The quality management of engineering construction project is a systematic project, and the whole process of engineering construction quality management must be carried out. The quality of construction projects is the image and reputation of enterprises, and the quality directly affects the competitiveness of enterprises in the market.
Keywords: project quality, construction quality management
abstract
The quality management of building engineering is a systematic project, and it is necessary to control the whole process of engineering construction quality. The quality of construction project is the image and reputation of the enterprise, and the quality directly affects the market competitiveness of the company.
Keywords: project quality, construction quality management
order
From the "Lubuge experience" in 1980s to today, project management has played an irreplaceable role in the development of construction industry. Whether the management of an engineering design project is successful or not is closely related to contract management, the quality of engineering designers and the scientific management methods of quality, cost and progress of engineering design project management.
First, the management elements and control methods of engineering design projects
1. 1 contract management
Contract is the soul of management and the link to maintain the relationship between Party A and Party B. In the process of engineering design, design project management is implemented on the basis of contract content. The design unit is the main body of the contract and is mainly responsible for all the work contents and scope of the whole design process. Therefore, before drafting, signing and implementation, the design unit should focus on contract review, and in the review, Party A's requirements, laws and regulations will be transformed into the quality requirements of the designed products. The contract review time is usually conducted before bidding, signing contracts or orders, so as to ensure that the requirements related to engineering design, including those expressed orally, are confirmed, the objections are resolved, and Party B has the ability to meet the specified requirements. At the same time, records of contract review results and measures caused by the review shall be kept. If the product requirements change, the contract should be revised and the revised information should be notified to relevant departments and personnel in time.
Considering the scale of the engineering design project, the evaluation method can be approved and countersigned by the authorized person according to the project category, project scale and technical difficulty. Generally speaking, the standard is: large or difficult projects should be countersigned for review, and small or easy projects should be approved by the authorized person. It should be pointed out that Party A's requirements should be accurately understood, including those expressed orally by Party A, and whether the project name, stage, scale, investment, content and standards are clear; Whether the product requirements are clearly defined in the entrustment task book and contract; Whether the technical, quality and time limit requirements in the contract are feasible; Whether it has the ability to meet the customer's requirements for product use, delivery and service; Whether the problem of inconsistent understanding of the contract or order between the supply and demand sides has been solved; Whether there are corresponding countermeasures for the special requirements put forward by customers that may expose the company to risks; Whether to take necessary and realizable technical and resource measures.
1.2 personnel quality management
The internal management of engineering design projects is the core of project management and the core work of design units. At present, the competition of design enterprises is becoming increasingly fierce. Only by continuous learning and establishing research-oriented organizations can we improve the quality of designers as a whole. At the same time, employees should be encouraged to actively innovate. To strengthen the management of design team, we must first establish a management team that can fight hard, unite sincerely and cooperate tacitly; To correctly divide the authority of technical management at all levels, we should adhere to decentralized management and responsibility supervision, and give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of every engineering and technical personnel. Secondly, before the project starts, the project design outline should be compiled, the quality assurance system should be established, and the project management of engineering design should be implemented.
The person in charge of the project is the key to the management of engineering design projects. First of all, the project leader is the planner, organizer and implementer of the engineering design project. Plan the whole implementation process of engineering design projects and be responsible for the overall quality of engineering design projects. In the early stage, we should organize all professional designers to correctly understand the bidding documents or the construction intention of the entrusting party and prepare the "design outline". Organize scheme demonstration, design review and design verification at the appropriate stage of design. After the design is completed, the project leader should also pay attention to the integrity of the whole engineering design product, including the design model or multimedia in the scheme stage; In the initial expansion stage, in addition to meeting the requirements of process and use function, it should also meet the requirements of Party A's bidding documents and equipment orders. In the construction drawing stage, the opinions put forward by relevant departments in the review should be implemented one by one, especially the implementation of laws, regulations and mandatory standard clauses, so as to ensure that the construction drawing review can be passed at one time. After the construction drawing is delivered to Party A for construction, the project leader shall actively organize various professional designers to coordinate the on-site construction to ensure the overall quality of the engineering design project is controlled. Therefore, strengthening the management of the person in charge of the project is the top priority of the personnel quality management of the design institute.
