I think 80% of the real function words have been understood by our classmates now. Let's look at the real function words you don't know with a pen and recite them. Next, I will explain the reading methods and problem-solving skills of classical Chinese.
First, we should master the correct reading method of classical Chinese. As we all know, due to the limitation of time and space, exams are not allowed to use any reference books and can only solve problems independently. Therefore, many students are nervous and often choose the answer after reading the classical Chinese materials.
In fact, this practice is very incorrect. As an exam-oriented reading of classical Chinese, it should be carried out in three steps: the first step: reading the full text for the first time means concentrating on stabilizing your mind, browsing or skipping. In recent years, a biography appeared in the college entrance examination. To read such an article, you should know how many people are recorded. Some people have simple relationships, while others have complicated relationships.
Generally, there is a hero, and heroes can be divided into positive and negative sides, showing a special character and character in the characters. This requires candidates to interpret the relationship between characters and appreciate their unique personality and character.
The author writes a biography, or for some political need or personal purpose, expresses the author's views and attitudes through the biography, requiring candidates to analyze the basic contents of the biography and summarize the author's views and attitudes. Content: The materials of the people and things involved care for each other, take care of each other and be filial, and promote the traditional virtues of the nation; He was also a good official in ancient times, diligent, honest and honest, and enforced the law like a mountain, which not only conforms to the traditional moral norms, but also has practical educational significance.
I can understand 60% to 70% the first time. In the past, some candidates were too strict with themselves when watching jokes. I get anxious when I don't understand it the first time, and I get entangled in individual sentences. They must understand every word, but it is difficult to understand its meaning.
It should be said that this situation is still very common among students. In fact, you have to understand that the college entrance examination, as an optional exam, is not easy to understand at first glance, and it is normal to not understand it at first. So don't be nervous about it.
Step 2: Read the questions carefully. In this step, the corresponding positions of words, words, sentences and paragraphs that need to be answered in the materials must be implemented one by one. Generally speaking, with the knowledge learned, the easier questions can be basically completed in this step. (Make full use of the given options, and select the correct one through comparison and exclusion. At the same time, in this step, it is particularly important to use several topics, such as word interpretation, sentence translation, analysis and summary, because you can get a lot of information about paragraph understanding from it.
In particular, multiple-choice questions (one of the following statements conforms to the meaning of the text or one of the following statements does not conform to the meaning of the text) contain a lot of information. Although there must be one or several items that do not meet the meaning of the question, mistakes are often only minor problems. Therefore, after reading the last question, your grasp of the meaning of the text will be greatly improved on the basis of the first step.
Step 3: Reread the full text. This step is to understand the full text from a higher level. Roughly equivalent to the level of intensive reading and learning; It not only deepens the understanding of the meaning of the text, but also corrects the mistakes in the first two steps, so it is a process of in-depth review.
After reading this step, it is easy to answer some comprehensive questions. It should be said that the three-step reading method of classical Chinese examination is a scientific and effective method summarized by many students in the college entrance examination, and students must master and use it when reviewing.
This can save a lot of detours. Second, classical Chinese reading skills 1 should be good at using.
For example, he is good at correctly judging the meaning of notional words by using methods such as font analysis and neighborhood inference, and mastering the usage of function words by observing the language environment. At this stage, we should have the consciousness of eliminating interference, such as the interference of different meanings in ancient and modern times, and prevent creating meaning by reading literature, so as to interpret today's ancient times.
2 alternative method-knowledge transfer. The classical Chinese part of the college entrance examination will not be divorced from the textbook knowledge, so we should be good at knowledge transfer and introduce new knowledge by combining the existing knowledge, especially the common meanings of common words and the general usage of common function words.
3 Exclusion method-information screening questions can exclude interference items according to the stated object and determine the answer range. 4 analyze the structure and infer its structure, infer its part of speech in the article, and then infer its meaning. The translation of classical Chinese sentences can be started from the following aspects.
1. Grasp the meaning of the sentence in the context. To translate a sentence well, we must have a general grasp of the whole article.
Try to make clear the sentences you want to translate in the whole paragraph, so that you can basically grasp the general meaning of the translated sentences. Some students are too strict with themselves when they first read classical Chinese. When they don't understand for the first time, they are very anxious and entangled in individual words, but the result is difficult to understand.
Therefore, we should maintain a good attitude, mobilize various means, be good at deduction before and after, and grasp the meaning as a whole. 2. Realize the characteristics of sentence patterns.
The common sentence patterns in classical Chinese are judgment sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and inversion sentence (including prepositional object sentence, attributive postposition sentence, prepositional postposition sentence, etc.). ). Each sentence pattern has its own specific signs, so we should recite some typical examples and summarize them.
