achievement
Zhang Heng, who is proficient in astronomy and calendar calculation, invented the world's earliest hydraulic rotary armillary sphere and seismograph for measuring earthquakes on the basis of previous studies. In astronomical theory, Zhang Heng is the main representative of Huntian School. As for the origin of heaven and earth, he thinks that before heaven and earth were divided, it was chaos. After the division, the light ones ascend to heaven, while the heavy ones condense into earth, and the yin and yang sway to produce everything. He also correctly explained the cause of the eclipse for the first time, thinking that moonlight is the reflection of the sun's light, and the eclipse is caused by the moon entering the shadow of the earth. He affirmed the materiality and infinity of the universe according to his astronomical knowledge at that time. Zhang Heng pushed China's ancient natural science and philosophy to a new height, and his works were included in The Whole History of Ancient Three Dynasties, Three Kingdoms, Six Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties edited by Qing Yan Ke Jun.
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Zhang Heng is an epoch-making scientist. Relying on the spirit of positivism, he created the armillary sphere and seismograph, which was a milestone in the history of human science and was called "the sage of science" by the later Buddha. Zhang Heng is an encyclopedic figure. He has made extraordinary achievements in astronomy, seismology, mathematics, geography and literature, and is widely admired by later generations.
social influence
In recognition of Zhang Heng's contribution to world astronomy, the International Astronomical Organization named a crater on the moon "Zhang Heng Mountain" in 1970. 1977, the solar system asteroid 1802 was named "Zhang Hengxing"; In 2003, in order to highlight Nanyang, which gave birth to him, this asteroid with the international permanent number 9092 was named "Nanyang Star". Today, the Zhangheng Museum in Shiqiao, Wolong District is the only national youth education base in Nanyang. Zhuge Liang, also known as Kong Ming, was born in Yang Du County (now yinan county), Yelang County, Xuzhou at the end of Han Dynasty. His father, Zhuge Jue, was a county magistrate of Mount Tai, and his uncle, Zhuge Xuan, was a celebrity at that time. Zhuge Liang's brother Zhu Gejin was an official in Dongwu, and Liang was an official in Wei from his brother Zhuge Dan. All three brothers are famous, each in a country. At that time, I thought that "Shu was the dragon, Wu was the tiger, and Wei was the dog" (Shi Shuo Xin Yu Pin Zao) noted that dogs were "meritorious dogs". Although they could not be compared with dragons and tigers, they were also very meritorious people, so they were famous.
Personal record
Zhuge Liang, a wise saint, once lived in seclusion in Nanyang, Henan. Zhuge Cao Lu is the place where Zhuge Liang lives, builds houses and cultivates fields. In order to repay Liu Bei's kindness of "visiting the thatched cottage", he came out from here to help Liu Bei establish the hegemony of West Shu, and did his best until he died. All previous dynasties, dignitaries and cloth clothes worshipped him, and the famous Yue Fei copied his "model" to show his admiration. After thousands of years of deification, Zhuge Liang has become the embodiment of wisdom and master Tessa, surpassing the historical rings, being admired by the world and influencing the spiritual character of China people.
Zhuge Liang was frustrated in his early years and was not bent by ambition. In 207 AD, Liu Bei, who was eager for wisdom, paid attention to Zhuge Liang, who brilliantly analyzed the situation in the world and put forward the road of uniting with Wu to resist Cao, that is, "all plants and trees are soldiers." This is a correct political and military line put forward by Zhuge Liang for Liu Bei, and it is also a program of action for Zhuge Liang's life. Since then, Liu Bei's career has taken a turn for the better.
