Too much, too much. -"Shuo Wen"
I have been away from home for eight years and have not entered for three years. -"Mencius Teng Wengong"
Transcend, surpass
It's only 20 miles from here to our army. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"
3. The past (after)
The son of heaven occasionally uses one thing, and he doesn't necessarily forget it. -"Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio, Promoting Weaving"
4. [Wan Ci]: Dead
Although your majesty passed away as a god, how can you pretend to be a minister and forget to say bad words in the past? -The Book of Jin.
5. Give; transmit
The postman wrote a book and was preaching at the door. -"On the whole"
Step 6 cross over
The wild market is divided, and the official sail is transformed late. -Jingzhou by Su Song Shi
7. spend it; To earn a living/livelihood
After my home, I will be poor, poor and bitter, just living a quiet life. -Lin Qing Chueh-min's Book with His Wife
8. visit; Visit; visit
So he drove, flashed his sword and passed by his friend. -"The Warring States Policy Qi Ce IV"
9. Communicate and get along
I prefer to be nearby, and I don't drive. -Huang Songting Zhang's "Two Rhymes, De Confucianism, Five Feet, New Residence, Disease"
10, wrong, wrong.
There are only two people, but I have been there several times. -"Lu Chunqiu Lan Zang"
People are unchangeable, and then they can change. -"Mencius under the high posture"
1 1, strange, strange [blame]
Confucius said, "Don't ask for much? I'm afraid it's your fault! ) "-"The Analects of Confucius Jishi "
I heard that the king was interested in supervision and was able to get away. He has arrived in the army. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"
12, inherited, redundant or married
Baby, he's only at the door now, and it's an emergency. Teach me how to get him back. -Yuan Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan
13, [Language Help]
1. Unintentional illegal or evil behavior; mistake
If it's over, it's a sin. -"Shuo Wen"
No discrepancy, supplement. -Historical Records Biography of Ji 'an
1, excessive; Too much; go too far
It is too clear to live for a long time, but remember. -Liu Tang Zongyuan's "To Xiaoqiu West Xiaoshitang"
2. Look at the usage of classical Chinese in a specific context. Translated as "but", it means a turning point (the arm is not elongated, but the viewer is far away).
If "he" connects two nouns or adjectives, that is, the same part of speech, it means juxtaposition (fewer people, more animals). If the word before "harmony" is used to modify the word behind, it means to modify (the wood is thriving and the spring is warm in bloom).
It means "harmony" and can be interpreted as "then". For example, in anxious to return, Yu Fang, the water is on the water. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. There are a large number of notional words in classical Chinese, and mastering more notional words in classical Chinese is the key to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese.
When learning the notional words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to its three main features in grammar: one is polysemy, the other is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of words, and the third is the flexible use of parts of speech. Function words Function words?
In a specific context, the translation is "but", which means a turning point (the arm is not elongated, but the viewer is far away). If "he" connects two nouns or adjectives, that is, the same part of speech, it means juxtaposition (fewer people, more animals).
If the word before "harmony" is used to modify the word behind, it means to modify (the wood is thriving and the spring is warm in bloom). It means "harmony" and can be interpreted as "then". For example, in anxious to return, Yu Fang, the water is on the water.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
There are a large number of notional words in classical Chinese, and mastering more notional words in classical Chinese is the key to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. When learning the notional words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to its three main features in grammar: one is polysemy, the other is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of words, and the third is the flexible use of parts of speech.
Function words function words have no practical meaning, generally can't act as sentence components, and can't answer questions alone. (A few adverbs, such as "bu", "may" and "bu", can answer questions independently), and they can only make sentences with notional words to express various grammatical relations.
Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. Function words in classical Chinese only account for a small part of the whole vocabulary in classical Chinese, but they have great grammatical functions.
Many sentence patterns in classical Chinese are marked by function words, such as judgment sentences.
Who?
"Ye" and "Wei" in passive sentences.
Institute. "
Equivalent words are frequently used in classical Chinese, and their explanations are quite flexible. The main commonly used function words are: knowledge, strangeness, Yu, Yi, Er, Ze, Nai, Ruo, Er, Zhe, Wei, Ran, Shi, Ben, Si, Bi, He, An, Who, Hu, Di, Although, Although, However, Nature and Ye.
Yi, Hu, zai, Yan, ear, etc. In the past, meaning was taken as the standard. The real meaning was called real words, and the empty meaning was called function words.