When translating a sentence, judge the sentence pattern first, and then dig out the characteristics of this sentence pattern when translating. If the ellipsis sentence is omitted, it is necessary to fill in the omitted components, and of course, the supplementary parts should also be placed in brackets; Inverted sentences must be translated in normal word order; The original sentence is a question, and the translated sentence should also be put with a question mark.
There is also an extremely special phenomenon in classical Chinese: the fixed format of classical Chinese. This is also an important test center.
Fixed format is also called fixed structure. Its grammatical feature is to solidify some words with different parts of speech into a syntactic structure, expressing a new grammatical meaning, which is used from generation to generation, unchanged for a long time. Once you don't judge the fixed structure accurately, your translation will be far from perfect.
See above for detailed types. 3. Realize key function words and content words.
It is necessary to master the polysemy, ancient and modern different meanings, interchangeable words and flexible use of parts of speech of notional words. For example, the sentence "Go with Simon" tests the knowledge of flexible use of parts of speech. If the word "Jun" is translated incorrectly, you will lose points.
So pay special attention to these when taking the exam.
2. I think it's ok to appreciate ancient prose (I wrote it myself) 1. You can translate the whole poem first. 2. Write down the description of each sentence and the ideas expressed. 3. Refine the words of individual words in ancient poetry (the so-called word refinement means that the words used in ancient poetry are particularly accurate, especially can reflect the theme, or vividly reveal the artistic conception. ) 4. Combining the above, dredge the success of the whole poem and the places worth learning. 5. Talk about the feelings and enlightenment of appreciating the whole poem with personal experience. This is my way of appreciating ancient poetry, I hope it will help you ~! This poem is about the feeling of missing my hometown on a silent moonlit night. The first two sentences of this poem, "There is such bright light at the foot of my bed, is there frost already?" , is the poet in a foreign country when a guest moment of illusion. A person living alone in a foreign country is busy during the day, but it can dilute his sadness. However, in the dead of night, the waves of missing his hometown will inevitably surge in his heart. What's more, on a moonlit night, what's more, it's moonlight frost on an autumn night. "Could there have been frost?" The word "doubt" in the poem vividly expresses that the poet woke up from his sleep and mistook the Leng Yue in front of his bed for the thick frost on the ground. It is better to use the word "frost", which not only describes the bright moonlight, but also expresses the cold of the season, and also sets off the loneliness and desolation of the poet wandering abroad. The last two sentences of the poem "Looking up, I found that it was moonlight, which deepened my homesickness. The word "Wang" takes care of the word "doubt" in the previous sentence, indicating that the poet turned from obscurity to sobriety. He stared at the moon eagerly, and couldn't help thinking that his hometown was under the bright moon at the moment. Naturally, he came to the conclusion that "it sank back again, and I suddenly thought of home". The action of "bowing down" depicts the poet completely lost in thought, and the word "thinking" leaves readers with rich imagination space: the mountains, waters, grass and trees in that hometown, the lost years and the past are all in my thoughts. The word "thinking" contains too much content. Amin Hu Yinglin said that Hu Yinglin said, "The quatrains are too white, and they are all made of words. The so-called people who have no intention of working are unemployed. " ("Poetry? The internal version (Volume 6) Wang Shimao thinks: "In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, only Violet (Li Bai) and Long Biao (Wang Changling) were extremely interested. Li is more natural, his former residence. " (Excerpted from Art Garden) How can it be considered "natural" and "no work and no heart"? This poem "Thinking on a Quiet Night" is an example list, so Hu specially put it forward, saying it is "the wonder of ancient and modern times". This little poem has neither strange and novel imagination nor exquisite and gorgeous rhetoric. It only uses narrative style to write the homesickness of distant guests, but it is meaningful and infectious. For thousands of years, it has attracted readers so widely. Strangers in a foreign country will probably feel this way: just one day, in the dead of night, homesickness will inevitably ripple in my heart; What's more, it's a moonlit night, what's more, it's an autumn night with a bright moon like frost! The white frost on the moon is clear, which is the night scene of clear autumn; Describing moonlight with frost color is also common in classical poetry. For example, in the poem "Cool in Xuanpu" by Emperor Liang Jianwen and Xiao Gang, there is a sentence "jathyapple is like autumn frost"; Zhang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty who was earlier than Li Bai, wrote an ethereal and clear moonlight with "frost flowing in the air" in "Moonlight on a Spring River", which gave people a three-dimensional sense, especially a wonderful conception. But all these things appear in the poem as a rhetorical device. "Is there frost already?" This poem is narrative, not figurative words, but an illusion created by the poet in a specific environment for a moment. It is not difficult to imagine that these two sentences describe the situation that the guest can't sleep in the middle of the night and had a short dream. At this time, the courtyard was lonely, and the bright moonlight hit the bed through the window, bringing a cold autumn chill. At first glance, the poet was in a blur and trance, and it really seemed that the ground was covered with frost. But a closer look, the surrounding environment told him that it was not frost marks, but moonlight. Moonlight inevitably attracted him to look up, and a Juan Juan Su Ling hung in front of the window. The space in autumn night is so clear! At this time, he was fully awake. The moon is especially bright, but it is very cold. For a lonely traveler, it is the easiest to touch his yearning for autumn, which makes people feel depressed and the years fly by. Staring at the moon is also the easiest way to daydream, thinking about everything in my hometown and my relatives at home. Thinking, thinking, head gradually lowered, completely immersed in meditation. It vividly reveals the poet's inner activities from "doubt" and vividly outlines a vivid picture of homesickness on a moonlit night. Just four poems, written fresh and simple, such as clear words. Its content is simple, but it is also rich. This is easy to understand, but it is endless. The poet didn't say much more than he had already said. Its conception is meticulous and profound, but it blurts out that there is nothing at all.
