Analysis:
Tu (tu)
The population is 24 1 198.
national economy
It is mainly distributed in the north of Huangshui in the east of Qinghai Province, on both sides of the Yellow River and its adjacent areas, and mostly distributed in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, Minhe County, Datong County and Tongren County of Qinghai Province. Some of them live in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province. In the past, there were many kinds of people who called themselves Tu people, such as Huzhu, Datong, Tianzhu, etc. They called themselves "Mongolians" (Mongolians) and "Chahan Mongolia" (White Mongolians). Minhe County mostly called themselves "Tukun" (meaning natives, inarticulate), and some people called themselves "Tujia". Tibetans nearby call the Tu people "Tang" (the collective name of nomadic people in northern Tibet, and Tibetan historical books have always been used to refer to Uighurs or Mongolians; In other words, Tuguhun, Han nationality, Hui nationality and other nationalities call them "natives" and "natives". After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), according to the national will, it was called Tu nationality. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of the Tu nationality was 24 1 198. Use Turkish, belonging to Mongolian family of Altai language family. In the past, Chinese was usually used, but in recent years, Turkish characters in Latin alphabet have been created and are being tried out.
There is a close relationship between the Tu nationality and the Mongolian nationality. Among Huzhu Tu people, there is a legend that their ancestors came from Mongols. Genghis Khan was the general who led Park Rongsu (Geletai) to stay in Huzhu County. Later, he married the local Hall people and gradually multiplied into Tu people. In the past, Turks worshipped Geri Park Jung Su as the ancestor of their own nation.
It is also recorded in China's historical records that Genghis Khan's Mongolian army came to Xining. At that time, Huzhu County belonged to Xining Prefecture, which can be confirmed by legend. The Mongols in Andingxu in Ming Dynasty were attacked and moved to Huzhu Tu Autonomous County. As for the Hall people, it was originally a general term for nomadic people living in the areas north of * * * and north of * * *. Tibetan historical records have always been used to refer to Uighur or Mongolia, but in modern times, they have specifically referred to Tu people. Huzhu County, Huertan, Huertan, Huerji, Huerchuan and other places in the Turkish region are named after the Hall people. According to textual research, the legendary Hall people of the Tu nationality are probably Tuyuhun people. This is consistent with the Turks in Minhe County calling themselves "Tukun". Of course, some people think that Hall is the homonym of Hu. It originated from the invitation of Tubo, Qidan, Mongolia and Xiongnu tribes, that is, blocking divination and Mongolia in Liao and Jin Dynasties were the main ones. This pushed the national origin of the Tu nationality back to an earlier period. However, the unified understanding is that Tuguhun is the main body in history, and later it absorbed some national elements such as Qiang, Tibetan, Mongolian and Han to form and develop.
socioeconomics
The early engagement of the Tu people in animal husbandry was related to the fact that the Tu people came from nomadic Hall people and Mongolian ancients. Later, he turned to agriculture as the main part-time animal husbandry. At least in the early Ming dynasty, the Turks knew about farming. In the farming era, the Ming Dynasty divided the Tu area into sixteen chieftains, most of whom were state officials in the Yuan Dynasty. After being carved up by the Ming dynasty, it became the largest feudal landlord in the area. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, liying, the toast, had already "cultivated land to seize people's wealth". (Biography of Li Yingchuan in Ming Dynasty). During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was under the rule of feudal lords. Each village belongs to three systems to exercise jurisdiction: ① Most villages are under the jurisdiction of the chieftains. The field under the jurisdiction of the toast is called the military horse farm. When the natives plant a piece of land and pay a piece of grain, they have something to do for the soldiers, which has nothing to do with farming and grazing. (2) Under the jurisdiction of the county magistrate, the village on the traffic avenue is under the jurisdiction of Mingbao's "township agreement" and the village "red card", and is under the jurisdiction of Xining Wei (post-Xining County) Experience Department. (3) After the completion of You Ning Temple in Wanli period, a few villages were under the jurisdiction of Miao Ang. After the abolition of the chieftain system, the grain went to the granaries and the people to the counties, and the Tu people completely got rid of the shackles of the feudal landlord system, and the feudal landlord system economy occupied a dominant position. During the reign of Ma Jiajun, feudalism was more intense. The oppression and exploitation of farmers and herdsmen is even more cruel. The production tools and farming techniques of the Tu nationality are basically the same as those of the nearby Han nationality. A few handicrafts exist in the form of family sideline, and there are few commercial handicrafts. Land is mainly concentrated in the hands of monks and secular landlords. The landlords and rich peasants with a population of less than 10% own more than 30% of the land, and more than 90% of the peasants only own more than 60%. Secular landlords mostly use employees (long-term and short-term workers) to operate, while monk landlords mostly use physical land rent. Capitalist industry and commerce have not yet appeared. The main crop varieties are wheat, highland barley and potatoes. Tu people have the habit of making wine. The name of the farmhouse is "fermented mash", and the highland barley wine produced by mutual assistance is well known. The ancestors of the Tu nationality traveled thousands of miles every day with the spirit of cultivating Qinghai, which made them famous in the Central Plains.
