Basic information
Chinese name
router
Foreign name
router
type
Computer network facilities
catalogue
1 Basic introduction
Two main characteristics
3 function
4 router level
5 Operation form
6 Use classification
7 structural principle
8 development history
9 Troubleshooting
10 basic difference
1 1 maintenance method
12 forgot your password.
13 crashed or dropped.
14 encryption algorithm
Basic introduction of folding editing this paragraph.
Router A router (also called a router) is a computer network device that transmits data to a destination through a packaged network (selecting the transmission path of data). This process is called routing. A router is a device that connects two or more independent networks. Routing works in the third layer of the OSI model-the network layer.
A router is a device that connects a local area network and a wide area network in the Internet. It will automatically select and set the route according to the channel conditions, and send signals in turn by the best path. Routers are the hub of the Internet and the "traffic police". At present, routers have been widely used in all walks of life, and products of different grades have become the main force to realize the internal connection of various backbone networks, the interconnection between backbone networks, and the interconnection between backbone networks and the Internet. The main difference between routing and switch is that switching takes place at the second layer (data link layer) of OSI reference model, while routing takes place at the third layer, namely network layer. This difference determines that routing and switching need to use different control information in the process of moving information, so the ways to realize their respective functions are also different.
The core force behind the 30% share
Not long ago, China Mobile announced the results of centralized procurement of high-end routers in 20 14 years, among which ZXR 106000-S products of ZTE obtained 30.77% share, ranking second in centralized procurement. The centralized bidding for mobile routers and switches in China was issued on August 22nd, and Cisco, Junbo and ZTE participated in the competition. In the end, ZTE successfully won the bid for high-end router 2 and high-end router 3, covering the scenes of China Mobile's high-end routers P, PE, SR and CE.
Behind the success of ZTE's high-end routers in centralized procurement of operators, ZTE has the advantage of its own core competitiveness. Liu Hengqi, chief engineer of ZTE Microelectronics, told the author that all the core chips used in ZTE's high-end routers were independently developed by ZTE Microelectronics. At present, the internal chips of ZTE cable products, such as packet switching sleeve, network search engine, network processor, Ethernet switch, OTNFramer, space division crossover chip, G/EPONOLT processor and terminal ONU/MDU, have all been independently developed.
The research and development of chips needs strong financial guarantee, which is difficult for small companies to do. At present, the research and development of a system chip generally requires tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of research and development expenses. ZTE has always attached importance to the independent research and development of chips in independent products and patent applications. On average, each chip will output 20-30 patents to better protect knowledge products. .
Chips provide operators with operation and maintenance capabilities-sponsored by Zhiyan Consulting
In addition, through long-term cooperation with domestic telecom operators, ZTE can better understand the needs of operators than other manufacturers. For example, for some transmission network equipment, the general product may be 100G, but the actual demand of operators may be 120G, so ZTE will customize chips and products for operators.
In addition, in the field of broadband access terminals, ZTE products using ZTE microelectronics chips have been distributed in EPON and GPON equipment in Shanghai. Operators hope to carry their own services on their broadband terminals to meet their own operation and maintenance needs. However, if the terminal uses ordinary commercial chips, it will be difficult to do this, and only the basic functions can be guaranteed.
360 router
The main characteristics of folding editing this paragraph
Routers have the functions of judging network addresses and selecting IP paths. It can establish flexible connection in multi-network interconnection environment, and can connect all kinds of subnets with completely different data grouping and media access methods. The router only accepts information from the source station or other routers, and belongs to an interconnected device in the network layer. It doesn't care about the hardware devices used in each subnet, but it requires running software consistent with the network layer protocol. router
Routers are divided into local routers and remote routers. Local routers are used to connect network transmission media, such as optical fiber, coaxial cable and twisted pair. Remote router is used to connect remote transmission media, and it needs corresponding equipment, such as telephone line with modem, wireless through wireless receiver and transmitter.
