The Latin scientific name of whale comes from the Greek word "sea monster", which shows the ancient people's reverence for this giant living in the ocean. In fact, whales vary greatly in size. Small whales are all about 6 meters long, the largest can reach more than 30 meters, the heaviest weighs 40 million kilograms, and the lightest also has 2000 kilograms. Most of them live in the ocean, and only a few live in fresh water environment. Their bodies are very similar to fish, streamlined and suitable for swimming, so they are commonly known as whales, but this similarity is only a convergence phenomenon in biological evolution. Cetaceans belong to mammals because they have the characteristics of viviparous, lactation, constant temperature and breathing with lungs, which are completely different from fish. The heartbeat of whales is usually 9~ 10 times per minute.
Alias: Sickle Dolphin, Sickle Striped Dolphin, Short Nose Dolphin. The snout is short, but the boundary with the forehead is clear. The dorsal fin is tall and eye-catching, with a sickle-shaped back curve and a wide base. The back of the body is black or dark gray, the abdomen is white, the front of the head and the upper jaw are black, the lower jaw is only black at the mouth and nose, and the rest are white. The ventral side of the body is white or grayish white, and the body side is leucorrhea from the lower side of the posterior base to the tail base, and the corner of the mouth is from the front base of the fin. There is a black belt between anus and base after crossing the road. The dorsal fin 1/3 is black at the front and gray at the back. The leading edge of the flippers is also black and the trailing edge is gray. The upper and lower caudal fins are black or black-gray. Body color changes greatly. There are 23 ~ 36 teeth in the upper and lower whiskers.
Adults can reach 2.5 meters in length, males are slightly larger than females, and their weight can reach 180 kg. Many of them are large groups of dozens to hundreds of people, which are divided into small groups when eating, and then gathered into large groups when resting or exercising. Sexually active, swimming fast, often jumping out of the water. The body length is about 1.8 meters.
The main prey are small groups of fish and squid.
The East China Sea and the South China Sea are distributed.
Whale is an important member of marine animals. It looks like a fish, commonly known as whale.
There are many kinds of whales, including more than 80 in the world and more than 30 in China. Generally divided into two categories. One kind with a beard and no teeth in its mouth is called baleen whale, with *** 1 1 species; There are more than 70 species of toothed whales. The length of whales varies from 1 meter to more than 30 meters.
[Edit this paragraph] The characteristics of whales
The common feature of cetaceans is constant body temperature, about 36.0℃. Bare skin, no body hair, only a few bristles on the nose and mouth, no sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The fat under the skin is very thick, which can keep the body temperature and reduce the proportion of the body in water. The skull is developed, but the skull is smaller, the face is larger, the frontal bone and maxilla are obviously prolonged, forming a long snout. The neck is not obvious, the cervical vertebra is healed, and the head is directly connected with the trunk. The forelimbs are fin-shaped, the toes are not separated, there are no claws, and the elbow and wrist joints cannot move flexibly, which is suitable for swimming in the water. The hind limbs are degenerated, but there are still pelvic and femoral residues, and residual bone fragments can be seen. The tail degenerates into fins, and the skin at the end expands horizontally from left to right, forming a pair of large tail leaves without bone support. The spine gradually tapers in the long and narrow caudal trunk and finally disappears before entering the caudal fin. Unlike fish, the caudal fin can swing up and down and is the main organ for swimming. Some species also have dorsal fins to balance their bodies. Their bones have spongy tissue, and there is more fat in the body cavity, which can increase the volume of the body, reduce the proportion of the body and increase buoyancy.
Their eyes are small, without lacrimal glands and transient membranes, and their eyesight is poor. There is no outer ear shell, and the external auditory canal is very thin, but the hearing is very sensitive. It can feel ultrasonic waves, find food by echolocation, contact companions or avoid enemies. There are 1-2 external nostrils, located on the top of the head, commonly known as spray holes. Generally, the closer the nostril is, the higher the degree of evolution. Breathing with lungs, there is a lung on the left and right, and there are many capillaries in it, which are elastic and can help the circulation of oxygen and adapt to the gas exchange on the water. You need to surface for air every once in a while, and you can also dive for a long time. There are 10 20 pairs of ribs. The stomach is divided into four chambers. Most kidneys are tumor-like. Male testicles are located in the abdominal cavity. Female animals give birth and breastfeed in water. The uterus has two horns and a pair of breasts, which are located at the cleavage on both sides of the reproductive fissure, and the nipples are slender. Milk is rich in calcium, phosphorus and a lot of fat. Young whales have teeth in the embryonic period, but whales' teeth are replaced by beards at birth, and toothed whales' teeth are preserved for life.
