Aesthetics (Greek: Aestheticism) was first put forward by the German philosopher Baumgarton in 1750. Aesthetics is a discipline that studies the aesthetic relationship between man and the world, that is, the object of aesthetic research is aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is a life experience activity with the image world as the object, and it is also a spiritual and cultural activity of human beings.
Aesthetics belongs to two disciplines of philosophy. Learning aesthetics well requires a solid philosophical foundation and artistic accomplishment. It is not only a speculative discipline, but also a perceptual discipline. Aesthetics is closely related to literature and art, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mythology and other disciplines.
The history of western aesthetics began with Plato. Although Pythagoras and others began to discuss aesthetic issues before Plato, Plato was the first philosopher to discuss aesthetic issues from the height of philosophical speculation. In China, the pre-Qin period was the golden age for the development of China's classical aesthetics. The aesthetics of Laozi, Confucius, Yi Chuan and Zhuangzi laid the development direction of China's classical aesthetics. But the real starting point of China's aesthetics is Laozi.
Laozi put forward and expounded Tao, Qi, image, nothingness, image, reality, emptiness and metaphysics, which had a great influence on China's classical aesthetics. China's theory of vitality in classical aesthetics, China's theory of imagery in classical aesthetics, China's theory of artistic conception in classical aesthetics, China's theory of aesthetic mind, etc. All originated from Laozi's philosophy and aesthetics. In contemporary times, aesthetics plays a more and more prominent role in humanities, and the imagery characteristics of aesthetic experience are considered to be of certain value and significance to the crisis of modern human civilization. At the same time, the role of aesthetics in China's modern Enlightenment cannot be underestimated.
Aesthetic definition:
What is beauty? This is the basic problem to be discussed in aesthetics. Every philosopher has his own opinion on this issue. This is not a simple question, it can radiate the discussion of the original problems in the world. From ancient times to the present, from the west to the east, the interpretation of "beauty" is complicated. For example, Plato in ancient Greece said: beauty is an idea; St Augustine in the Middle Ages said: Beauty is the incomparable glory and brilliance of God; Chernyshevski of Russia said: Beauty is life; Taoism in ancient China believed in the great beauty of heaven and earth without saying anything; The book Aesthetic Principles tells us that beauty can only exist in aesthetic relations, which depends on both aesthetic subject and aesthetic object. Beauty is the representation of abstract things in the spiritual field, and the aesthetic world is purely an image world.
Classical works
Four articles that have an opening effect on aesthetic paradigm
Plato's Epiphane opened the philosophy of beauty.
Shaftesbury revealed the characteristics of aesthetic psychology.
Barto initiated the philosophy of art, and discussed the boundary of artistic beauty and the principle of sex.
Wittgenstein's aesthetic lectures have an influence on the analysis of aesthetic language.
Seven monographs that have an influence on the aesthetic system
Kant's Critique of Judgment
Kant's Critique of Judgment has two characteristics in structural aesthetics: one is to explore the essence of aesthetics from the perspective of aesthetic judgment and the relationship between subject and object. come to a conclusion
2. What are the basic knowledge of architectural aesthetics?
The basic knowledge of architectural aesthetics is an important foundation of artistic creation, and there are various means to realize diversity and unity, such as the laws of formal beauty such as proportion, scale, order, rhythm, balance and emphasis.
This is a common composition technique. (1) Understand the basic knowledge of architectural color 1. The three primary colors are red, yellow and blue.
2. Three elements of color: hue, brightness and purity. Color shape and color elements: straight line, curve, diagonal line and figure; Color elements: hue, lightness, purity and area. (2) Understand the basic knowledge of architectural and environmental art treatment 1. Starting from the use of buildings, this paper focuses on the analysis of functional relationships, makes reasonable distinctions, and organizes them by means of traffic links such as roads and squares, so as to make the overall spatial environment layout convenient.
2. When dealing with the art of group architecture, we should start from individual characteristics, combine the characteristics of surrounding environment and planning, follow the basic principle of diversity and unity, and use greening, sculpture and various sketches to enrich the art of architectural space environment and create a complete and beautiful space environment. For this part of architecture, candidates are advised to read the following reference materials: Principles of Public Building Design and Residential Design? Principle, site design, architectural history of China, architectural history of China, architectural space combination theory, architectural colorimetry, architectural formal beauty principle, etc.