Now, based on function, it is believed that notional words can serve as sentence components (of course, they have lexical and grammatical meanings), but they cannot serve as sentence components, and function words only have grammatical meanings. Content words are subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, quantifiers, adverbs, pronouns and special content words, onomatopoeia words and exclamations; Function words are further subdivided into prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and modal particles * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *.
2.*** Its exhaustion * * *, through "replenishment", replenishment. Fujin, why are you tired of it? You are satisfied with it.
4. If you don't read Qin, take it, pass the "lack", invade it, and cut it. Qin Bo said that he was glad to say "Yue" with Zheng.
6. It is wise to lose what you have, and it is "wise" not to know. Different meanings in ancient and modern times 1. Second, in Chu and ancient times: subordinate to two subjects, verbs; Today: capitalization and numerals of "two".
2. If she thinks the host is Gu: a master on the Oriental Road; Today: generally refers to the host of the banquet. 3. Baggage exchange, * * * is exhausted: the messenger, the person who sent the task; Today: point out what the door person carries with him.
4. Mrs. Wei's power is not as good as this ancient: that person; Today: address ordinary people's wives. "Goujian Destroys Wu" 7. As for the southern sentence, there is no sentence, and the "hook" is used.
8. The commander-in-chief and his wife, the second and third sons, are handsome and lead by "rate". 9. Make the strong not take the old woman, but "marry" a wife.
10. If it is free, it will be free, and if it is "sent", it will be sent. 1 1. After three years, release its politics and levy taxes.
12. sharpen your knife and learn from each other. 13. All the shops are paved and fed to people.
14. Take a break to swim, take a sip and give people water to drink. 15. There are 100 million people who are the best in clothes and water rhinoceros, and the word "you" is used between integer and zero.
5. Counselors and minions have to choose the ancients: like claws and teeth, they refer to helpers or right-hand men; Today: a metaphor for the henchmen of the bad guys. 6. Will not become a thing of the past; In this case; Today: The conjunction means that the last event is followed by the previous event.
7. Expose the bones of the ancient people in the Central Plains: vilen; Today: refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. 8. Husband is twenty years old: male; Today: After a man and a woman get married, the man is the woman's husband.
Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. 16. See Xu Gonglai, well aware and cautious. 9. Today, land is thousands of miles away: the land is Fiona Fang; Today: refers to a certain area.
Mo Long told Empress Dowager Zhao 17. Eat less, and be "addicted" to love. 18. Never look back, look back.
Ji's attack 19. Nothing is a past tense, but a modal particle at the end of a sentence. "My son's country is also" 20. If you don't want to be more than your neighbors, the "no" will pass.
2 1. Those who won the prize were not on the road and were "dotted". 22. I don't know if I'm hungry or how to spread it.
Persuasion 23. Although there are violent incidents, preach "again", again, again. Violence, exposure, exposure.
24. Knowing and knowing, but not knowing, then knowing "wisdom" and wisdom. 25. Gentlemen are born different, knowing "sex", knowing qualifications and knowing endowments.
Autumn water 26. Dajing in Jing Liu is straight and straight.
27. Don't fight between cattle and horses, but "distinguish" between them. "Guo Qin.
3. For all usages of "de" in classical Chinese, the pronunciation of "de" in classical Chinese is "dí", not "de". It can be used as both a noun and an adverb, all of which are as follows:
First, when "de" acts as a noun.
1) Original meaning: aboveboard. For example, the Goddess Fu of Chu and Song Yu in the Warring States Period: Qi Ruodan of Zhu Lip.
2) The central target of the arrow target. For example, Xunzi's exhortation to learn: it is an old-school Zhang, but it is a bow and arrow.
Second, when "de" is used as an adverb.
1) indeed; Really. For example, Qin Guan's Hai Huai Ji: Frost leaves never leave the forest, but it is true that Shan Weng has no sense of autumn. Another example is Miracle's poem "Send Friends of Nanyue" in the Five Dynasties: "I wasted my time for Chu, and Bian Hong deserved it."
2) affirmation; Absolutely. For example, "History of the Jin Dynasty, Biography of Rebellion and Fierce Holding in the Middle": "Angry holding in the middle, injury and danger, imperial decree 50." Another example: Lin Qingjuemin's Book of Wives and Concubines: I lay down my life, which worries you, and I can't bear it.
