8.2. After the Greeks defeated the Persian army in the marathon, they sent an expert runner back to the city to report the victory. In order to let people know the news of victory as soon as possible, this man kept running and brought good news to the people who were expecting it for the first time, but he was exhausted. This is the origin of marathon running.
In the Zhou Dynasty, there was a Zhou Youwang, a very cruel and corrupt monarch. He has a beloved princess named Bosi. She is very beautiful, with beautiful eyes and clear eyebrows. Red lips and white teeth, holding dark clouds, pointing to cutting jade. She is as beautiful as flowers and the moon. She is really beautiful. "Praise the princess for her beauty, but never smile. To this end, Zhou Youwang made a reward: "Whoever can make the empress laugh will be rewarded with one thousand Jin of gold" (copper was called gold at that time). So someone came up with a way to light a bonfire, hoping to get a smile from the queen. One night, Zhou Youwang boarded the tower with a lovely princess and ordered bonfires to be lit everywhere. When the neighboring governors saw the bonfire, they thought that Xirong (a tribe in the west at that time) was attacking, so they led the troops to the city gate to rescue them, but they saw bright lights and loud drums. I didn't know it was a funny thing that Zhou Youwang made fun of the queen until I asked. Every Norhou dared to be angry and dare not speak, so he had to retreat back to camp in anger. He saw it and smiled indifferently. But not long after, Xirong really attacked. Although the bonfire was lit, no reinforcements arrived. It turned out that the governors thought that Zhou Youwang was doing the same thing again. As a result, Xirong occupied the capital and Zhou Youwang was killed. Since then, the Western Zhou Dynasty has perished.
Ancient times:
China is one of the first countries in the world to establish an organized information transmission system. As early as 3000 years ago, there were records of information transmission in Shang Dynasty.
Post-horse relay is an early organized mode of communication. The "Postman" sculpture is located in Jiayuguan Railway Station Square, based on the mural tomb of Wei and Jin Dynasties in Jiayuguan. With a simple document in his hand, the postman galloped at high speed on all fours. This brick mural was taken as the theme of a small stamp by the First Congress of the All-China Philatelic Federation 1982, which shows that Jiayuguan is one of the cradles of information culture in China.
A whole set of evacuation system was formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the documents delivered were graded, and the documents of different grades should be delivered by special personnel and special horses in accordance with the prescribed order and time. Sending and receiving these documents must be registered and marked with time to show responsibility.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cause of evacuation developed unprecedentedly. The official postal transport line in the Tang Dynasty centered on Chang 'an, the capital city, radiating in all directions and reaching the frontier, with a post station about 30 miles away. According to the Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty, at its peak, there were 1 639 post stations in China, with more than 20,000 people specializing in postal services, including 1.7 million post soldiers. The post is divided into three types: land post, water post and waterway merger. Each station is equipped with a station house, a post horse, a post donkey, a post boat and a post yard.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were also explicit provisions on the itinerary of the post station. Lu Yi's trotters walk six posts a day, that is, 180 Li, and then there are about 300 Aliri, and the fastest requirement is 500 Aliri. Pedestrians travel 50 miles a day; Sailing against the current, the river is forty miles, the river is fifty miles, and the other six miles; When it is good, specify 100 to 150 miles. The poet Cen Can wrote in the poem "A Judge on the Road to Longshan" that "after a post, the post rides like a Milky Way; Pingming sent Xianyang, the curtain and the top of the mountain. " Here, he compares the post horse to a meteor. On November 9th, 14th year of Tianbao, An Lushan rebelled in Fanyang. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was in Huaqing Palace, three thousand miles apart. Within six days, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty learned the news, and the speed of communication reached 500 miles per day. It can be seen that the organization and speed of postal communication in Tang Dynasty reached a high level.
In the Song Dynasty, all official documents and letters were called "delivery", and "express delivery shop" appeared. There is a bronze bell tied to the collar of the riding whistle in a hurry. Running on the road, ringing the bell during the day and lighting a fire at night, the person killed is not responsible. Shopping for horses, shopping for people, rain or shine, day and night. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, an anti-gold general, was forcibly recalled to Lin 'an from the front with 12 gold medals by Song Gaozong. This kind of gold medal is a gold plate sent by express delivery, indicating urgency.
There are also bells and drums, fireworks, pigeons, semaphores, wolf smoke and other ways to convey information.
Marathon was originally a place name in Greece. In 490 BC, the Greek army repelled the invasion of the Persian army in the Marathon Plain. The messenger Fedipides ran from marathon to Athens. After reporting the news of victory, he fell to the ground and died of exhaustion.
transmission mode
1, ancient times: postal delivery system, Hongyan delivered books.
2. Modern: telegraph and network communication.
As far as the communication history of mankind is concerned, the evolution of information communication mode presents such a vein: visual culture, auditory culture (intuitive feeling, "spirit of seeing")-conceptual culture ("spirit of reading")-new audio-visual culture ("new spirit of seeing").
Therefore, we absolutely have reason to believe that in the future, image information will occupy the mainstream, and literature will retreat to an extremely marginal position and be replaced by an audible, visible and even tangible multimedia art. However, words will not be completely replaced by images as predicted by some people, because words are the main means to accumulate knowledge, an indispensable link for human beings to acquire abstract thinking and an indispensable medium for human communication.
The way of ancient information transmission:
1. Migratory birds, especially pigeons and geese, are used as communication tools.
2. the way to make stuffing, such as hiding in fish belly, cake, steamed stuffed bun, etc.
3. With special sounds, such as bells, drums and firecrackers.
4. There are lights and firelights, such as Kongming lanterns and beacon towers.
5. There are other signs and decorations. , and other signs to lure the enemy.
Modern information dissemination mode:
1. Wired communication transmission, such as telephone, fax, telegram, television, etc.
2. Wireless communication transmission, such as walkie-talkies, pagers (to be eliminated), mobile phones, radios, etc.
3. Digital communication transmission, the most familiar, networked computers, digital TV.
4. Paper communication transmission, such as letters and newspapers.
Hongyan delivers books. The geese are messengers.
. The story of Hongyan's biography originated from Hanshu? Su Wu biography, emperor wudi, Su Wu to the huns, detained in the north sea. Later, Korea and Hungary reconciled, and Korea begged Su Wu and others to release them. Xiongnu lied that Su Wu was dead, and Chang Hui, a subordinate official of Su Wu, met an ambassador in the evening, and told him to tell Xiongnu that when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was hunting in the forest, he would come from the north to see Hongyan, whose feet were tied with silk, saying that Su Wu and others were trapped in a certain jersey. Khan was frightened when he heard the news, so he had to put it back in Su Wu. As a result, later generations will associate letters with wild geese, and geese, as messengers of letters, often appear in the poems of literati. For example, "the geese come without evidence, and the road is difficult to dream." (Five generations? Li Yu's "Qing Ping Le") "Fish book is not without geese, and I want to make sad autumn poems." (Sword by Li Mingxian) Not only that, when the ancients mailed letters, they also made them into the shape of geese with bamboo or silk in the middle, which was convenient for mailing. The ancients also used Hong Jing to refer to beautiful women. Cao Zhi described Luo Shen in "Luo Shen Fu": "If you are surprised, you will look like Youlong". Shan Li's Note: "Dancing is like a wild goose's surprise". "The spring waves under the sad bridge are green, which was once a stunning photo" (Two Poems of Shenyuan by Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty). Here, it is used to describe the beauty of Lu You's ex-wife Tang.