In addition to leading the whole design team, the person in charge of the engineering design project should also pay attention to the training of young designers, including the training of the assistant to the person in charge of the engineering design project, the training of professional designers by professional directors and the training of proofreaders by auditors. Only by constantly improving their quality awareness and broadening their professional knowledge and internal and external communication skills can the company have more business backbones with high technical level and good professional ethics, thus improving the overall professional quality of the company's professional and technical personnel.
1.3 quality management
To do a good job in quality management, we must first make clear the quality objectives of engineering design projects. Before the engineering design, the quality objectives of the engineering design project should be determined according to the requirements of Party A, the actual situation of the project and the engineering investigation report, and the quality objectives of the engineering design project should be strictly controlled at all stages of the design to ensure that they are realized one by one.
We should pay special attention to the design control of key processes. The design of major or key processes should not only have specific design schemes, but also have design innovations. In the design process, the person in charge of the project should organize relevant personnel to formulate the design scheme in line with the project according to the characteristics of the design institute, and organize joint review and solicit expert opinions. In addition to strict examination and inspection according to the examination and inspection contents stipulated in the quality standards, the examination of key design processes should be further strengthened to prevent quality accidents caused by design. At the same time, actively promote the application of new technologies and materials in engineering design and improve the technical content of engineering design.
Design in strict accordance with the design specifications. According to the characteristics of engineering design projects, the company should organize forces to prepare unified design specifications, technical measures and technical regulations for all disciplines. Compile the effective version catalogue of standard specifications, atlas and node details, and the effective version catalogue of computer application software, and mark the catalogue according to common use, universality and selection, which is convenient for designers to choose, and must also be dynamically managed. It should be noted that all design procedures (outline planning, scheme review, design verification, etc. ) must undergo a strict (correctness, feasibility and operability) review.
Adhere to the "three schools and two trials system". After each design process is completed, the designer shall first conduct self-calibration, and then the relevant personnel who proofread, proofread, review and approve shall proofread it step by step (personnel with corresponding qualifications must be responsible). It is not allowed to skip the audit, and it is not allowed to skip the audit without completing the rectification. It is suggested that designers participating in the same engineering design project should not proofread each other, which is not easy to find problems and is not suitable for improving the quality of engineering design.
Make technical disclosure. Once the design is delivered to Party A, the person in charge of the engineering design project should take the initiative to contact Party A and make technical disclosure in time. Before the disclosure, the person in charge of the engineering design project shall organize the person in charge of each discipline to prepare the disclosure outline, and the technical disclosure of the design institute shall not be replaced by the minutes of the disclosure meeting prepared by the construction unit.
1.4 cost management
Cost management is to guide, supervise, adjust and limit the human resources, material resources and expenses consumed in the design process during the formation of engineering design projects, and control all production expenses within the planned cost to ensure the realization of cost objectives.
The person in charge of the engineering design project is the first responsible person for the cost control of the engineering design project. In project management, the person in charge of the engineering design project should grasp and analyze the profit and loss situation in time, and take effective measures to monitor it quickly.
Control labor costs. Within the design institute, engineers and technicians should be reasonably arranged to participate in engineering design, and they should be reasonably matched according to the category, scale and technical difficulty of engineering design projects.
1.5 schedule management
Make a timetable. The content of the plan includes all the preparatory work in the early stage of design, including personnel arrangement, investment from various disciplines, proofreading, countersigning, auditing, and finished product production progress. The plan should be predictable and forward-looking, so that the timetable can meet the changed implementation conditions.
Organize the implementation of the progress plan. After the plan is approved, it is necessary to implement dynamic management, timely check and find problems that affect the design progress of engineering design projects, and revise and update the schedule plan.
Keep close communication with Party A. Because Party A's needs and expectations are constantly changing, he may not only consider the pressure of competition and the development of technology, but also put forward different ideas on the scheme, expansion and construction drawing and issue a "change order" to urge Party B to reflect and deal with it in time.
Second, the quality management in the construction stage
2. 1 Selection of engineering quality supervision and management personnel
Personnel who provide quality supervision and management of engineering projects for owners are called supervision engineers in China; In Britain and other countries, they are called consulting engineers. In some countries, architects can also engage in quality supervision and management of engineering projects.