4. The usage, function and examples of the word "nai" in classical Chinese learned in middle school come from. Nai (1) is used as an adverb. 1. means that two things have a logical sequence or are close in time, which can be translated as "Cai", "Cai" and "Jiu". I dare to climb the wall. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. (1) I don't know if I know who the world is. (Peach Blossom Garden) 3. It can express the limitation of the scope of things and can be translated as "only" and "only". (1) Wang Naifu led the troops eastward, but rode twenty-eight times eastward. ("Biography of Xiang Yu") 4. Used in judgment sentences, it can be translated as "yes" or as the subject, and translated as "you". It cannot be used as an object. (1) Julian Waghann Beiding Central Plains Day, the family did not forget the sacrifice. (Lu You's "Shizi") 2. Used as a demonstrative pronoun, translated as "such". I do what I do, but I don't want it (Qi Huan King Shi Zhi). Can also be used as a conjunction, interpreted as ". Then, seeking a counselor is nothing more than ("Goujian Destroys Wu"), which translates as "so". (1) officer worship again, empty house sigh, plan. 5.Its (1) as a pronoun can be divided into several situations: 1. The third person pronoun. As an attributive, it can be the king or the lucky enough to forgive the minister. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. As a small subject in the subject-predicate phrase, the third person pronoun should be translated into "he" and "it" (including plural). The king of Qin was afraid that his walls would be broken. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 3. Use it flexibly as the first person or the second person. It should be translated as "mine" and "myself". I still have Cao Cao's career. (Battle of Red Cliffs) 4. Demonstrative pronouns have far-reaching influence. It can be translated as that, that, that and that. If you come out, you will blame the people who want to come out. If you were in Jingzhou today, you would have a good election. (Battle of Red Cliffs) 5. Demonstrative pronoun representation. It means "one of them", and most of them are numbers. ① Select one or two buttons in the rock. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) used as an adverb. 1. Strengthen imperative mood, which is equivalent to "can" and "return". (1) I want to be at ease in Anling with a place of five hundred miles, and Anling Jun can afford it! (desirable) 2. Strengthening the tone of speculation is equivalent to "I am afraid", "possible", "probably" and "possible". What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Wang is very happy, so Qi is almost the same? (Bao Zhuang meets Mencius) 3. Strengthening rhetorical tone is equivalent to "don't" and "how". (1) with the spare capacity of the old days, you can't destroy a hair on the mountain, just like earth and stone. (Yu Gong Yi Shan) ③ Used as a conjunction. 1. stands for the selected relationship, which is equivalent to "yes or no". I really don't know anything about horses? (Ma Shuo) 2. Hypothetical relationship, equivalent to "if". If a person's industry is not refined, if a person's morality is not excellent, then if a person's nature is inferior, then his heart is not specialized. (4) Auxiliary words can adjust syllables without translation. (1) Ruman Manqi Xiu Yuan Xi, I will search up and down ("Li Sao"). (Biography of Lingguan).
5. All usages of ancient Chinese 1. There are many uses of "zhi" as a pronoun in the textbook, such as the following word "zhi": 1, which is policy-oriented and says, "There is no horse in the world."
(Ma Shuo) 2. Who's the name? Monks in the mountains are also wise and immortal. ("Drunk Pavilion Preface") 3. Because its territory is too clear, you can't stay long, but remember it.
(Biography of Pond) 4. Hearing the sound of water, such as singing a bell, makes you feel happy. (Biography of Pond) 5. Take the screen down and have a look. Just one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot.
("Stomatology") 6. Look at it. Look at it again. (Cao Gui Debate) From the analysis of the above examples, we can see that when "zhi" is used after a verb, "zhi" is used as a pronoun and acts as the object of the verb before it.
Second, the usage of "zhi" as a verb, please see the following example: 1, where do I want the South China Sea? ("Encouraging Learning") 2. Goodbye Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou ("Goodbye Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou") 3. Farewell to Vice Governor Du for his post in Shu. (Chen She family) From the above example, we know that "zhi" as a verb has rules to follow.
The verb "zhi" is usually followed by a place noun, such as Nanhai, Guangling, Zhou Shu and Langshang. There are names or personal pronouns in front of them, such as "I", "Meng Haoran" and "Du Shaofu". Although there is no direct name in Example 4, it is obvious that Chen She is omitted from the example. The whole sentence should be "someone goes somewhere"
Thirdly, the usage of "zhi" as an auxiliary word is complicated. There are roughly three kinds of junior middle schools: 1 and "zhi" as a structural auxiliary word "de". When you see a small thing, you must carefully examine its texture, so you will find it interesting from time to time.