In September, 1949 after the liberation of the Turkish region, in June, 1954 after the social reform, Huzhu Tu Autonomous County and some Tu townships were established. 1956 realized the socialist transformation of ownership of the means of production. With the support of the state, various construction undertakings in various regions of Turkey have developed rapidly. Especially since the implementation and deepening of rural economic system reform, the economy in Turkey has developed rapidly. The level of agricultural mechanization has been gradually improved, and scientific farming techniques have been widely promoted. Local industries have grown from scratch. At present, there are dozens of enterprises such as cement, chemical fertilizer, agricultural machinery, pesticides, grain processing, wineries and paper mills, and the industrial output value accounts for more than 40% of the total industrial and agricultural output value. All towns and most villages have cars and electricity. People's living standards have improved significantly. Culture, education and health have also made great progress. Huzhu Tu Autonomous County has established primary schools, middle schools and normal schools, and has established dozens of hospitals and health clinics throughout the county.
Culture and art
Tu people are good at singing and dancing, and folk literature and art are rich and colorful. Folk literature is oral, and most of them can sing the narrative poem La Renbu and Qimensuo, which has been put on the stage. Senior lamas and monks of the Tu nationality also wrote books. The Mirror History of Religious Schools written by Tu Living Buddha has been translated into English and German and spread at home and abroad. It represents the frequent cultural exchanges between the two peoples. There are many kinds of songs, such as Zhao An, Hua Er, farewell songs and folk songs. The tune is lined with sentences, and the ending is long and ups and downs, which is unforgettable. Family songs include hymns, quiz songs, wedding songs, waltzes and so on. When Turkish residents hold weddings, they are often accompanied by entertainment activities such as singing and dancing. The wedding dance is usually led by two leaders in white and brown dresses, and others sing along. Dance movements vary from place to place.
In addition, the folk embroidery technology of Tu nationality is very famous. Exquisite design, colorful, elegant, simple and durable. Generally, there are five petals of plum blossom, pomegranate flower, moire flower, cold bird exploring plum blossom, peacock playing peony, lion rolling hydrangea and so on. Exquisite embroidery is the creation of Tu women and a remarkable symbol of Tu traditional culture.
Social customs and habits
The clothing style of Tu nationality is unique. Both men's and women's coats have embroidered turtlenecks. Men often wear black sleeve robes with small collars, long embroidered belts at the waist, big crotch pants and embroidered belts at both ends, black leggings on their calves, felt hats, moire cloth shoes, and black vests for the elderly. Women wear embroidered clothes, small ties and lace, and five-color cloth for sleeves. Coat with black, blue and purple lace vest, waist with a wide belt of rusty flowers or colored ribbons, hanging handkerchief, purse, leather bag and small copper bell. Pant leg outer clip 1 ft high trouser legs, with blue and black belt at the lower edge. Wear embroidered waist shoes, which look like boots. Wear all kinds of twisted headdresses.