Whales are mammals that live in water. It has the same physiological characteristics as terrestrial mammals, such as breathing with lungs and viviparous, and has some special physiological structures evolved to adapt to the aquatic environment. Whales belong to the animal kingdom, Chordata, Mammalia and Cetacea.
The whale's heartbeat is only nine times a minute. Because cetaceans are mammals living in water, they have the same physiological characteristics as terrestrial mammals, and they also breathe with their lungs. They can breathe in the water for a long time and slow down their heartbeat, so they can lurk in the water for a long time.
There are two suborders under Cetacea, namely Blaleenwhales and Megaodon. The grouping of the two groups mainly depends on their different eating patterns. The main morphological feature of the suborder baleen whales is that they have no teeth, but there are great baleen whales, which can be used to screen plankton, so they are filter-feeding animals. The main feature of Toothed Whale suborder is that it has teeth and is predatory. The number and arrangement of teeth will be different due to the influence of eating habits. There are about 79 species of 13 families in the world.
Although the whale has the word fish, it is actually not a fish, but a mammal. It has many characteristics very different from fish. For example, the average fish swings its tail fin left and right to move forward, while the whale swings its tail fin up and down. They use flippers at the front end to keep balance and control the direction of force. Some whales have fins at the top of their backs to keep their bodies upright! The biggest difference between whales and fish is that whales have nostrils like humans, breathing with lungs, while fish breathe with gills; Whale skin is smooth and scaleless, while fish generally have scales; Whales are warm-blooded animals and fish are cold-blooded; Fish spawn, and whales directly give birth to young whales; The mother whale has two breasts under her belly. Young whales grow up by feeding on their mothers' milk. When they are hungry, they wipe their mother's breasts with their mouths. The mother whale forcibly sprays the milk directly into the mouth of the calf.
Whales are social animals. They usually live in groups in the sea, but when whales breathe, they need to swim to the surface. At this time, the whale breathes through the blowhole on its head, and when it exhales, the water in the air will condense and form the familiar fountain shape. Experts can even tell the species of whales from the height, width and angle of water spray! There are many kinds of whales, which can be roughly divided into toothed whales and baleen whales.
There is a very thick layer of fat under the epidermis of whales, commonly known as whale oil. It can keep whales warm and store energy for a rainy day. Because there are many special structures in the whale, it can hold its breath for a long time and slow down its heartbeat, so when it sinks to the bottom of the sea, it will take a long time to surface again. In addition to the oxygen storage structure, when a certain part of the body needs a lot of blood supply, there will be a special function of centralized supply in the body!
The water column ejected by baleen whales is high and thin, while the water column ejected by toothed whales is thick and short. Some people can even judge the species of whales by the water column!
Whales are mammals that live in the sea. Some whales are very big, and the maximum length can reach 30 meters. Whales are shaped like fish and are spindle-shaped. The head is big, the eyes are small, and the ear shell is completely degraded. The neck is not obvious. The forelimbs are fin-shaped and the hind limbs are completely degenerated; Most species have fins on their backs; The tail is a horizontal fin, which is the main motor organ. Toothed or toothless. One or two nostrils, open at the top of the head. Adults are hairless (many species just have some hair on their mouths). There is a thick layer of fat under the skin, which can keep warm and reduce the proportion of the body. Breathe with your lungs, then inhale on the surface and dive into the water. You can dive 10 ~ 45 minutes. They usually feed on zooplankton, mollusks and fish. Viviparous, usually a calf, is fed with milk. But many people classify them as fish. In fact, they are not fish, but mammals. Distributed in the oceans of the world.