("Children's Fun") With the strength of old age, you can't destroy a hair on the mountain. What are things like dirt and stones? ("Yu Gong Yi Shan") Three customs pass the pheasant dove, in Hezhou. ("Guan Yu") 4 prisons, large and small, although unobservable, must have feelings.
("Cao Gui Debate") (5) The intention of losing the child is only to kill the minister. ("Lost") 6 I want to live in peace and tranquility in a place of 500 miles, and Anlingjun can promise me! From the analysis of the above examples, we can see that when the word after "zhi" is a noun (such as "interest", "week", "prison", "meaning" and "land") or a noun phrase (such as "Mao"), "zhi" is used as a structural auxiliary word.
2. "Zhi" is used between the subject and the predicate and is not translated. It's embarrassing, you won't benefit! (Yu Gong Yi Shan) Xu Gong is not as beautiful as a gentleman.
(Zou Ji satirizes Chabr, King of Qi) ③ Children are not fish, but they know the joy of fish? ("Zhuangzi Keiko You Haoliang") (4) Take the world as you please and attack your relatives. ("Get more help from the Tao, get less help from the Tao") 5 Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later.
It can be seen from these examples that when "zhi" is used between a noun or pronoun (subject) and a verb or adjective (predicate), "zhi" is not translated. 3. "Zhi" plays the role of regulating syllables and does not translate.
This usage is rare in junior high school, for example: ① After a long time, my eyes seem to fade and I am very idle. ("Wolf") On the ridge of ploughing, I felt sorry for a long time.
(Chen She's home) 3456 It can be seen that this kind of "zhi" is often used after adverbs of time to adjust syllables without translation.
6. The usage of "so" in the original classical Chinese
The usage of "so" in classical Chinese is 1. Wen Zi? Nature: "There are masters who don't know the truth, and only saints can know the truth." Historical records? Preface to Taishi Gong: In Spring and Autumn Annals, thirty-six kings were killed and fifty were killed. I lost it after reading it. "Tang Hanyu's poem Li Hua:" If you ask me why, I will go all the way to the sunset. " Jin Dong explained the first volume of Yuan's The West Chamber: "The matchmaker said,' I don't know it for you'." Sheng said, "I want to hear it." "The Scholars" for the first time: "Ask the reason, all the counties along the Yellow River were killed by the river, and there were no houses in Tianlu." 2. It can form a noun phrase with adjectives or verbs, and still express reasons and feelings. Zhuangzi? Tian Yun: "He knows beauty, but he doesn't know why. "Historical records? Wei Kangshu's family: "Be sure to ask Yin Zhixian to be a gentleman and an elder and ask him why he prospered, so he died and served the people." 3. used, used. Zhuangzi? Heaven and earth: "It is the three, not the principle of cultivating morality." Historical records? Biography of Meng Changjun: "If you are in a hurry, you will never be able to pay. In fact, you are good for a gentleman and don't love gentry. At the bottom, you are away from the top, which is why Li Shimin is proud of you. " Several Strategies of Su Song Xun. Assess the situation: "Therefore, the prestige is beneficial, so the strength of the world is also cut. "4. Conjunction. Indicates a causal relationship. Used in the second half of the sentence, from cause to effect. Xunzi? Ai Gong said, "This question is wrong because you don't ask the official. Yan Jiaxun of Yan Zhitui in Northern Qi Dynasty? Mu Xian: "There are many people in the world, but the ears are light and the eyes are light, and the distance is light and the near is heavy ... So Lu called Confucius' Dong Jiaqiu'." Tang Li Bai's Book of Jingzhou with the Han Dynasty: "Once on the Dragon Gate, the reputation is ten times, so Longpan and Fengyi all want to set the price in the name of Jun." The sixth time in A Dream of Red Mansions: "He and Sister Lin are on the same day. What did he do?"