In 208 AD, Cao Cao led 300,000 troops south to Jingzhou. Zhuge Liang, with his extraordinary wisdom and courage, sent messengers to Wu Dong to persuade Wu Dong to fight Cao Cao and win the victory in Battle of Red Cliffs, thus winning a foothold for Liu Bei. After Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, Zhuge Liang became prime minister. In 223 AD, Liu Chan, the queen of Shu, succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was made the marquis of Wuxiang, who was in charge of Yizhou animal husbandry. He made great efforts to govern, strictly rewarded and punished, and implemented the policy of reclaiming farmland, which improved the relationship between the southwest nationalities and Shu Han and was conducive to the development of local economy and culture. He made six northern expeditions to the Central Plains. In 234 AD, he died of overwork in Wuzhangyuan and was buried in Dingjun Mountain (now southeast of Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province).
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Zhuge Liang lived in 227. Twenty-seven years before 207 A.D. was the preparation stage of his self-cultivation and determination to use the world. After his success, he did not go north to Cao Cao, nor did he go south to surrender to Sun Quan. But to assist Liu Bei, who is "a minor celebrity". Of course, there are objective reasons for this, but it is not accidental. The reason why he chose the road of rejuvenating the Han Dynasty shows that he is an orthodox thinker who adheres to feudal principles and advocates Confucian loyalty and morality. During the twenty-seven years from 2007 to 234, Zhuge Liang remained loyal to Shu Han. Both the former master and the later master trusted him very much. He doesn't follow Confucian dogma. He respects the king, but does not harass foreigners. He made a southern tour to appease foreigners and implemented the best ethnic policy among the three countries. He knows the law and violates the law, and he is upright and upright. He runs the army with Wu and fights to the last breath with the selfless dedication of "doing his best and dying". His spirit of loyalty to the monarch and benefiting the people was deeply loved by Shu people before his death, and was admired by later generations for a long time after his death, which became the heritage of China traditional culture.
commemorate
Zhuge Liang tilled the fields in Nanyang, Henan Province, and later generations built Wuhou Temple in Wolonggang, Nanyang to commemorate Zhuge Liang's great achievements. Among many famous doctors in China, Zhang Zhongjing is the only one who is called a medical sage. His Treatise on Febrile Diseases is the first monograph on clinical therapeutics in China, and it is still highly praised by Chinese and Western medicine research and clinic. He pioneered artificial respiration and enema, more than 1000 years earlier than western medicine. Therefore, the Wellcome Institute of Medical History in London, England, the authoritative research institution of international medical history, listed Zhang Zhongjing on the list of 29 great men in the world medical history to carry forward and commemorate him.
Zhang Zhongjing, a famous machine, was born in Nieyang County, Nanyang County, Eastern Han Dynasty (now Nanyang, Henan Province). Born in Heping year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (150), he died in the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19). Nanyang medical shrine is on the bank of Wenliang River in Nanyang City.
Disciple: Zhang Zhongjing lives in an era of frequent wars, social unrest, epidemic diseases and depressed people's livelihood. He saw in the history books that Bian Que knew at a glance where the disease was (see Bian Que and Qi Huangong), and he was very emotional. He thought: If predecessors can do it, why can't we? People living in the world now only know how to fight for power and profit, pursue fame and fortune, don't ask people's sufferings, don't pay attention to medicine, and study ways to relieve them. Therefore, he is determined to study medicine, saving lives and relieving people's illnesses as his profession. Zhang Zhongjing is smart, steady, thoughtful and studious. He worshiped Zhang Bozu, a scout, as a teacher and was determined to devote himself to the development of Chinese medicine. "shine on you is better than blue" soon, "Zhongjing's skill is better than Bozu" ("Xiangyang County Records")
Writing a book: During the Jian 'an period, the plague was prevalent, resulting in a large number of deaths and even extinction. As Cao Zhi, the son of Cao Cao, said in On Cao Zhi's Epidemic Qi, "Every family has the pain of zombies, and every family has the sorrow of wailing ...". Many people died, leaving some towns empty. Zhang Zhongjing's clan has more than 200 people. Less than ten years after Jian 'an, two-thirds of people died of epidemic, and typhoid fever accounted for 70%. In the face of this painful scene, Zhang Zhongjing "diligently sought the ancient method and learned from many prescriptions", summarized and inherited the medical theory and practice before the Han Dynasty, collected many folk prescriptions, and combined with his own clinical experience, wrote the medical masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases. In the book, all kinds of symptoms in the process of disease development are divided into six syndrome types according to the physical strength of patients, which causes physiological and pathological changes and changes in the priority of illness. Among them, the syndromes of Sanyang Meridian are mostly heat syndrome and excess syndrome, while the syndromes of Yin San Meridian are mostly cold syndrome and deficiency syndrome. According to the theory of syndrome differentiation of six meridians, Zhang Zhongjing used the methods of sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, harmony, warming, clearing away heat, dispersing and tonifying to carry out clinical treatment.
