Planning systematic learning psychology, the important goal of 20 19 is to get close to the door of psychology, or even open a gap to see this wonderful world. Psychology is young and has a long history. It is said that she is young because psychology has been an independent discipline for more than one hundred years according to the division of disciplines. It is said that she has a long history and has been explored in human history. The advice of "know yourself" in Delphi Temple has a history of more than two thousand years.
Psychology is born out of philosophy. I remember I was interested in learning philosophy from middle school. Now I am not confused, and I have greater curiosity to explore the true meaning of life.
Today, there are many schools and branches of psychology. The four main schools are psychoanalysis, humanism, cognition and behaviorism. Psychoanalysis initiated by Freud is the most widely known. Relatively speaking, the subconscious and dreams of psychoanalysis are more mysterious and more attractive to me.
The following is a summary of four major schools as a reference for learning.
First, schools of psychology's psychoanalytic psychology
It was founded by Austrian psychiatrist sigmund freud (1May 6, 856-1September 23, 939). The publication of The Interpretation of Dreams from 65438 to 0899 is considered as the formal formation of psychoanalytic psychology. 19 19 The establishment of the International Psychoanalytic Society marked the final formation of the psychoanalytic school. Behaviorism attaches importance to the analysis of normal behavior, psychoanalysis attaches importance to the analysis of abnormal behavior, and emphasizes that psychology should study unconscious phenomena.
The theoretical basis of this school comes from the experience of clinical diagnosis and treatment of mental patients. Freud believed that personality is a system composed of id, ego and superego. A person's mental state is the result of the conflict of these three personality forces. Freud believed that consciousness is a very small part of people's whole psychological activities, and it is on the surface of psychology. Unconsciousness is the main body of people's spiritual activities and is at the deep psychological level. It is an instinctive impulse, suppressed or not transformed into consciousness. Sexual desire is the instinct with the longest duration, the strongest impulse and the greatest influence on people's spiritual activities.
Freud's most famous theory is personality development theory. According to the different stages of erogenous zone, individual growth can be divided into five stages: oral stage, anal stage, penis stage, latent stage and reproductive stage.
Freud divided psychology into conscious and unconscious, and attached importance to the dynamic factors of psychology such as demand and motivation, which was his contribution to the development of psychology. However, he attributed all human behaviors to the expression of repressed sexual desire, and thought that it was wrong for the unconscious to determine consciousness and even social development.
Freud's psychoanalysis initiated the study of subconscious psychology, created new fields of personality psychology, dynamic psychology and abnormal psychology, promoted the development of self-psychology, and influenced many treatment methods in the field of psychotherapy later.
Freud's main works are: Three Treatises on Sexology, Interpretation of Dreams, Totems and Taboos, Psychopathology of Daily Life, Introduction to Psychoanalysis, and New Edition of Introduction to Psychoanalysis.
Second, schools of psychology's humanistic psychology
Rising in the United States in the 1950s, the representative figure is American psychologist Abraham H.? Maslow1April 9081-1June 8, 970) and Rogers (carl ransom rogers190265438+1October 8-1February 4, 987), etc.
1970 In August, the International Society of Humanistic Psychology was established, and the first international conference on humanistic psychology was held in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. 197 1 year, the American Psychological Association established the professional committee of humanistic psychology, which indicated that humanistic psychology thought was officially recognized by American and international psychological circles.
Maslow's works are as follows
Theory of human motivation (1943)
Motivation and personality (1954)
Exploration of Existential Psychology (1962)
Psychology of science (1967)
The realm of human performance 1970.
Rogers's works are as follows
1939 clinical treatment of problem children
1942 consultation and psychotherapy: the latest concept and practice
195 1 customer-centered therapy: practice, application and theory.
1954 psychotherapy and personality change
1959 "treatment, personality and interpersonal relationship developed under the framework of patient-centered"
196 1 on human growth
1969 free study
1970 "Rogers on understanding groups"
Humanistic psychology is called the third force of modern psychology, which opposes the narrowness and prejudice of psychoanalysis and behaviorism to psychological research problems. Humanistic psychology holds that:
Human nature is good, and people have the need of free will and self-realization. As long as there is a proper environment, they will strive to achieve some positive social goals. Humanism opposes psychoanalysis that man is a beast driven by unconscious desires and struggling to realize them.
Attach importance to conscious experience, and think that people's thoughts, desires and emotions are the internal processes and experiences that make people become different individuals. Humanism opposes behaviorism and believes that only observable stimuli and reactions are credible.
The deficiency of humanistic psychology;
Misunderstanding the essence of human beings, they regard human beings as human beings, not the sum of social relations, so their descriptions of human inner world are often based on individualism and egoism.
Many propositions of humanistic psychology still have the nature of a program, the terms used are not clearly defined, and the research methods adopted are not specific, which makes its theory difficult to be tested.
Trend: The research ideas of humanistic psychology have played down the pure scientific color of psychology and become one of the development trends of psychology in recent years.
Third, schools of psychology's cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology originated from the opposition with behavioral psychology. It is generally believed that cognitive psychology, a new direction of psychology, was formally established in 1967 when Nasser wrote his first book on cognitive psychology. Its main theory is information processing theory, so it is also called information processing psychology. Cognitive psychology regards people's psychological activities as an information processing system, which analyzes, stores, transforms and utilizes the information collected by the senses. These activities are called information processing.
Cognitive psychology in a broad sense also includes jean piaget (born on August 9th, 896, and died on September 6th, 980) school. This school was founded by Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, and established the "genetic epistemology".
Piaget's cognitive development theory got rid of the dispute and entanglement between heredity and environment, and clearly put forward the development view of interaction between internal and external factors, that is, psychological development is the result of interaction between subject and object. Piaget believes that intelligence is an adaptive form with dynamic characteristics. With the change of environment and organism itself, the structure and function of intelligence must be constantly changed to adapt to changing conditions.
Piaget's main works:
1924 children's language and thinking
1924 "children's judgment and reasoning"
1926 "Children's World Outlook"
1927 "the concept of children's physical causality"
1932 "children's world representation"
1932 "children's moral judgment"
1936 "The Origin of Children's Wisdom"
1945 the formation of children's symbols
Fourth, schools of psychology's behavioral psychology.
The founder is American psychologist John Watson (187865438+19 October-125 September 958). 19 13, Watson published a paper entitled "Psychology as a Behaviorist" in the American Journal of Psychological Review, expounding his behaviorist views. This paper is generally regarded as a formal declaration of behavioral psychology.
19/kloc-published his masterpiece behavioral psychology in 0/9. In this book, he adopted Pavlov's concept of conditioned reflex and systematically expounded his theoretical system of behavioral psychology.
Behaviorism opposes psychology to study consciousness, advocates studying behavior, and takes stimulus-response as a formula to explain behavior. Behaviorism also opposes introspection and advocates the use of objective research methods.
Behaviorism strongly advocates objective research methods, which makes psychological research more natural and scientific, that is, more rigorous. However, behaviorism completely denies the study of human psychology and consciousness, replaces psychological phenomena with behavior and physiological reactions, equates people with animals, and analyzes the mechanistic view of behavior, which has a negative impact on the development of psychology. Behaviorism only pays attention to the result behavior and the external stimulus that causes this behavior, ignoring people's subjective initiative.