3. Basic knowledge of aesthetics
Aesthetics (Greek: Aestheticism) was first put forward by the German philosopher Baumgarton in 1750.
Aesthetics is a discipline that studies the aesthetic relationship between man and the world, that is, the object of aesthetic research is aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is a life experience activity with the image world as the object, and it is also a spiritual and cultural activity of human beings.
Aesthetics belongs to two disciplines of philosophy. Learning aesthetics well requires a solid philosophical foundation and artistic accomplishment. It is not only a speculative discipline, but also a perceptual discipline.
Aesthetics is closely related to literature and art, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mythology and other disciplines. The history of western aesthetics began with Plato.
Although Pythagoras and others began to discuss aesthetic issues before Plato, Plato was the first philosopher to discuss aesthetic issues from the height of philosophical speculation. In China, the pre-Qin period was the golden age for the development of China's classical aesthetics.
The aesthetics of Laozi, Confucius, Yi Chuan and Zhuangzi laid the development direction of China's classical aesthetics. But the real starting point of China's aesthetics is Laozi.
Laozi put forward and expounded Tao, Qi, image, nothingness, image, reality, emptiness and metaphysics, which had a great influence on China's classical aesthetics. China's theory of vitality in classical aesthetics, China's theory of imagery in classical aesthetics, China's theory of artistic conception in classical aesthetics, China's theory of aesthetic mind, etc. All originated from Laozi's philosophy and aesthetics.
In contemporary times, aesthetics plays a more and more prominent role in humanities, and the imagery characteristics of aesthetic experience are considered to be of certain value and significance to the crisis of modern human civilization. At the same time, the role of aesthetics in China's modern Enlightenment cannot be underestimated.
Aesthetic definition: what is beauty? This is the basic problem to be discussed in aesthetics. Every philosopher has his own opinion on this issue.
This is not a simple question, it can radiate the discussion of the original problems in the world. From ancient times to the present, from the west to the east, the interpretation of "beauty" is complicated.
For example, Plato in ancient Greece said: beauty is an idea; St Augustine in the Middle Ages said: Beauty is the incomparable glory and brilliance of God; Chernyshevski of Russia said: Beauty is life; Taoism in ancient China believed in the great beauty of heaven and earth without saying anything; The book Aesthetic Principles tells us that beauty can only exist in aesthetic relations, which depends on both aesthetic subject and aesthetic object. Beauty is the representation of abstract things in the spiritual field, and the aesthetic world is purely an image world.
Classic works: four articles that open the aesthetic paradigm; Plato's great Hippocrates opened the philosophy of beauty; Shaftesbury on the characteristics of aesthetic psychology: barto's On the Boundary between Beauty and Natural Law: The influence of Wittgenstein's aesthetic lectures on aesthetic language analysis: seven monographs that have an influence on aesthetic system; Kant's Critique of Judgment; Kant's criticism of judgment in structural aesthetics. Come up with a way.
4. Aesthetic knowledge is badly needed.
Aesthetics is a subject with the theme of studying the essence and significance of beauty.
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of study is art, but it does not study the concrete expression in art, but studies the philosophical problems in art, so it is called "the artistic philosophy of beauty"
The basic problems of aesthetics include the essence of beauty, the relationship between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic object, etc. The word "etymology aesthetics" comes from Greek aesthetics.
The original meaning is "the feeling of the senses". The German philosopher Alexander gottlieb Baumgarden first used this word.
The publication of his book Aesthetics A marks the emergence of aesthetics as an independent discipline. Until19th century, aesthetics was usually defined as the study of "beauty" (Sch? The theory of nheit).
Modern philosophy defines aesthetics as the theory and philosophy to understand the cognitive feelings in art, science, design and philosophy. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beauty" and "ugliness", but to understand the type and essence of the object.
The development of historical aesthetics as an independent discipline began in Baumgarden, Germany in the18th century, but its appearance was based on the theoretical discussion of beauty by ancient Greek thinkers, and it was a systematization and scientification of previous aesthetic theories. The discussion of aesthetic theory since ancient Greece is based on people's aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities, and it is a philosophical reflection on people's aesthetic activities.
