This section requires mastering the types of modern publishing institutions in China.
First, publishing institutions founded by early missionaries (understanding)
1. Foreign capital directly set up publishing institutions in China through five trading ports.
2. The first modern publishing and printing institution in Chinese mainland was Mohai Library, which was established by a British missionary on 1843. It translates and publishes books on natural science, social history and religion, and adopts western printing technology and equipment.
3. After1842, missionaries set up Tushanwan Publishing House, Shenbao Publishing House, Dianshizhai Bookstore, Puzzle Club and other publishing institutions with Shanghai as the center.
4. Publications include religious propaganda, western scientific and cultural knowledge and social science works. Publish newspapers and periodicals at the same time.
Second, the late Qing government-run publishing institutions (familiar with)
(1) Local official bookstore: 65438+ Since the 1960s, it has developed vigorously for twenty or thirty years.
1. 1864, Zeng Guofan runs Jinling Bookstore. Huainan official bookstore in Yangzhou, Jiangsu official bookstore in Suzhou, Fuzhou official bookstore in Fuzhou and Zhejiang official bookstore in Hangzhou have sprung up one after another. A large number of books and records reflecting academic and cultural contents have been printed and engraved. Tidy it up, sell it at a low price and spread it widely.
2. With the failure of Westernization and the rise of the Reform Movement of 1898, the official bookstore with "middle school" as its main content is dying out and closing down, leaving only Zhejiang Official Bookstore and Beiyang Official Bookstore.
(2) Publishing institutions founded by Westernization School.
1. Shi Jing Wentong Library has translated and published a large number of books in western languages, among which Ding Weiliang's Law of Nations, Billigan's Chemical Guide and Chemical Interpretation have great influence;
2. Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau is the most famous translation bookstore, with the most translated books and the greatest influence. It closed at 1905.
Third, private publishing institutions.
(1) rise (understanding):
1. Driven by Kangliang (reformists published more than 40 kinds of new books, as well as Chinese and foreign news, current affairs newspapers and other newspapers), newspapers and periodicals in various places flourished, with more than 60 kinds of newspapers and periodicals published nationwide from 1896 to 1898;
2. A large number of books have appeared to publicize the democratic revolution, reaching 130; There are 100 kinds of newspapers and periodicals.
3. At the beginning of the 20th century, while promoting the large-scale rise of schools, the Qing government promoted the development and growth of many private publishing houses with textbooks as their main publishing business.
(b) Shanghai, where private publishing institutions gather, becomes the publishing center of China (understanding);
The first, second, third, fourth and fifth are all made in Shanghai.
Every bookstore with a certain scale tries to set up branches and distribution offices in important towns across the country.
(three) influential publishing institutions (master)
1. Commercial Press 1897 was founded by Xia Ruifang, Bao Xianen, Bao Xianchang and Gao Fengchi. At first, printing was the main task. 1902 set up a compilation institute, which was presided over by Zhang Yuanji, and vigorously promoted my teaching materials.
Business includes: compiling a large number of teaching materials and marketing them at home and abroad; Translate and introduce famous western cultures; Publish new reference books; Establish various periodicals.
The compilation institute led by Zhang Yuanji is full of talents.
2. Zhonghua Book Company
Founded by Lu Feikui, Dai Kedun, Chen Yin and others. "Chinese Textbook" is compiled and printed, and the company has four offices: 1. Affairs, business and printing.
19 16 years increased from 25,000 to 6.5438+0.6 million yuan. 1937, with a capital of 4 million yuan and a turnover of100000 yuan.
By 1949***, 6,000 books have been published, including textbooks, ancient books, dictionaries, new books of various disciplines, calligraphy and painting rubbings, etc.
3. World Bookstore
19 17 was founded by Shen Zhifang. 192 1 reorganized into a joint-stock company. 192 1- 1949 published 5500 books.
4. Others:
Dadong Bookstore: 19 16 was founded by Lv Ziquan, publishing textbooks, laws, Chinese studies, Chinese medicine, literature, art and technology for primary and secondary schools;
Bookstore: founded by Zhang Yu 1926, it has collected famous writers such as, and published about 1500 kinds of books.