3. How to answer classical Chinese How to guide students to answer classical Chinese reading questions
Reading classical Chinese in college entrance examination is a difficult point in review. What should I do in the face of paragraphs or articles that I haven't read and have no reference books to consult? I have the following teaching experience.
First, quickly browse the topic.
The extracurricular reading questions of classical Chinese have a characteristic: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text, while others suggest the main content of classical Chinese. Browsing the topics helps students to understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
Second, carefully analyze the topic.
Generally speaking, reading classical Chinese after class will lead to problems. Teachers should guide students to pay attention to and carefully analyze paragraph titles. Because most of the topics themselves summarize the main content of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extracurricular reading essay in classical Chinese. The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Third, read the full text quickly with notes.
When reading a passage of classical Chinese after class, some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately. Therefore, teachers should remind students not to ignore these notes, but to read the full text quickly with them. In addition, it should be noted that teachers should remind students not to stop and think hard when they encounter obstacles in the process of reading the full text, but to continue reading. In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article.
Fourth, answer the question "the right medicine".
The design of classical Chinese reading questions generally includes content words, function words, sentence patterns, content understanding, sentence translation and sentence segmentation. Different problems are solved in different ways:
(1), the word explanation question. Most of these topics examine the phenomenon of polysemy of notional words in classical Chinese, which are basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class. When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer.
(2) Sentence translation questions. Translated sentences should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation. First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: first, proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed. For example: "In the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was ordered to guard Baling County (place name)". In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order. Second, words that have no practical meaning in the sentence should be deleted. For example, "Chen Shengshen is from Yangcheng" and "this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... ) is different from that in modern Chinese, so we should make appropriate adjustments in translation. For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. Fourthly, if the translated sentence is ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented. For example: "Naidan Shubo said' Chen' (omitting the subject)." They wrote the word "Chen" on the silk with vermilion.
(3), content understanding questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words. Among the three methods, the accuracy of the first and second methods is generally higher.
4. The contents and clever answers of China's ancient works.
Time: Pre-Qin Dynasty
Author: Song Yu
Works: a bound volume of lascivious fu by the disciple.
Content:
The original doctor and disciple served the king of Chu. Song Yu said: "Yu is a beauty lover, complaining a lot and lustful by nature." I hope the king will not go in and out of the harem with him. " Wang asked Song Yu in the words of a disciple. Jade said, "I am beautiful and I am blessed." If you talk a lot, you will learn from your teacher. As for lewdness, I have nothing. "The king said," said son lewd what's the point? If you say something, you will stop. Quit without saying anything. Jade said: "The most beautiful woman in the world is Chu; The beauty of Chu lies in Mo Ruochen; The beauty minister is the son of boss Mo Ruochen. For the owner's son, adding one point is too long and reducing one point is too short; The powder is too white, and Zhu is too red. Eyebrows are like jade feathers, muscles are like snow, waist is like a bundle, and teeth are like shells. Smile, confuse Yangcheng and fall in love with Cai. However, this woman has been spying on me on the wall for three years and is still not allowed. The lothario is not. His wife's head is wrinkled, her ears are twisted, her lips are full of teeth, she is rolling, she is covered with scabs and hemorrhoids. Disciple was very satisfied, so he had five sons. Wang Shucha, who is a lecherous? "
At that time, Dr. Qin Zhanghua was nearby, so he went on to say, "My husband Song Yusheng said that the neighbor's daughter is beautiful. An ignorant and chaotic evil minister thinks he is virtuous. It's not as good as that. Besides, my husband's concubine in Nanchu poor lane is not enough to be king. If my humble eyes see it, I dare not say. " The king said, "Try to speak for me." The doctor said, "Weiwei."
