In principle, the official handicraft industry in Song Dynasty employed military craftsmen and civilian craftsmen. Is it the bud of capitalism?

Capitalist relations of production refer to those that expand surplus value. Therefore, there are several points that should be paid attention to in capitalist production relations: ① the purchase of free labor by capital. The so-called free labor, that is, workers as producers do not possess any means of production, and the only thing is their own labor. The concept of freedom here does not mean "follow one's inclinations", but means that he is not attached to anyone or any organization, so he is independent, but because of his own independence, he only has his own labor force without any means of production, but production is based on the combination of labor force and means of production, so their labor can only be the same as commodities. (2) Production produces surplus value, which is occupied by capitalists. The so-called surplus value refers to the part beyond the labor value of simple reproduction and labor reproduction to maintain the existing production scale, and it is the proliferation part of labor production value, which is occupied by capitalists; (3) Capitalists put their surplus value into the field of reproduction, so that the original production scale can be expanded, so that they can buy more free labor and produce more surplus value, and so on. This is the essence of the so-called capital-the constant pursuit of surplus value. The germination of capitalism is the germination form of this kind of production relations, so the germination of capitalism is first manifested in the emergence of free labor, and then the continuous expansion of production. Government-run handicrafts are generally not for profit, so there is no capital accumulation.