Router is the main node equipment of Internet. Routers decide the forwarding of data through routing. The forwarding policy is called routing, which is also the origin of the router name. As the interconnection hub between different networks, the router system constitutes the main thread of the Internet based on TCP/IP, which can also be said that the router constitutes the backbone of the Internet. Its processing speed is one of the main bottlenecks of network communication, and its reliability and stability directly affect the quality of network interconnection.
Therefore, router technology has always been in the core position in campus network, regional network and even the whole Internet research field, and its development course and direction have become a microcosm of the whole Internet research. At the moment when China's network infrastructure and information construction are in the ascendant, it is of great significance to discuss the role, position and development direction of routers in the internet for domestic network technology research, network construction and clarification of various specious concepts about routers and network interconnection in the network market.
In recent years, switch router products have appeared. In essence, it is not a new technology, but to improve the communication ability, and combine the principle of switch into the router to make the data transmission ability faster and better.
The function of folding and editing this paragraph.
Connect different networks
From the perspective of filtering network traffic, the role of routers is very similar to that of switches and bridges. However, unlike switches that work at the physical layer of the network and physically divide network segments, routers use special software protocols to logically divide the whole network. For example, a router supporting IP protocol can divide the network into multiple sub-segments, and only network traffic directed to a special IP address can pass through the router. For each received packet, the router recalculates its check value and writes a new physical address. Therefore, using a router to forward and filter data is usually slower than using a switch that only looks at the physical address of a packet. However, for those networks with complex structures, the use of routers can improve the overall efficiency of the network. Another obvious advantage of the router is that it can automatically filter network broadcasts. Generally speaking, the whole installation process of adding routers to the network is much more complicated than plug-and-play switches.
Select a line router for information transmission.
Some routers only support a single protocol, but most routers can support the transmission of multiple protocols, that is, multi-protocol routers. Because each protocol has its own rules, the algorithm of completing multiple protocols in a router will inevitably reduce the performance of the router. The main job of the router is to find the best transmission path for each data frame passing through the router and effectively transmit the data to the destination. It can be seen that the strategy of choosing the best path, that is, the routing algorithm, is the key to the router. In order to accomplish this task, the routing table, that is, the relevant data of various transmission paths, is saved in the router for routing. The path table contains subnet information, the number of routers in the network and the name of the next router. The path table can be fixed by the system administrator, dynamically modified by the system, automatically adjusted by the router or controlled by the host.
Static routing table: The fixed path table preset by the system administrator is called static path table, which is usually preset according to the network configuration when the system is installed, and will not change with the future network structure changes.
Dynamic routing table: A dynamic routing table is a path table that the router automatically adjusts according to the operation of the network system. According to the functions provided by the routing protocol, the router automatically learns and remembers the network operation, and automatically calculates the best path of data transmission when necessary.
Collapse and edit the router level of this segment.
Folding usage level
At all levels of the Internet, routers can be found everywhere. Access networks enable families and small businesses to connect to Internet service providers; The router in the enterprise network connects thousands of computers in the campus or enterprise; The router terminal system on the backbone network is usually not directly accessible. They connect ISP and enterprise network on long-distance backbone network. The rapid development of Internet brings different challenges to backbone network, enterprise network and access network. Backbone requires routers to forward several links at high speed. Enterprise routers not only need a large number of ports and low prices, but also need simple and convenient configuration and QoS provision. Enterprise routers such as Feiyuxing provide SmartQoSIII.
1. Access router
Router access router connects small business customers or ISP in the family. Access routers not only start to provide SLIP or PPP connections, but also start to provide virtual private network protocols, such as PPTP and IPSec. These protocols should be able to run on every port. ADSL and other technologies will soon increase the available bandwidth of the home, which will further increase the burden of access routers. Due to these trends, access routers will support many heterogeneous and high-speed ports in the future, and can run various protocols on each port, while avoiding telephone switching networks.