Whales are distributed in all the oceans in the world. It is an aquatic mammal that breathes with its lungs. Its species are divided into two categories: baleen whales, toothless whales, baleen whales and two-nostril whales, such as baleen whales, blue whales, humpback whales and gray whales. Toothed whales have teeth, no baleen whales, only one nostril, such as sperm whales, narwhals, killer whales and so on. Most of the oxygen in the ocean and 60% of the oxygen in the atmosphere are made by phytoplankton. Baleen whales can destroy zooplankton, the number one enemy of phytoplankton. In addition, toothed whales also help to maintain the ecological balance of fish. The toothed whale's food is a large mollusk that feeds on fish. Therefore, without whales in the world, human beings will perish.
The reproductive ability of whales is very poor, and it takes an average of two years to give birth to a calf. Due to human hunting and environmental pollution, the number of whales has decreased dramatically. For example, in the 20th century, nearly 360,000 blue whales were killed, and now there are less than 50 left. Many whale species that have lived on the earth for more than 50 million years are endangered.
The ancestors of cetaceans used to walk on all fours on land, probably herbivores or carnivores mainly living in coastal areas. Later, they were attracted by fish and other foods in the water. After a long time, they returned to the ocean from land and gradually adapted to marine life. The earliest whales appeared in about 55 million years? /FONT & gt； 36 million years ago, primitive whales in the middle Eocene, primitive whales in the late Eocene, etc. Compared with the existing whales, their skulls are smaller, and their nostrils are located in front of their heads, but they have not moved to the top of their heads. Their teeth are similar to those of ancient insectivores and carnivores, with 44 or fewer teeth. Their teeth are also very similar in shape and skull, with only a few differences, but they have adapted to living in seawater.
Mark Youhorn, a paleontologist at the Ma Ziran Museum of History in Alabama, USA, explained, "The appearance of whale tails may be the last step in the transformation of whales from land to sea." In order to explore this mysterious process, Youhorn analyzed the newly discovered paleontological fossils. These ancient fossils were discovered by some amateur bone lovers on the banks of Alabama and Mississippi. They are bone fossils formed after the death of Wolot Georgia whale. The Wolotegu Georgian whale lived about 40 million years ago in the Gulf of Mexico in North America. This ancient whale is about 3.7 meters long and mainly relies on sharp teeth to prey on fish for a living. The earliest known whales with tails are closely related to Wolot Georgia whales. However, Youhorn found that only two million years later, when the Wolotegu Georgia whale was separated from other whales, it obviously had no tail.
Youhorn focused on a newly discovered coccygeal vertebra about 5 cm long. This vertebra is one of about 20 coccygeal vertebrae of Wolot Georgia whale. After analysis, it is found that this kind of spine is not similar to the spine near the whale tail. Therefore, Yohorn thinks that Wolotegu Georgian whales swim mainly by swinging their hind feet. Previous studies also believe that this ancient whale has huge hips, indicating that they also have huge hind legs. Strangely, scientists also found that their pelvis was not connected to their spine. Until now, this phenomenon is still an unsolved mystery. Youhorn said, "What we have confirmed is that this ancient whale swims mainly by swinging its hips and paddling in the water. This is very similar to the swimming style of modern whales, but modern whales mainly rely on the ups and downs of their bodies to swim. "
In the history of biological evolution, there has always been a missing link from ancient land quadrupeds to today's aquatic mammals. Therefore, scholars believe that the ancient whale fossils found above just fill this gap. However, why did ancient whales migrate from land to water? It turns out that the breeding and rearing of ancient whales were carried out on land, just like sea lions, seals, seals and other amphibians. However, the evolution of organisms is often influenced by environmental changes. About 50 million years ago, ancient whales began to enter the water because the ratio of food to predators in the water was easier to survive than in the land environment. About/kloc-0.0 million years ago, the descendants of ancient whales evolved very similar to modern whales. They had a tail and a short neck, and their hind feet degenerated into flippers, and they never went ashore.
[Edit this paragraph] Species of whales
Baleen whales are huge, and the smallest species is more than 6 meters long. There are no teeth in the mouth, and only degenerated teeth can be seen during embryonic development, but there are 150-400 comb-like horny whiskers on the maxilla from the palate to the left and right sides of the pharynx. The color, shape and quantity of beards vary from species to species, which is one of the important basis for classification. There are two external nostrils, located on the top of the head, which can eject two water columns when breathing. The skull is extremely large, and some species can reach 1/3 of the body length, which is symmetrical. Healing or separation of cervical vertebrae. The sternum is small, only 1-2 pairs of ribs are connected with the sternum, and the thorax is incomplete. No collarbone. Flippers usually have four fingers. There is a cecum in the digestive tract. They mainly feed on small crustaceans such as krill, and some species also eat small groups of fish, as well as benthic fish and shellfish. There are three families of fin whales in the world, including right whale family, gray whale family and fin whale family, about 6 genera 1 1 species.