The eating habits of the Tu people are closely related to the production characteristics of animal husbandry, which mainly focuses on agriculture. The daily staple food is highland barley, followed by wheat There are few vegetables, mainly radish, Chinese cabbage, onion, garlic, lettuce and so on 10. Eat more sauerkraut on weekdays, supplemented by meat. I like to drink milk tea and eat ghee noodles. On holidays, we must make all kinds of fried foods and grasp meat (pork) and mutton with our hands. Men like to drink, and most people brew highland barley wine by themselves. Food hygiene is also very particular. Everyone has a fixed rice bowl and chopsticks when eating, so please eat.
Houses are built by mountains and rivers, and every family has a yard. There are livestock sheds in the courtyard, toilets, vegetable gardens and threshing floors outside the courtyard. The house has a flat roof on which grain and grass can be stored. Most houses are in groups of three rooms, with a hall in the middle, a bedroom on one side and a Buddhist temple on the other. The bedroom is a warm kang, connected to the cooker. Most of the beams, doors and windows of the living room are carved or painted with colorful patterns symbolizing the health of cattle and sheep and the abundance of grains, which are bright and beautiful.
Tu people have a tradition of attaching importance to etiquette. Special attention should be paid to respecting the elderly, such as people with insight in Lu Yu, and dismount to meet them. Turks are hospitable, loyal and reliable. When the guests come; The host often says, "The guests are coming, and the blessings are coming!" "On the kang covered with red wool felt, the guests first presented a cup of green salt strong tea, and then presented a watermelon-sized" hole pot steamed bread ". If it's a VIP, put a butter sculpture fried noodle basin on the table, serve a large plate of hand-grabbed meat, put a five-inch knife on it, and tie a pinch of white hair on the hip flask. When drinking, the host first toasts the guests three cups, which is called "three glasses of wine at once". People who can't drink should dip their middle finger in three drops and play in the air three times to avoid drinking.
Funeral, usually water burial, is buried in some areas.
Turks have many taboos, mainly including: avoid eating the meat of round-hoofed livestock (horses, mules and donkeys); Avoid defecation in the barn, thinking that this will affect the growth of livestock; Taboo to pour tea for guests in cracked bowls; Don't ask the guests "Have you eaten" or "Have you eaten"; Fighting in front of guests and hitting children is the biggest faux pas and will be considered as an expulsion order; When you enter a Turkish family, you must say hello outside the hospital to be admitted to the hospital. Young women's bedrooms are not allowed to enter at will, and they can't joke with unmarried girls; Avoid guests counting sheep; No smoking, spitting, rummaging through articles or making loud noises in Buddhist temples and Buddhist halls; Avoid crossing the knee pads and other items of monks; Avoid sneezing and coughing on butter lamps; When turning chakras in Buddhist temples, it must be irreversible from left to right; Hunting and defecation are prohibited near the temple.
Religious beliefs and important festivals
Tu people used to believe in polytheism, and some people also believed in Taoism. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, people generally believed in Lamaism, but folk beliefs still existed. There are more than 40 Lamaism temples in Turkey, including You Ning Temple and Guanghui Temple. There are many famous monks in You Ning Temple, such as Zhangjia, Tuguan and Huabu, which are quite influential. There are many temples, and Huzhu County 15 Temple covers an area of 69,200 mu. The temple is the cultural center of the Tu people. He made great contributions to the development and spread of Buddhist culture.
Important festivals of the Tu people include the official classic meeting held in You Ning Temple on the 14th day of the first lunar month, the challenge meeting held in Weiyuan Town on February 2nd, the temple fairs on March 3rd and April 8th, the Madan Opera meeting on June 11th, the "Youth" meeting on June 13th and 29th, and the "Naton" (breeze reception) held in Minhe Sanchuan area from July 23rd to September. Among them, Challenge Club, Madan Opera Club and "Naton" have the most national characteristics. At that time, in addition to traditional entertainment activities such as horse racing, wrestling, martial arts and singing "Flowers", there will also be a material exchange meeting. In addition, like the Han nationality, the Spring Festival and Dragon Boat Festival are also celebrated.
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