2. Enterprise router
The enterprise or campus router connects many terminal systems, and its main goal is to achieve as many endpoints as possible in the cheapest way, and further requires supporting different quality of service. Many existing enterprise networks are Ethernet segments connected by hubs or bridges. Although these devices are cheap, easy to install and require no configuration, they do not support service levels. On the contrary, a network with routers can divide the machine into multiple conflict domains, so it can control the size of a network. In addition, the router also supports a certain level of service, at least allowing it to be divided into multiple priorities. However, the cost per port of the router is relatively expensive, and a lot of configuration work is needed to use it. Therefore, the success or failure of enterprise routers lies in whether they provide a large number of ports with low port cost, whether they are easy to configure and whether they support QoS. In addition, enterprise routers need to effectively support broadcast and multicast. Enterprise networks must also deal with various LAN technologies left over from history and support various protocols, including IP, IPX and Vine. They also support firewalls, packet filtering, numerous management and security policies, and VLAN.
3. Backbone Router Router
The backbone router realizes the interconnection of enterprise-level networks. The requirements for it are speed and reliability, and the cost is secondary. Hardware reliability can be obtained by using technologies used in telephone switching networks, such as hot backup, dual power supply and dual data paths. These technologies are the standard of almost all backbone routers. The main performance bottleneck of backbone IP routers is the time spent looking up routes in forwarding tables. When receiving a data packet, the input port looks up the destination address of the data packet in the forwarding table to determine its destination port. When the packet is short or the packet is to be sent to multiple destination ports, the cost of route lookup will inevitably increase. Therefore, putting some frequently visited destination ports in the cache can improve the efficiency of route lookup. Whether it is an input buffer or an output buffer router, there is a bottleneck problem of route lookup. In addition to the performance bottleneck, the stability of the router is also a problem that is often ignored.
4. Terabyte router
Among the three main technologies used in the future core Internet, optical fiber and DWDM are mature and ready-made. If there is no router corresponding to the original bandwidth provided by the existing optical fiber technology and DWDM technology, the performance of the new network infrastructure will not be fundamentally improved, so it is urgent to develop high-performance backbone switches/routers (terabit routers). Terabyte router technology is still mainly in the development and experimental stage.
5. Multi-WAN router
The dual WAN router has two physical WAN ports as external network access, which enables the intranet computer to use two external network access lines at the same time through the load balancing function of the dual WAN router, thus greatly improving the network bandwidth. At present, dual WAN routers mainly have the application advantages of "bandwidth convergence" and "one network and two lines", which traditional single WAN routers can't do.
Function level
1, broadband router
Broadband router is a new network product with the popularity of broadband in recent years. Broadband router integrates router, firewall, bandwidth control and management functions into a compact box, which has the characteristics of fast forwarding ability, flexible network management and rich network status. Most broadband routers in China are optimized for broadband applications, which can meet different network traffic environments and have good power grid adaptability and network compatibility. Most broadband routers are highly integrated, with 10/ 100Mbps broadband Ethernet WAN interface and built-in multi-port1100 Mbps adaptive switch, which is convenient for multiple computers to connect the intranet and the Internet, and can be widely used in families, schools, offices, Internet cafes, community access, government and so on.
2. Modular router
Modular router mainly refers to the router whose interface type and some extended functions can be configured according to the actual needs of users. These routers generally only provide the most basic routing functions when they leave the factory. Users can select corresponding modules according to the type of network to be connected, and different modules can provide different connection and management functions. For example, most modular routers can allow users to choose the network interface type, some modular routers can provide VPN and other functional modules, and some modular routers also provide firewall functions, and so on. At present, most routers are modular routers.
3. Non-modular router
Non-modular routers are all low-end routers, which are generally used at home. This type of router is mainly used to connect small business customers or ISPs at home. It not only provides SLIP or PPP connection, but also supports virtual private network protocols, such as PPTP and IPSec. These protocols should be able to run on every port. ADSL and other technologies will soon increase the broadband available to families, which will further increase the burden of accessing routers. Due to these trends, this router will support many heterogeneous and high-speed ports in the future, and can run various protocols on each port, while avoiding telephone switching networks.