(D) the operation mode of modern private publishing institutions (familiar)
1. Organization
The scale of private publishing institutions varies greatly: large, medium and small publishing institutions; Different financial strength; Therefore, there are also huge differences in the organization.
2. Composition of personnel
1) The personnel composition corresponds to its institutional setup. The work of publishing organizations can be divided into two parts: my publishing and business promotion. The editor-in-chief of most publishing organizations will ask someone to take charge. The editor-in-chief of a publishing organization has the responsibility to formulate policies and strategies and establish themes.
2) Our department is the department that publishes enterprise knowledge content;
3. Capital composition
1) sole proprietorship and partnership, with limited capital, are mostly small and medium-sized publishing institutions.
2) Share-holding system: its advantages are manifold: the relationship between responsibility and rights of enterprises is clear, which is beneficial to the operation and management of enterprises; Holding shares by senior staff is conducive to enhancing their sense of responsibility; Widely absorb social funds.
3) Raise funds by issuing shares, mobilize the authors to take paid shares, and carry out the mail-order business of books and periodicals.
4. Theme development
1) There are many differences in the scope, emphasis and quality of the selected topic due to different factors such as the quality of my personnel, the scale of my organization and the purpose of my publication. Large publishing institutions have comprehensive books, strong strength, wide topics and good quality;
2) Some small and medium-sized publishing organizations often choose their own topics.
5. Distribution method
1) When the Commercial Press developed into a national publishing organization, it set up a publishing house (both wholesale and retail) and a sales department in Shanghai headquarters, and set up branches in other major cities in China. Other large institutions also follow this form;
2) Small and medium-sized institutions shall set up special distribution offices.
3) mail order is highly valued, and life bookstore is the best;
4) Agency procurement of foreign books and periodicals for schools, academic organizations, libraries and other government agencies, and distribution procurement and wholesale business of Shanghai books and periodicals for mainland bookstores.
Fourth, publishing institutions run by cultural groups (understanding)
Well-known are Silk Society Morning Post Supplement, Creation Society Creation Quarterly, and Literature Research Society Novel Monthly.
Five, * * * major publishing institutions (familiar with)
1. 1920, Chen Duxiu and Shanghai set up a new youth club and published New Youth magazine. New Youth/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/5 was established in Shanghai, and/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/7 moved to Beijing. 1920 moved back to Shanghai.
2. 192 1 year, People's Publishing House was established, presided over by Li Da.
3. Publishing institutions in the Kuomintang-controlled areas:
Shanghai Bookstore, 1923- 1926, in charge of Mao Zemin;
Changjiang Bookstore: 1926 Founded in Wuhan, with Qu Qiubai in charge;
Proletarian Bookstore: 1928- 1929, in Shanghai;
There are also Huaxing Bookstore (Shanghai) and Northern People's Publishing House (Baoding).
4. Publishing institutions in the Soviet area:
1) The Central Soviet Area has published more than 70 publications and about 200 books.
2)1In August, 933, Sichuan-Shaanxi base area established 12 bookstore and workers and peasants bookstore, and published Red Flag and Axe;
3) Liberation Weekly was founded in1937;
4) 1939 established the Central Publishing and Distribution Department, and in September of the same year, Xinhua Bookstore was established with 735 branches.
5. Private progressive publishing institutions under the leadership of the Party:
1) Life Bookstore: 1932 Zou Taofen was founded in Shanghai. Hu Yuzhi and Xu Boxin also participated in the founding. Published 29 periodicals, 1000 books and more than 20 series.
2) Xinzhi Bookstore, founded by Qian Junrui, Xu and Xue Muqiao on 1935, has published 400 books and 0 periodicals.
3) Reading Life Publishing House: 1936 Funded by Ai Siqi and Zheng Yili, Huang Luofeng was invited to start the journal Shanghai Reading.
1948, three companies merged to form Sanlian Bookstore in Hong Kong.
Six, the Kuomintang-run publishing institutions (understanding)
1922, Zhi Min Bookstore was established;
After 1928, New Life Bookstore, Independent Publishing House, Zhong Zheng Bookstore and China Cultural Service Agency were established one after another.
Among them, Zhong Zheng Bookstore became one of the six major publishing institutions at that time with support.