2. 1 1 Qualification Regulations for Engineering Quality Supervision and Management Personnel
Qualified engineering quality supervision and management personnel must hold qualification certificates that meet the requirements of the project location. All countries and regions have strict regulations on the qualifications of engineering quality supervision and management personnel. The following are the specific practices and regulations of countries such as Britain and the United States.
(1) UK: Institutions and associations such as the Institute of Architects, the Institute of Civil Engineers, the Institute of Chartered Architects and the Institute of Surveyors are responsible for evaluating the professional qualifications of consulting engineers. In addition, the British government will publish an audited list of consultants, so as to select suitable consulting engineers for public projects.
(2) Germany: This country stipulates that quality supervision engineers must meet certain qualifications.
1) More than 2 years working experience as a structural design engineer;
2) The minimum age is 35 and the maximum age is 60;
3) Graduated from university majoring in civil engineering;
4) 10 years working experience (9 years structural calculation, 1 year site manager);
5) Rich knowledge and experience;
6) Excellent personality.
The major must be civil engineering, limited to reinforced concrete structure, steel structure, masonry structure and wood structure. Moreover, national civil servants or personnel of institutions, employers in the construction industry, and personnel whose objectivity may be affected may not serve as quality supervision engineers.
(3) France: The qualification requirements of consulting engineers are relatively high, and they need to pass strict examinations and assessments before they can take up their posts. In order to ensure the quality of supervisors, the Ministry of Construction has a "Technical Supervision and Evaluation Committee" to evaluate the qualifications of consulting engineers. It consists of 30 people with different identities, including senior government officials, architects, design experts, contractors, owners, consulting engineers, economic experts and legal experts, who are directly employed by the minister. Anyone who wants to be a consulting engineer needs to apply in advance. The Committee first examines the qualifications and experience of the applicant, who must have graduated from the French Institute of Civil Engineering and have more than ten years' working experience. After passing the qualification examination, an interview will be held, which will be confirmed by the Committee and reported to the minister, and then published in a special monthly magazine. A confirmed qualification is valid for five years.
(4) Japan: The Articles of Association for the Registration of Construction Consultants stipulates the conditions that a registered construction consultant should have.
1) According to the different technical scope of business, the constructor must meet all the necessary conditions put forward by the corresponding registration department.
2) After graduating from a university or higher professional school, a person who has more than 20 years of practical experience in the business of the relevant registration department and has the same level of knowledge and technology with the approval of the Minister of Construction.
3) Have sufficient assets or financial credit to perform the construction consulting business contract. The funds of general consulting enterprises should be more than 50 million yen, and their own funds should be more than 6.5438+million yen.
2. 1.2 Selection methods and procedures of engineering quality supervision and management personnel
In order to select qualified consulting engineers, the owner should adopt appropriate methods and procedures. One of the most commonly used methods in the United States is the qualification assessment method.
The essence of qualification evaluation method is to take qualification factors as the first principle when selecting consulting engineers. It is divided into three steps: the first stage is selection. The task of this stage is to determine a short list of three to five companies or individuals according to the preliminary scope of work and specific project evaluation principles. The second stage is to determine and invite the company ranked first in the first stage to enter the second stage. The purpose of this stage is to understand the needs and expectations of the owners and determine the scope of the project, the services needed and the contract form. The third stage is pricing. After selecting the most qualified company and determining the detailed scope of work, the price negotiation should be started.
2.2 Construction quality management
2.2. 1 Division of quality management process in construction stage
According to the transformation of material form during the formation of engineering entities in the construction stage, it can be divided into the management of input materials and resource quality; Quality management in the process of construction, installation and production, that is, in the process of transforming the invested material resources into engineering products, controlling the quality of various factors, links and intermediate products that affect the quality of products; Quality control and acceptance of finished products.
The first two tasks play a decisive role in the formation of the final product quality: five factors affecting the project quality need to be comprehensively managed. Including: construction-related personnel factors; Materials (including semi-finished products) factors, mechanical equipment (permanent equipment and construction equipment) factors, construction methods (construction scheme; Methods and processes) and environmental factors.
(1) According to the construction hierarchy of the project.
The process of project construction quality management is: process quality management, sub-project quality management, sub-project quality management, unit project quality management and single project quality management.