4. Virtual router
Virtual router removes the false and keeps the true. Recently, some new technical breakthroughs about IP backbone network equipment have paved the way for the realization of new Internet services in the future. Virtual router is such a new technology, which makes some new Internet services possible. Through these new services, users will be able to control network performance, Internet address and routing, and network security. RND Network Company in Israel is a manufacturer providing solutions from local area network to wide area network. It first proposed the concept of virtual routing.
5. Core router
The core router, also known as the "backbone router", is located in the center of the network. Routers located at the edge of the network are called access routers. Core router and edge router are relative concepts. They all belong to routers, but they are different in size and capacity. The core router of one layer is the edge router of another layer.
6. Wireless router
Wireless router is a router with wireless coverage function, which is mainly used for users to surf the Internet and wireless coverage. The popular wireless routers in the market generally support four access modes: dedicated xdsl/cable, dynamic xdsl and pptp. It also has some other network management functions, such as dhcp service, nat firewall, mac address filtering and so on.
7. One-arm router
The concept of one-arm router appeared before the third layer switch, and the communication between VLANs in the network can be realized through ISL association. In that case, the router will become a "one-armed router", and the data transmission between VLANs will be processed by the router first, and then output, so that most messages of the same VLAN in the network will be directly transmitted between switching devices at high speed without going through the router. The disadvantage of this routing method is that it is still a centralized routing strategy. Therefore, there are usually multiple redundant "one-armed" routers on the backbone network to share the data processing tasks, which can reduce the bottleneck problems caused by routers and increase redundant links. However, if the data transmission between VLAN in the network is large, it will form a bottleneck at the router. One-arm routers are now basically replaced by Layer 3 switches.
8. Wireless network router
Wireless network router is a kind of communication equipment used to connect wired and wireless networks. It can send and receive wireless signals through Wi-Fi technology, and communicate with personal digital assistants and laptops. Wireless network routers can easily establish computer networks without cables.
However, when data is transmitted outdoors through wireless network, its speed may be affected by the weather. Other wireless networks include infrared, Bluetooth and satellite microwave.
9. Intelligent flow control router router
Intelligent flow control router can automatically adjust the bandwidth of each node, so that the network speed of each node can reach the fastest, without limiting the speed of each node, which is its greatest feature. Intelligent flow control routers are often used in telecom trunk roads, such as Huawei and Cisco. Internet cafes, hotels, etc. Commonly used network star router.
10, dynamic speed-limiting router
Dynamic speed-limiting router is an intelligent allocation function, which can calculate the bandwidth required by each user in real time, accurately analyze the types of internet users, allocate bandwidth reasonably, and realize on-demand allocation and rational utilization. This function is mainly used in Internet cafes, hotels, communities, schools and so on. , and the most commonly used Internet cafes are Aolei routers.
1 1, soft router
Using desktop or server with software to form a routing scheme mainly depends on the setting of software to realize the functions of routers, such as grass soft routing, sea spider and so on.
Operation form
(1) Workstation A sends the address 12.0.0.5 of Workstation B together with data information to the router 1 in the form of data packets.
(2) After the router 1 receives the data packet from workstation A, it first takes out the address 12.0.0.5 from the header and calculates the best path from workstation B according to the path table: r1->; R2->； r5->； b； And sends the packet to router 2.
(3) Router 2 repeats the work of router 1 and forwards the packet to router 5.
(4) Router 5 also takes out the destination address, finds that 12.0.0.5 is on the network segment connected by the router, and directly delivers the data packet to Workstation B. ..
(5) Workstation B receives the data packet from Workstation A, and the main communication process ends.
