these actually refer to the Great Wall. In fact, the Great Wall in a broad sense refers to all the giant military engineering systems in ancient China.
The basic principle that has been followed in the construction of the Great Wall in past dynasties is "adapting to local conditions and adapting to risks". The first is to build the project according to the base type. The second is to make full use of geographical and natural disasters to defend the enemy. The Great Wall is mainly composed of city walls, including ramparts, passes, barracks, health centers, piers, towers, observation, communication and other comprehensive functions, forming the most stringent military defense system in ancient times. Among them, the beacon tower located in the Great Wall is an important part.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to guard against enemy invasion, the "bonfire tunnel" was used as the contact signal for border defense emergency. In the ancient history book "Zhou Li", it is recorded that "on the passage from the frontier to the hinterland of various countries, a beacon tower is built at intervals, one after another. There are oranges on the stage, and there are cages full of firewood on the heads of oranges. When the enemy invaded, the beacon tower set off fireworks in succession to convey the alarm. Every night, the watchman lit the firewood in the cage and held it high, calling it a "lighthouse" to convey information to the leaders. During the daytime warning, the firewood piled up on the stage is lit, and the smoke is used to indicate the urgency, which is called "embarrassment". In order to make the smoke straight without bending, so that it can be seen from a distance, the ancients often used wolf dung instead of firewood, so it was also called wolf smoke. The Zhou Dynasty stipulated that when the emperor raised a bonfire, local governors must immediately lead troops to rescue and fight against the enemy. It can be seen that the implementation of the beacon system means that a huge and perfect military information contact network has appeared as early as last week. From 1972 to 1976, archaeologists in China obtained more than 30,000 wooden slips of the Han Dynasty through excavation, and excavated the beacon tower site, which provided us with abundant information about the beacon tower of the Han Dynasty. According to the wooden slips, during the Han Dynasty, there were beacon towers from the four counties in Hexi (now Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang in Gansu) to Yanze, with a very large scale and extremely strict management. Known as "Beacon Tower vs Wan Li", it is said that it is "five miles and one whistle, ten miles and one pier, three miles and one castle, and a hundred miles and one castle". In addition, various secret codes are used to indicate the number of invading enemies. If the enemy is less than 500 people, one beacon will be launched, and if the enemy is more than 500 miles, two beacons will be launched. In the unearthed Firefighting Articles, the provisions of the imperial court at that time, namely the Convention on Joint Defense, were recorded. This article stipulates the detailed rules such as the category, quantity, mode of transmission, and how to correct mistakes when the Huns invade different parts, time, intention, changes, abnormal weather, and even when the captain is sick. This way of information transmission has played a certain role in defending the border and resisting the enemy.
The bonfire conveys information very quickly. In BC 1 19, General Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led hundreds of thousands of troops to attack separately, marching with bonfires as signals. In just one day, this signal spread from Hexi to Liaodong thousands of miles away. Because of the rapid and timely warning of beacon tower, it has been used until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yantai City, Shandong Province, was named after the establishment of Wolf Yantai here in the Ming Dynasty to prevent Japanese invasion.
Although the bonfire transmits military information quickly, it can't fully express the profound and complicated military content. With the development of society and the needs of politics and military affairs, the communication mode of transmitting information by animal power has gradually occupied a dominant position, forming a more rigorous delivery system for transmitting government documents and cooperating with beacon early warning.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to meet the needs of the communication between the king of Zhou and the princes, a post station was set up every 30 miles on the avenue, and horses and weekly cars were prepared, which were specially responsible for delivering official documents, receiving officials and transporting goods. Confucius once said: "The popularity of virtue is faster than posting." In other words, the moral theory he advocated spread faster than postal money orders. It can be seen that postal communication at that time was not only quite complete, but also quite fast.
A whole set of evacuation system was formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the documents delivered were graded, and the documents of different grades should be delivered by special personnel and special horses in accordance with the prescribed order and time. Sending and receiving these documents must be registered and marked with time to show responsibility.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cause of evacuation developed unprecedentedly. The official postal transport line in the Tang Dynasty centered on Chang 'an, the capital city, radiating in all directions and reaching the frontier, with a post station about 30 miles away. According to the Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty, at its peak, there were 1 639 post stations in China, with more than 20,000 people specializing in postal services, including 1.7 million post soldiers. The post is divided into three types: land post, water post and waterway merger. Each station is equipped with a station house, a post horse, a post donkey, a post boat and a post yard.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were also explicit provisions on the itinerary of the post station. Lu Yi's trotters walk six posts a day, that is, 180 Li, and then there are about 300 Aliri, and the fastest requirement is 500 Aliri. Pedestrians travel 50 miles a day; Sailing against the current, the river is forty miles, the river is fifty miles, and the other six miles; When it is good, specify 100 to 150 miles. The poet Cen Can wrote in the poem "A Judge on the Road to Longshan" that "after a post, the post rides like a Milky Way; Pingming sent Xianyang, the curtain and the top of the mountain. " Here, he compares the post horse to a meteor. On November 9th, 14th year of Tianbao, An Lushan rebelled in Fanyang. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was in Huaqing Palace, three thousand miles apart. Within six days, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty learned the news, and the speed of communication reached 500 miles per day. It can be seen that the organization and speed of postal communication in Tang Dynasty reached a high level.
In the Song Dynasty, all official documents and letters were called "delivery", and "express delivery shop" appeared. There is a bronze bell tied to the collar of the riding whistle in a hurry. Running on the road, ringing the bell during the day and lighting a fire at night, the person killed is not responsible. Shopping for horses, shopping for people, rain or shine, day and night. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, an anti-gold general, was forcibly recalled to Lin 'an from the front with 12 gold medals by Song Gaozong. This kind of gold medal is a gold plate sent by express delivery, indicating urgency.
The post office is the communication agency of the government and can only deliver official documents. Except in the Song Dynasty, senior officials were allowed to attach letters to their families, and private letters were not allowed. Personal letters can only be sent by. 1975, archaeologists unearthed two wooden slips in the tomb of A Qin, Hunan. The first letter was written to Zhong jointly by Heifu and Jing. The second letter, written by Jing to Zhong, is the earliest known letter from home in China. It is estimated that these two letters were brought home by fellow villagers who returned home after serving in the army. This shows the difficulty of ancient communication.
It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the People's Information Bureau, a communication organization dedicated to delivering letters to the people, appeared. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the immigrants who moved to Xiaogan Township, Macheng County, Hubei Province to reclaim land in Sichuan missed their hometown and made an appointment to elect fellow villagers to return home several times a year, bringing souvenirs and letters. Over time, a fixed organization named "Maxiang Covenant" was established. Later, a professional People's Information Bureau was established.
Postal communication played a certain progressive role in frontier defense and economic and cultural exchanges, and became the main form of information transmission in ancient China. Over the years, those ancient ways of information transmission have been replaced by modern convenient and fast communication methods.