7. An overview of the usage and interpretation of "Qi" in classical Chinese. I am a senior two student. Please help me find a usage of "Qi": (1) pronoun. 1. His (theirs), such as Tang Fu Tu Bao Hui, started at his address. 2. The third person pronoun, they, it (theirs). Then a good traveler can't be poor. 3. First person or second person. I (myself), mine and yours. 4. Demonstrative pronouns, that, that, there, this, here, these, among them. For example, praise Zen with later names. Select one or two buttons in the rock. (2) Adverb.10000000035 With the strength of old age, you can't destroy a hair on the mountain, just like earth and stone. 3. Strengthen the tone of guessing "I'm afraid", "possible" and "probably". I really don't understand horses! Conjunction The table assumes that "if" is like: the cause is not refined, and the morality is not refined. (d) auxiliary words, coordinate syllables. You don't have to translate. For example, the road is long, Xiu Yuan is Xi, and I will search up and down.
8. Usage of eighteen function words in classical Chinese 1. 1. Pronouns: Act from generation to generation, for example: To report to your majesty, you know, the first emperor called it "a person who can eat meat and take advantage." He said that the world was smooth and strange, and he began to point out the reasons for the differences. He wrote a composition in memory of your majesty's wishes. 2. Auxiliary words: (1) is equivalent to "de" in modern Chinese (the most of this kind): for example, what happened in the palace ended up hurting the height of the poor mountains in the Ming Dynasty, and then it was known that the mountains stood out from the crowd. At four o'clock in the mountains, the mountains and rivers are complacent and I don't know the joy of people. Li Sancheng consolidated the country without tasting the feelings of mountains and rivers, and the grand view of Yueyang Tower was also prepared by predecessors. (2) Used between subject-predicate phrases, it cancels the independence of sentences. The new cold light of the mirror comes from people's learning. (3) Supplementary syllables (this is relatively rare): For example, the public's regret for drums has a long history. (3) Verbs (this kind of junior high school textbooks is rare) For example, on the ridge of ploughing, Wu is next to it. This kind of grammar involves classical Chinese grammar, so junior high school students don't need to master it. ) For example, He Lou, who lives high in the temple, worries about its people. There were two crimes in the Song Dynasty, 65,438+0, pronouns (there are many such crimes): the substitute can also mean that it is equivalent to "that" to show its blame, and the people have heard about its merits and demerits, and its heart has been engraved in Tang Xian's poems. Villagers want their flags to be wiped out, so just read their articles and listen to their comments. He really doesn't know horses. He really doesn't know horses. The preposition 1 can be interpreted as: use, rely on, rely on, rely on, because, take, handle, etc. People who wake up from their dreams tell stories that the world is smooth (with the same, with the same) without rejoicing in things (because) they know that consulting (with the same) will be slightly crowned in the world with the talent of sharing people's feelings (with the same) (with the same). It is not despicable for the emperor to be a minister with contemporary events (with the same) (because) although it is impossible to observe, it must be based on feelings (according to). Conjunction (1) Table Purpose: Take translation as an example, and write a composition to remember the killing. In response to Chen She's article, he will show the emperor his glory, his reasons, his blame and tell the emperor's spirit. He will be angry that his public knows that the vast world will attack the Song Dynasty. (2) Table results: Translated as an example, it hurts the emperor's knowledge and blocks the road of loyalty and advice. Other thoughts (1): Translated into thoughts as examples, or thoughts of death (2) So: A, used to express meaning, for example, this minister is loyal to your majesty because of his duty as an ancient emperor, so he is patient, for example, this late Han is so prosperous, (3) is equivalent to "harmony": if he is drunk, he will lie on the pillow (. What kind of prince would like to have? Yes or no! 2. Prepositions (usually used in sentences): For example, people who care about mountains and rivers and then know that all the articles in the world are gathered here. 3. As a suffix (usually used after adjectives): for example, leisurely and suffocating, swimming with the creator (equivalent to "...") 5. Although 1, even meaning.
For example, although you have the power of thousands of miles, you can't see what it means to kill a minister, but you can't absolutely mean it. For example, Bai's book, although the wind is still strong, although the public loss is ladder six for me, but 1, pronoun: this meaning.
For example, Guangwu was impressed, although the bus board looked like a ladder to me. For example, depressed people are looking forward to it, while deep and beautiful people are good at raising my lofty spirit.
But for example, the minister of guards can't learn anything except seven, or 1. Some people: for example, they are innocent or think they are dead or dead. Sometimes, it's like they are eating or eating a stone or an urgent order from the king. Perhaps, they are 8, 1, prepositions (equivalent to "Bei")