Among them, unit project quality management and single project quality management include building construction quality management, installation construction quality management and material equipment quality management.
(2) According to the time stage of the quality formation process of the engineering entity.
The process control of engineering project construction quality can be divided into pre-control, in-process control and post-control, in which pre-control is the quality control in the preparation stage before construction, including the quality control of preparation work and the control of factors affecting quality. Process control refers to all aspects of quality control related to the construction process, including the quality control of intermediate products (process products or partial engineering products). Post-event control refers to the quality control of the finished product (unit project or the whole project) and related aspects (such as quality documents).
Therefore, the quality management in the construction stage can be understood as a systematic process of quality inspection and control of the input resources and conditions, all links in the production process and completed engineering products.
2.2.2 Quality management in preparation stage before construction
The contractor must make good preparations before construction, including technical preparation, material preparation, organization preparation and construction site preparation.
The quality management work entrusted by the owner to the supervision engineer at this stage mainly includes the following two aspects:
(1) Conduct comprehensive inspection and control on the quality of the contractor's construction preparation. This includes the quality control of the construction team and personnel through qualification examination; Manage raw materials, semi-finished products, components, permanent equipment, equipment, etc. Requirements of the project in terms of procurement, processing and manufacturing, transportation, loading and unloading, entry, storage and use; Management of construction methods, schemes and technologies, including review of construction organization design (or construction scheme), construction quality assurance measures and construction scheme; Review the construction machinery and equipment according to the construction organization design (or construction scheme); Review and control the quality of the contractor's preparations for the construction environment and conditions; Determination of survey datum and reference elevation and quality control of engineering survey lofting.
(2) Prepare for monitoring, design disclosure, blue prints.the design, design drawing change and its control; Ensure the site and access conditions of the construction site; Strictly control the preliminary quality assurance work such as commencement.
2.2.3 Quality management in the construction process
The owner entrusts the supervision engineer to mainly carry out the following quality management work at this stage:
(1) Quality control of self-inspection system and process, and monitoring of quality control work of construction contractors.
(2) In the process of construction, track and monitor the quality of various engineering activities of the contractor, strictly carry out handover inspection between processes, and establish construction quality tracking files.
(3) Review and organize relevant parties to study engineering changes or drawings modification.
(4) Inspection and acceptance of process products, as well as test and technical review of important engineering parts and process engineering.
(5) Handling the quality problems or quality accidents that have occurred.
(6) Give shutdown instructions and control the construction quality.
2.2.4 Product quality management formed in the construction process
The owner entrusts the supervision engineer to organize the acceptance of divisional and sectional works; Organize linkage commissioning or equipment commissioning; Organize the completion acceptance of the unit project or the whole project.
Among them, the quality acceptance of partial projects plays three major roles, which cannot be ignored.
(1) Guarantee function, through the acceptance of sub-projects and sub-projects, it can be judged whether there are "unqualified" sub-projects, and the quality should be guaranteed, so that sub-projects and sub-projects that do not meet the standards can be repaired and transferred to the next working procedure.
(2) Preventive function: Through the acceptance of divisional and sectional works, unqualified divisional and sectional works can be prevented in the construction process, and even if found, effective measures can be taken in time to correct them, so as to keep the engineering quality in a stable state and play a preventive role.
(3) The function of information feedback is to analyze and evaluate the data and conditions obtained in the acceptance of partial projects, and inform the contractor of the quality information obtained from it in time to improve the work.
2.2.5 International practice of construction quality management
The international quality inspection and supervision of the construction process of engineering projects are very strict, generally including the following three aspects:
(1) Contractor's quality self-inspection and quality assurance. The general view of quality inspection abroad is that external inspection is only a measure to ensure the quality of engineering or products, and more importantly, it depends on internal quality self-inspection and quality assurance. The enterprise self-inspection system is generally sound and strict.
(2) The quality supervision and inspection carried out by the owner are mainly carried out according to FIDIC contract conditions. The owner's representative or design engineer designated by the owner or other institutions and personnel authorized by the owner shall conduct supervision and inspection.
(3) Supervision and inspection by the government. Some countries stipulate that relevant government departments need to inspect the construction site within a certain period of time. The inspection time is construction start, foundation completion, load-bearing structure and high-rise structure completion, and project completion; The purpose of the inspection is to ensure that the project is correctly positioned according to the plan and conforms to the relevant provisions of the current public safety and health laws and regulations.