Use classification
At all levels of the Internet, routers can be found everywhere. Access networks enable families and small businesses to connect to Internet service providers; The router in the enterprise network connects thousands of computers in the campus or enterprise; The router terminal system on the backbone network is usually not directly accessible. They connect ISP and enterprise network on long-distance backbone network. The rapid development of Internet brings different challenges to backbone network, enterprise network and access network. Backbone requires routers to forward several links at high speed. Enterprise routers not only need a large number of ports and low prices, but also need simple and convenient configuration and QoS provision. Enterprise routers such as Feiyuxing provide SmartQoSIII.
insert
Access routers connect small business customers in the home or ISP. Access routers have begun to provide more than just SLIP or PPP connections. ADSL and other technologies will soon increase the available bandwidth of the home, which will further increase the burden of access routers. Due to these trends, access routers will support many heterogeneous and high-speed ports in the future, and can run various protocols on each port, while avoiding telephone switching networks.
enterprise-level
The enterprise or campus router connects many terminal systems, and its main goal is to achieve as many endpoints as possible in the cheapest way, and further requires supporting different quality of service. Many existing enterprise networks are Ethernet segments connected by hubs or bridges. Although these devices are cheap, easy to install and require no configuration, they do not support service levels. On the contrary, a network with routers can divide the machine into multiple conflict domains, so it can control the size of a network. In addition, the router also supports a certain level of service, at least allowing it to be divided into multiple priorities. However, the cost of each port of the router is relatively expensive, and a lot of configuration work is needed to use the router. Therefore, the success or failure of enterprise routers lies in whether they provide a large number of ports with low port cost, whether they are easy to configure and whether they support QoS. In addition, enterprise routers need to effectively support broadcast and multicast. Enterprise networks must also deal with various LAN technologies left over from history and support various protocols, including IP, IPX and Vine. They also support firewalls, packet filtering, numerous management and security policies, and VLAN.
Trunk layer
The backbone router realizes the interconnection of enterprise-level networks. The requirements for it are speed and reliability, and the cost is secondary. Hardware reliability can be obtained by using technologies used in telephone switching networks, such as hot backup, dual power supply and dual data paths. These technologies are the standard of almost all backbone routers. The main performance bottleneck of backbone IP routers is the time spent looking up routes in forwarding tables. When receiving a data packet, the input port looks up the destination address of the data packet in the forwarding table to determine its destination port. When the packet is short or the packet is to be sent to multiple destination ports, the cost of route lookup will inevitably increase. Therefore, putting some frequently visited destination ports in the cache can improve the efficiency of route lookup. Whether it is an input buffer or an output buffer router, there is a bottleneck problem of route lookup. In addition to the performance bottleneck, the stability of the router is also a problem that is often ignored.
Tibbit
Among the three main technologies used in the future core Internet, optical fiber and DWDM are mature and ready-made. If there is no router corresponding to the original bandwidth provided by the existing optical fiber technology and DWDM technology, the performance of the new network infrastructure will not be fundamentally improved, so it is urgent to develop high-performance backbone switches/routers (terabit routers). Terabyte router technology is still in the development and experimental stage.
Duowan
The dual WAN router has two physical WAN ports as external network access, which enables the intranet computer to use two external network access lines at the same time through the load balancing function of the dual WAN router, thus greatly improving the network bandwidth. At present, dual WAN routers mainly have the application advantages of "bandwidth convergence" and "one network and two lines", which traditional single WAN routers can't do.
Folding 3G wireless
3G wireless router adopts 32-bit high-performance industrial-grade ARM9 communication processor and embedded real-time operating system RTOS as software support platform. The system integrates all-round communication protocols from logical link layer to application layer, and supports static and dynamic routing, PPP server and PPP client, VPN (including PPTP and IPSEC), DHCP server and DHCP client, DDNS, firewall, NAT, DMZ host and other functions. A wireless routing network that provides users with safe, high-speed, stable and reliable protocols.