The shape of toothed whales varies greatly, with the smallest species being only about 1 m and the largest being more than 20 meters. There are conical teeth in the mouth, but the shape and number of different kinds of teeth are also very different. The least is 1 single tooth, the most is dozens, and some are hidden in gums, so it is also one of the important bases for classification. There are only 1 external nostril, so only one stream of water can be ejected when breathing. The skull is asymmetrical left and right. There are five fingers on the flippers. The sternum is bigger. No collarbone. No cecum. They mainly feed on squid and fish, and some can prey on large animals, such as seabirds, seals and other whales. There are 8 families, about 34 genera and 72 species of toothed whales in the world, including puffer fish, ray family, swordfish, narwhalidae, dolphin family, dolphin family and hairy whale family.
The blue whale is the largest mammal in the world. Its length can reach about 30 meters, its average weight is 150 tons, and one mouth can accommodate 10 adults. The blue whale is full of treasures, and its fat can be used to make soap; Whale meat is rich in nutrition; Whale bone can extract glue; Whale liver contains a lot of vitamins; Blood and viscera are high-quality fertilizers.
The ancestors of whales
"Amber Lockhouse"
It has been about 654.38 million+00,000 years since the appearance of Baki Kaitaos, and cetaceans have taken another step towards ocean evolution. The representative animal at this stage is the 4-meter-long "Anbiyurokethaus", which means an amphibious whale or a walking whale. If Bakiketaus is like a wolf, Anbiyurokethaus is like a crocodile. Anbi Yurokethaus discovered it earlier than Bakikethaus. Researchers believe that Anbiyurokethaus is a transitional animal in the development of cetaceans.
The biggest ecological feature of Anbiyurokethaus is that it lives in the sea and on land, and mostly feeds on marine fish and drinks seawater. It is generally believed that all mammals form teeth and bones through oxygen atoms of water molecules in food. There are three kinds of oxygen isotopes in nature. When they have a specific ratio, the ratio between seawater and fresh water is different. Therefore, when analyzing the skeleton fossils of Anbi Yurokethaus, it shows that the isotope ratio of fresh water is more, which means that Anbi Yurokethaus ate animals on land, thus creating his own bones and postures.
Its ecology is somewhat close to that of crocodiles today. Eyes are very small. If the body is in the sea, the eyes are out of the water to observe the surrounding situation. The analysis of its bones shows that the hind toes are long and suitable for swimming in the water, while the front feet are not so long, which is conducive to climbing out. They often lurk in shallow water, observing all the way, waiting for an opportunity to sneak up on passing animals.
"Lord Kettaus"
After "Anbiyurokehaus", an animal with the appearance and body shape of an otter, and the ancestors of whales such as "Lodketaus" which still maintain many characteristics of "Anbiyurokehaus" appeared one after another. And this animal, Lord Kettaus, is considered to have completely adapted to life in the water. It took about 3-4 million years from the appearance of Baki Ketaous to the appearance of Lord Ketaous. However, this is a brief moment in paleontology.
Dalton and Rosa Urus of Brazil.
Then, about 39 million years ago, whales with streamlined bodies, such as Dalton and urs of Brazil, appeared, and they could swim smoothly in the ocean. They have lost their ancestors' long tails and replaced them with tail fins. Dalton, who is 4.5 meters long, has a skeleton similar to that of dolphins today, but there are some traces of hind feet degeneration. "Urus, Lothar, Brazil" has a slender body like an eel, with a total length of about 18 meter, which is larger than most existing whales in the world. But it also has two small hind feet.
Cetaceans who went to "urs, Losa, Brazil" after Baki Kaitaos are taxonomically called extinct protocetaceans. Among them, "Dalton", which has the characteristics of modern whales, later evolved into modern toothed whales and baleen whales. However, scientists believe that no animal skeleton fossils related to modern whales have been found in Dalton.