Third, the quality control of building engineering construction process
3. 1 Key points of quality control in the current construction process of building engineering
The supervision engineer should distinguish between primary and secondary in the construction process, grasp the key points and rely on improving the quality system and quality inspection system.
First of all, establish a quality control plan for the construction process of the construction project, which should specify the quality control working procedures and quality inspection system.
Secondly, it is necessary to set up quality control points for the construction process activities of building projects and conduct pre-control. The setting principle of control points mainly depends on its influence on quality characteristics, the degree of harm and the difficulty of quality assurance. The construction process of building engineering is the specific stage of production and inspection, and the quality control of materials, parts, divisions and sub-projects in the construction process of building engineering is the most frequent and massive quality management activity of enterprises.
3.2 Realistic analysis of quality control in construction process of building engineering
At present, the main characteristics of the construction process of building engineering are short construction period, wide range of engineering projects and numerous and miscellaneous projects, which bring certain difficulties to project management and quality control. However, the engineering quality of the construction project is the most fundamental guarantee to ensure that the project can create benefits for the enterprise, and it is also the prerequisite for us to provide high-quality business services for the majority of users. The quality of the construction process of building projects directly restricts some business development of enterprises themselves. All these put forward more acute problems for engineers and technicians engaged in construction and management of construction projects. How to link the quality of the project we are responsible for with the fate of the enterprise and how to improve the construction quality of the project is a new topic we are facing under the new construction situation. Practice has proved that effective engineering quality control is the most effective method to ensure engineering quality.
Relationship with investment control and schedule control
(1) Quality control Quality control, investment control and schedule control are three important control objectives of construction project management, which are interdependent and mutually restrictive. The ultimate goal of our project management is to complete the construction project that meets the quality index of the construction process with less investment within the scheduled time limit. However, simple high-quality requirements will lead to increased investment and prolonged progress; On the other hand, if the quality requirements are too low, it will lead to a sharp increase in quality accidents, seriously delay the construction period, increase the investment cost, and have serious consequences for the output quality of the whole project, such as. This requires us to proceed from reality and determine the quality standards that meet the actual needs according to the type and scale of construction projects.
(B) the main factors affecting the quality of construction projects.
There are many factors that affect the quality of construction projects, and we often say five aspects: people, materials, machinery, methods and environment. The personnel involved in the construction project mainly come from the construction unit, construction unit, design unit and supervision unit; The materials used in building engineering construction are also varied, sometimes restricted by special environment, and even non-standard materials and equipment are used; Equipment performance of construction machinery and proficiency of operators; The management ideas, design safety and construction organization of the participants in the construction process of the construction project. Construction engineering construction engineering is also different from other industries, such as: large-scale construction engineering involves a wide range of fields, sometimes even very complicated; Construction machinery and equipment are mostly industry-specific; Most building materials and tools also belong to this industry.
3.3 Countermeasures to strengthen the quality control of building engineering construction process
In view of the difficulties of quality control in the construction process, I think the control effect should be comprehensive, real-time and effective. To achieve this control goal, it is necessary to effectively monitor the whole process before, during and after the control process, and take timely management, organization and technical measures in the control process. In order to reduce the loss caused by product quality deviation in the process of building engineering, we must pay attention to beforehand control. Below, according to the construction process of building engineering, the author puts forward the countermeasures of quality control:
3.3. 1 Do a good job of quality monitoring before the construction process.
Be familiar with the key points of process operation and master the key points through process analysis. Such as mortar plumpness, levelness, mortar joint thickness, and arrangement of Rachel reinforcement in bricklaying. Another example is the vibrating insertion point and vibrating time during concrete pouring. In this way, supervisors will have clear standards and key objectives in monitoring the future process, and the control work will be more directional and targeted.