With the development of 3G wireless network, people enjoy the value brought by wireless network more and more. There are many kinds of 3G wireless routers in the market, including Xiaohei A8 series and Xiaohei Huawei e5. 3G wireless routers are changing people's lives.
structure principle
Power interface: the interface is connected to the power supply.
Reset key: This key can restore the factory settings of the router.
Cat-to-Router Interface (WAN): This interface is connected with home broadband modem through network cable.
Interface between computer and router (LAN 1~4): This interface connects computer and router with network cable.
It should be noted that the WAN port and LAN port must not be reversed.
At present, the IP address of home wireless router in the market is generally:192.168.1.1.
The IP address of wired router is generally:192.168.0.1.
The IP address, login name and password are usually marked at the bottom of the router.
Fold and edit the development history of this paragraph.
As early as 40 years ago, the discussion of routing technology appeared, but it was not until the 1980s that routing technology gradually entered the commercial application. The reason why routing technology was not widely used at the beginning of its appearance was mainly because the network structure before the 1980s was very simple and routing technology was useless. It was not until the last decade that large-scale Internet gradually became popular, which provided a good foundation and platform for the development of routing technology.
Development history
With the gradual popularization of the Internet, Internet cafes have mushroomed in the streets. However, with the increase of the number, the competition among Internet cafes is becoming more and more fierce. Optimizing the business environment by expanding the scale and reducing the cost has become an inevitable trend of the development of Internet cafes. In the past, the mainstream scale of most Internet cafes in China was 60- 100 PCs, which were connected to the Internet through SOHO routers. Its network connection has the advantages of simple structure and low cost. However, with the increase of the number of network PCs, the original network access system often appears problems such as network disconnection, game jam, hacker attack, virus flooding and so on. Faced with this, has the owner of the Internet cafe considered upgrading the router of the Internet cafe?
Access bottleneck restricting the benign operation of internet cafes.
router
In the Internet cafe network with 60- 100 PCs, SOHO routers can basically meet the needs of network access. However, after the number of PCs exceeds 100, if SOHO routers are still used for access, the whole network system will be fragile, mainly in the following aspects:
The first is low performance. In order to save costs, SOHO routers generally use CPU with average performance, and the speed of memory is also relatively slow. In specific use, the download speed will be slow and the game will get stuck, which are all manifestations of low performance.
Secondly, the stability is poor and it is easy to drop the line, which is the most taboo for gamers. Some SOHO routers can maintain a stable connection even with a small number of users. However, if the scale increases slightly, the stability of the network will be difficult to guarantee. When the network traffic increases, it will be restarted frequently. Moreover, SOHO routers use ordinary external power supply, so when the voltage fluctuates, the power supply of SOHO routers cannot be guaranteed.
The third is poor heat dissipation. Generally speaking, SOHO routers are small in size, and there is no reasonable heat dissipation design in the machine, while Internet cafes are usually open 24 hours a day, so the heat dissipation of SOHO routers becomes a problem. The most direct influence of router overheating is unstable operation.
Finally, the number of supported PCs is very small. SOHO routers have small memory capacity (generally 2M-8M) and small FLASH capacity (generally only 1M), and the number of users supported is limited. Basically, the maximum number of NAT sessions is within 1024. It can be calculated that it takes about 10-50 NAT processes to open a web page, so the number of PCs supported by SOHO routers is small, and it is difficult to expand and upgrade functions.
The Solution to the Problem ―― Upgrading ――SOHO Router to Special Router for Internet Cafe
The key to the good operation of Internet cafes is to have a safe and stable network system, which can provide satisfactory online entertainment and leisure experience for netizens. Web browsing, QQ, video chatting, video playing, and large-capacity online games occupy too many network system resources and have a huge number of users. Therefore, Internet cafes need to specialize in Internet cafe applications, support router products with large number of users, high access rate, fast processing speed, strong compatibility and expansibility, and the price cannot be high enough to meet the operating costs of Internet cafes.