However, it is generally believed that the period when the original ocean developed to baleen whales and toothed whales, that is, about 34 million years ago, was a period of global sea level decline. At this time, there should be many places in the global stratum to be excavated. If we are lucky, people will find fossils of transitional species from primitive whales to modern whales sooner or later.
[Edit this paragraph] The value and protection of whales
Whales have been killed by humans since ancient times because of their great economic value, but in the past, due to the backward killing methods, the amount of whales killed was small, which was not enough to affect the number of whales. In modern times, people used ships and artillery to kill whales, which greatly increased their lethality, resulting in a sharp decline in the number of whales and many species on the verge of extinction.
Nowadays, because there are strict restrictions on the number of whales caught each year in the world, whaling is no longer the main concern of scientists who monitor the number and living conditions of whales. However, worldwide, unprecedented marine pollution caused by human economic development poses a great threat to whales, far greater than killing. In addition, the rapid development of industrial fishing has greatly affected the food sources of whales and other marine mammals, which is another major factor affecting their survival. In the past, people always imagined the ocean as an endless free world and a symbol of being able to take risks. Therefore, while plundering marine resources unscrupulously, the shipping industry not only produces a lot of marine noise and discharges a lot of ballast water every year, but also dumps a lot of garbage into the ocean. About 6,543,800 kinds of chemicals also reach the ocean through the discharge of sewage and air. Refractory organic chlorides increase the content of marine organic matter, which makes marine pollution more and more serious and brings serious problems.
The research results of modern science show that the ocean is a giant container for storing waste gas carbon dioxide, and the cold and hot ocean current system has a great influence on the earth's climate. There are many unknown animals and plants that are beneficial to human beings, including many potential sources of food and medicine for human beings, which are of great value. The increasingly serious marine pollution will destroy these precious resources. Due to the destruction of the ozone layer, the population density of krill living in the waters near Antarctica has dropped sharply. The number of krill per 1000 m3 of seawater decreased sharply from 1982 to 177.8 to 1985 before 1984. Krill is a crustacean in the ocean and an important bait for marine mammals such as marine fish and whales. It plays an extremely important role in the marine biological chain, and has attracted much attention as the largest protein resource left over from the earth. Because cetaceans and other marine mammals are located at the end of the food chain, marine pollution, especially heavy metal pollution and other turbulent substances seriously weaken their immune systems, making them vulnerable to viruses and bacteria. Pollution will also prevent women from getting pregnant or having an abortion, thus greatly reducing their reproductive rate.
The reproductive ability of whales is very poor, and it takes an average of two or three years to produce a calf ... Because humans kill whales and pollute the marine environment ... the number of whales is gradually decreasing ... For example, blue whales ... slaughtered 360,000 people in the 20th century! ! ! There are currently less than 50 heads left ~! Many species are endangered. ....
[Edit this paragraph] Whales are in China.
China is rich in cetacean resources. Up to now, 38 species belonging to 26 genera and 9 families have been found in China's sea areas, including the blue whale with a body length of more than 30 meters, the finless porpoise with a body length of only about 1 meter, especially the freshwater cetacean baiji (extinct), which is a wonderful flower among cetaceans. All cetaceans in China are listed as second-class protected animals except baiji and Chinese white dolphin, which are listed as national 1 class protected animals.
China found a whale weighing nearly four tons, about 17 meters long, with a tongue as heavy as a dozen big fat pigs! It's spacious for four people to sit in it and read.
[Edit this paragraph] The whale ran aground in China.
In the early morning of March 28, 2008, a whale carcass was hit by waves on the beach of Sanya Bay. The body has begun to decompose, and the cause of death and the specific type are uncertain. Previously, a large number of whales ran aground and died in Australia. More and more attention should be paid to the protection of whales!
It's not the first time that whales have run aground in China, but it happens frequently all over the world for thought-provoking reasons.
On March 10, 2005, an 8-meter-long whale weighing about 4 tons ran aground and died in Wuchuan, Guangdong.
On the afternoon of March 10, 2005, a whale with a length of more than 8 meters and a weight of about 4 tons was found stranded on the coast near Liangmei Village, Dashanjiang Street, Wuchuan City.
On March 1 1 day, 2008, a whale weighing 2 tons ran aground and died in Hainan.