Check the establishment of the contractor's quality management system, focusing on whether the personnel are in place and whether the responsibilities are clear to the personnel. We must choose the quality engineer and receiver, because in practice, in order to save management fees, contractors often change the quality engineer into the builder and the material engineer into the receiver. However, there are often contradictions between these two types of job responsibilities, which is not conducive to the implementation of quality control. 3. Establish two systems, namely, material sample system and reward and punishment system. It is very important to control the factors of people and things in the quality control of construction engineering process. The control difficulty of these problems lies in the wide range and large quantity, and it is difficult to achieve the expected control effect without standardizing the system. This paper introduces the sample system that the author tries to popularize in supervision work: this system mainly has two aspects. The first is the establishment of sample files, that is, the establishment of written technical files and physical sample files for incoming materials. Second, check the incoming materials according to the sample standards, and accept them if they meet the standards, otherwise they will be rejected. In this way, the standard of raw materials entering the site is standardized, which is intuitive and easy to operate. The responsibility of material inspection lies with the receiving party, and the supervision engineer should check it regularly. For the deviation, it is solved through the reward and punishment system. In this way, through the implementation of the monitoring sample system, the material factors in the difficulty of quality monitoring can be basically solved. For the implementation of the reward and punishment system, the operator's illegal operation will be punished. The responsibility for inspection and handling lies with the quality inspector, so that the quality inspector has considerable veto power and control over quality. In this way, the supervision engineer effectively controls the human factors in the difficulty of quality monitoring by controlling the implementation of the reward and punishment system.
3.3.2 Strengthen the quality monitoring of the engineering process in the process of building construction.
Realization of model system. In the process of building construction, it is often impossible to control the process quality in advance by setting control points. Practice shows that the implementation of model system is a very effective measure. Before the large-scale process activities are carried out, the quality inspection and analysis of the template can play the following four roles: first, the possible problems in future operations can be determined through analysis, and key controls can be implemented in future operations; Second, the quality of operators can be assessed, and those who fail the assessment will be removed to reduce the burden of quality control in the future; Third, make operators and inspectors have clear and intuitive physical standards in their future work, so that everyone has standards in mind; Fourth, avoid extensive rework caused by extensive operation problems. Therefore, the supervision engineer must inspect and accept the products of the model process before the construction process is started, so as to carry out the necessary work and prevent large-scale rework; At the same time, it also effectively controls the quality of process operators.
Intensify on-site inspection, try to master first-hand information, try to control it in time, find and correct problems as soon as possible, and avoid heavy accumulation and loss of returning to work. For example, in the inspection of Rachel reinforcement in masonry engineering, it is not only difficult to check whether the masonry is drilled after completion, but also difficult to remedy the problems found. However, it can be solved in time during on-site inspection, which can not only ensure the quality and avoid heavy losses, but also easily get the cooperation of contractors, and effectively solve the problems raised by the above-mentioned difficulties in quality control of construction engineering procedures.
Supervise the implementation of the contractor's quality management system, model system and reward and punishment system in the construction process activities. The author found that contractors often have perfect quality control system and supporting quality management system, but if they don't implement it, the effect will be little or no, which will seriously affect the effect of process activities. Therefore, the supervision engineer should supervise the implementation of the contractor's quality control system in his work and strengthen the implementation of the system to ensure that the construction process activities are carried out under normal conditions and prevent the occurrence of quality out of control.
Working methods that supervision engineer should pay attention to in quality control. In fact, without the cooperation of the contractor, it is difficult for the supervision engineer to achieve the expected results. Therefore, in the process of quality supervision, we must seek truth from facts, handle it impartially, and combine supervision with help. In the work, we should convince people by reasoning and let the facts speak, so as to have a good cooperation atmosphere, and the work effect is often twice the result with half the effort.
3.4 Increase product quality monitoring after the completion of construction procedures.
The main work is: the evaluation of process product effect and the comprehensive investigation of product quality hidden dangers, with the focus on reducing the missed inspection of quality hidden dangers as much as possible. On the basis of summing up practical experience, the author implements multi-level inspection and cross-inspection system in the inspection process. Here are two systems: multi-level inspection system, that is, self-inspection by operation team, inspection by quality inspector, inspection by operators of next working procedure and acceptance by supervision engineer. Cross-inspection system is that after the process products are completed, each operation team checks each other, and each professional supervision engineer checks the process products separately, which is beneficial to multi-angle and multi-viewpoint inspection. Practice has proved that the implementation of the two kinds of inspection systems has basically realized the comprehensive inspection of the products in the construction process, and effectively solved the problems caused by the above-mentioned difficulties in quality control of the construction process.
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