Therefore, if you want to understand aesthetics, you must return to its source and start a beautiful journey. Archaeology and art history tell us that human beings have started aesthetic and aesthetic creation since they left animals.
Paleolithic cavemen wore red, yellow and green colored stone beads, animal teeth and mussel shells. Not only the decoration of primitive people can see the early aesthetic activities of human beings, but also the primitive art reflects the early aesthetic activities of human beings.
According to written records and patterns, it is speculated that primitive art includes poetry, dance, music and so on. , but now it has disappeared. However, cave paintings and pottery are the two earliest original artistic records that we can see today.
The former is mainly composed of various animals, vivid, meticulous and colorful. The latter is not only beautiful in appearance, rich in patterns, but also bright in color contrast.
People always have a certain life and a certain phenomenon before they start thinking and discussing, and establish corresponding disciplines on the basis of thinking and discussing. The thinking and discussion on the early aesthetic phenomenon of human beings began in ancient Greece.
At that time, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and other great philosophers all participated in the discussion and debate on beauty. However, their views and opinions on beauty are often mixed with their understanding of truth and goodness, and they become vassals of their philosophy, morality, theology, politics and literature.
In addition, there was no aesthetic monograph at that time. The aesthetic views of thinkers are mixed in biographies, letters and notes of politics, philosophy, religion, morality, art and even history.
People have not found an independent and special research object for aesthetics from those mixed and intertwined ideological systems. This situation continued until the middle of18th century.
/kloc-After the 8th century, with the development of industrial revolution in europe, modern disciplines such as natural science, philosophy, ethics, psychology, literature and art entered a period of gradual formation and development. Philosophy closely related to aesthetics has undergone an epistemological turn since modern times, which provides the necessary historical conditions for the establishment of aesthetics.
It is under such historical conditions that Baumgarden distinguished aesthetics from logic for the first time in his own philosophical system. While strictly stipulating that the research object of logic is the abstract thinking that forms concepts and reasoning, it also stipulates its own unique research object for aesthetics.
He also wrote a monograph on aesthetics, which initially formed the basic framework of aesthetics and discussed some basic problems of aesthetics. Thus, aesthetics was born, and Baum Garden became the father of aesthetics.
Baumgarten (A.G. Baumgarten1714-1762) is a professor of philosophy at Harry University in Prussia. His main viewpoints on aesthetics focus on two aspects: first, he defines aesthetics as a subject that studies people's perceptual knowledge.
Baumgarden believes that people's psychological activities are divided into three aspects: knowledge, emotion and meaning. Studying knowledge or human rational knowledge is logical, studying human will is ethical, and studying human emotion is "aesthetic", which is equivalent to human perceptual knowledge.
The word "aesthetic" comes from Greek, which means "sensibility", and later translated into Chinese, it becomes "aesthetic". 1750, Baum Garden officially called Aesthetics his monograph on human perceptual knowledge.
His book is regarded as the first aesthetic monograph in history. Secondly, Baumgarden thinks that "the aesthetic object is the perfection of perceptual knowledge".
Why is aesthetics related to perceptual knowledge? Baumgarden's teacher, the German philosopher Leibniz, has a vivid explanation for this. He said: painters and other artists, although clearly aware of what is good and what is not, often can not find their own reasons for aesthetic interest. If someone asks them, they will reply that their dissatisfied works lack something I can't say. In the eyes of Leibniz and Baumgarden, knowing whether a work is beautiful or not, but not knowing why, is a vague and confusing perceptual knowledge.
After Baum Garden, the development of aesthetics has gone through three important stages: German classical aesthetics, Marxist aesthetics and western modern aesthetics. In the stage of German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel made great contributions to aesthetics, forming the first discipline since aesthetics came into being and the third peak in the history of western aesthetics.
Kant is famous for his three criticisms. In Critique of Judgment, Kant put forward and demonstrated a series of basic aesthetic problems, forming a relatively complete aesthetic theoretical system. After Kant, Hegel pushed German classical aesthetics to the peak and became a master of German classical aesthetics and western aesthetic thoughts before Marxist aesthetics.
Although Marx has never written a special aesthetic work, he has discussed a lot of aesthetic problems in many other works, especially he introduced the experimental point of view into aesthetic research, thus establishing the discussion of beauty on the basis of the dialectical relationship between subject and object.