I have traveled a long way, nine places and five capitals. Out of Xianyang, out of Handan, calmly between Zheng, Wei, Qin and Yan. At the right time, near the end of spring, the sun is welcoming summer and the girls are coming out. The beauty of this suburb is bright and doesn't need decoration. I observed its beauty, because I called it a poem: "It's wonderful to walk along the road with children." So it seems that the virgin Mary didn't come hopefully, and suddenly she didn't come. The meaning is dense, the body is sparse, the pitch is different, the smile is happy, and the eyes are erratic. Once again, the poem said: "It is better to have no life. When the spring breeze is fresh and brilliant, Zhai Jie is willing to give me such joy." Quit because of delay. Getu was moved by the whisper and his spirit was pinned on him. It's not bad to look at the face, care about righteousness, celebrate poetry and keep ceremony. So, that's enough.
So the king of Chu called it good, and Song Yu did not retreat.
Disciple, the doctor of Chu, spoke ill of Song Yu in front of the king of Chu. He said: "Song Yu is quiet and handsome, articulate, subtle and loves women. I hope the king won't let him in and out of the harem. " The king of Chu questioned Song Yu in the words of his disciples. Song Yu said, "Beautiful appearance is natural; Good at phrasing words and sentences, learning from teachers; As for the lust for women, I don't have it. " King Chu said, "Is it really reasonable that you don't love women?" Stay if you have reason, and leave if you have no reason. "Song Yu then argued," there is no one in the world who can compare with Chu women, and no one can surpass the beauty in my hometown. The most beautiful girl in my hometown is the lady next door. Miss owners, from the body, plus one point is too high, minus one point is too short; As far as skin color is concerned, powder is too white and cinnabar is too red, which is really just right. Her eyebrows are like kingfisher feathers, her skin is as clean as snow, her waist is as slender as silk, her teeth are as neat as a series of Beckhams, and her sweet smile is enough to confuse and dump people in Yangcheng and Lower Caiyi. Such a beautiful woman has been lying on the wall spying on me for three years, and I still haven't promised to associate with her. This is not the case with the lothario. His wife is unkempt, her ears are tight, her lips are everted, her teeth are uneven, her back is hunched, she walks with a limp, and she suffers from scabies and hemorrhoids. But such an ugly woman has frequent sexual relations with her and she has five children. I beg your majesty to see who is a lecherous. "At that time, Zhang Hua, the doctor of the State of Qin, was in Chu, and took the opportunity to persuade the king of Chu to say," Now Song Yu is preaching that the neighbor's young lady is a beauty, and beauty can confuse people and produce evil thoughts; I think I am honest and abide by morality. I think I am not as good as Song Yu. And how can a woman in a remote place in Chu, the son of the East, tell the king? If I say that I have poor eyesight, everyone really sees it, and I dare not say it. King Chu said, "Try to tell me more. "The doctor said," Yes, when I was young, I used to travel around Kyushu, and I traveled all over the bustling cities. I left Xianyang, played in Handan, and stayed in Qinshui and Xunwei. Many beautiful women are picking mulberry leaves in mulberry trees. Zheng and Wei country beauties are gorgeous and radiant. They have elegant bodies and beautiful faces. I looked at the beautiful people in them and quoted the words in the Book of Songs:' Walking hand in hand with my sweetheart'. It is best to give her to this beautiful young woman. It seems that beautiful women will come and never come, which makes people upset and suddenly uneasy. Although she was very close, I couldn't help laughing happily when I looked at her secretly. She is making eyes at her. So I also quoted the words in the Book of Songs:' Everything wakes up in the spring breeze, fresh and dense. This kind of beauty is pure and solemn; Wait for my good news. It seems that I can't combine with her like this, so I might as well die. She flinched and politely declined. Probably she couldn't find a poem that touched her in the end, so she had to rely on each other with spiritual support. I really want to see her face with my own eyes, think about moral standards, and think about the defense of men and women. I recited the old saying of the Book of Songs and kept etiquette, so I never made any mistakes beyond the rules, so I didn't do anything deviant in the end. So the king of Chu promised to say yes, and Song Yu didn't leave.