Sitting in the classroom: Zhang Zhongjing advocates that medicine should be constantly improved, doctors should be enthusiastic and responsible for patients. According to legend, when he was a magistrate in Changsha, he did not forget to help the people. In feudal times, officials were not allowed to enter houses or approach people casually. However, he believes that only by reaching out to people can we treat them and improve their medical skills. So he came up with a way, that is, choose the first and fifteenth day of each month, open the yamen widely, don't ask political affairs, and be kind to the people. He sat upright in the lobby, being careful with everyone who came. After a long time, it has formed a convention. On the first and fifteenth days, many patients from all directions gathered in front of his yamen waiting to see a doctor. In order to commemorate Zhang Zhongjing, people later called the doctor who was sitting in a drugstore to treat people as a "sitting doctor". (Record of Famous Doctors' Research)
Contribution: Treatise on Febrile Diseases established the law of TCM "syndrome differentiation and treatment", laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics, was the earliest classic work of TCM, and pioneered TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment. At the same time, it is unique in pharmacy and has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Therefore, doctors in past dynasties honored Zhang Zhongjing as a "medical sage", so there was a "medical sage, that is, Yao and Shun in medicine, and only Zhongjing's first teacher got this reputation." Hua tuo, a contemporary of Zhang Zhongjing, said happily after reading Treatise on Febrile Diseases: "This is really a living person." . In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Tao Hongjing said: "Zhongjing was the ancestor of all parties." . Sun Simiao, a doctor in the Tang Dynasty, said, "The secrets of famous teachers in the south of the Yangtze River cannot be passed on." . It can be seen that Zhang Zhongjing's medical prescription is precious. Treatise on Febrile Diseases is still a must-read for doctors.
social influence
"Syndrome differentiation and treatment" and "people-oriented" are the essence of Zhongjing medicine. As early as the Tang Dynasty, his works were translated overseas and became the source of medicine in many Asian countries. Japan advocates Zhongjing theory, and South Korea has sent Chinese medicine students to Nanyang for study and exchange many times. Nowadays, Nanyang Medical Shrine is not only a place of interest, but also a holy place to revitalize and benefit all beings in the eyes of the world. Fan Li was born in Dashiqiao, Xichuan County, Nanyang County (now neixiang county, Nanyang City). Born in about 5 17 BC, he died in about 420 BC at the age of 100, and was called a business student. Gou Jian, a literary colleague, has been devoted to destroying Wu for more than 20 years and respected him as a general. Li thought that it was difficult to survive for a long time under the King of Yue, and he knew that Gou Jian was a human being, and he could share weal and woe with * * *, but it was difficult to share happiness with him. So he rowed with Shi and changed his name to Li Pi. When he arrived in Tao, Cao Cao used his skills to manage his property. He became a very rich man, hence his name. Because there is a good way to do business, you will become rich one by one, and Tao Zhugong is honored as the God of Wealth among the people.
As a politician, strategist and businessman at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Shang Sheng Fan Li's simple classical economic theory of China has been admired and imitated by businessmen for thousands of years. His thought of advocating commodity circulation and developing commodity economy is of pioneering and far-reaching significance. Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, commented on him: "Those who are rich and kind are virtuous." Nowadays, in Nanyang, Fan Li's business philosophy is being constantly carried forward, and building a business brand around Shang Sheng is becoming people's cognition and action.