In the early morning of March 1 1, 2008, a whale weighing 2 tons was found stranded and died in Chaoshan Port, Jinshan Town, Wenchang City, Hainan Province. At present, the relevant departments have buried whales and extracted fish skeletons to make specimens for research.
On September 1 day, 2008, a whale weighing three kilograms ran aground on Golden Beach.
Qingdao Morning Post reported that on the evening of August 30, 2008, an adult Japanese beaked whale weighing 3,000 Jin ran aground in Golden Beach of Qingdao Development Zone.
Cause exploration
[1] The helplessness of the behemoth-the helplessness behind the whale's stranding
What makes such tragedies happen frequently? Let's take a look at the opinions of experts.
Whales are confused by themselves?
Scientists still can't explain why these whales ran aground, but most of the explanations are related to the echolocation system in their bodies. The giant whale's eyes are only as big as a small watermelon, and its vision is extremely degraded. Generally, you can only see objects within 17 meters, which is extremely disproportionate to its huge body. They don't rely on their eyes to navigate and measure things and prey, but they have highly sensitive echo ranging ability. The frequency range of ultrasonic waves emitted by them is very wide, and they will reflect back when encountering obstacles, forming echoes. Whales can accurately judge their distance from obstacles according to the round-trip time of this ultrasonic wave.
Visceral discomfort, parasites, or the system itself may cause the echolocation system to fail, making whales lose their way and wander around. Some scientists also believe that when whales wander to gentle waters with the water potential in order to prey, they will run aground once the tide ebbs; However, when they swim into the bay to fish and send ultrasonic waves to the steep beach, the echo is often very wrong, or even they don't receive the echo at all, and they will lose their way. Whales are social animals. If a whale rushes to the beach and runs aground, the rest will follow with all their strength, resulting in a tragedy of many deaths and injuries.
As early as June, 5438+February, 2004, the American magazine Science reported that according to the research of scientists in woods hole oceanographic institution, some scientists thought that the reason why whales died might be that they floated too fast on the surface of Shanghai. Two scientists in this institute found a small hole after studying the skeleton of a sperm whale that ran aground and died. They explained that this was osteonecrosis in sperm whale bones. Sperm whales can dive to a depth of more than 3200 meters to hunt. If they quickly float to the shallow sea, the nitrogen in the body will gush out to form bubbles. These bubbles entangled in tissues will compress nerves, block capillaries, lead to hypoxia of muscles, and even affect bones to cause regional necrosis, leaving many small pits. It can be seen that the "suicide" of sperm whales is probably the price they pay for carrying water too quickly when looking for food.
Nature also contributed to the fire?
1997, about 300 whales "collectively committed suicide" off the Malvinas Islands. According to the analysis of Argentine scholars, the strong activity of sunspots at that time caused geomagnetic anomalies, and a magnetic storm occurred, which destroyed the echolocation system of migrating whales and made them make "directional" mistakes.
Experts from the National Marine Aquarium in the United Kingdom also speculated that the sound shock wave generated by the low-frequency earthquake at the bottom of the sea may interfere with the echolocation system of these mammals, thus causing them to stray into the beach.
Is it man-made again?
Environmental pollution is also considered by environmentalists and scientists as the reason why whales run aground. Scientists believe that chemicals that pollute the sea water may disturb the feelings of whales. In addition, Dr. Cod, deputy director of the French La Rochelle Marine Mammal Research Center, believes that the acoustic waves emitted by the sonar and echo sounder of warships and the noise of underwater explosion will lead to the disorder of the whale's echo positioning system.
A few years ago, the US Navy used large sonar equipment in the deep sea of Panama Island. Subsequently, some whales and dolphins ran aground and died. Investigators from the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Navy said that sonar noise caused the death of marine life. They found that the whale's ears were badly damaged by noise, and there was blood around the whale's brain and ear bones. Scientists say that marine mammals are actually very fragile and will be frightened at the slightest sign of trouble. Human sea exercises may also make them panic.
From the above aspects, there are many reasons for whale stranding, but it is also largely due to changes in the ecological environment. I hope everyone can pay attention to ecological protection and pay more attention to this information in the future, so that such a tragedy will not happen again.
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A lamentation from the deep sea-Sanya was shocked to see the dead whale stranded.
[Let me improve] Related, one is a baleen whale and the other is a toothed whale. Baleen whales have no teeth, while toothed whales have sharp teeth.