Secondly, since the Western Han Dynasty, Xungui has had many food cities in this area, and the number of households eating them is increasing, which can also prove the existence and development of private ownership of small-scale farmers' land. In the Western Han Dynasty, the feudal government collected 65,438+0/65,438+05 or 65,438+0/30 of the land income from the yeomen as taxes. However, at the beginning of the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, the feudal central government often gave taxes to nobles who originally belonged to counties, and let them eat the tax revenue of a county or a county, which was also reflected in counties in Heluo area of the Western Han Dynasty. In the Chu-Han War, the battle of Liu Bang and Pengcheng was defeated, and Fan Kuai "returned to Xingyang from Liu Bang to feed two thousand households in Pingyin". After Liu Bang acceded to the throne, "800 households benefited from meritorious service". (Note: Hanshu Volume 4 1 Biography of Fan Kuai. Pingyin Old Town is in the east of Mengjin County today. Fan Kuai could eat 2,800 households in Pingyin in the early Han Dynasty, which reflected that there were many yeomen here. In the Chu-Han War, Jinyun "broke the Chu army in Xingyang East". There are 4,200 food cities. " Later, when the rebellion of the king with a different surname was put down, he "won the trust of the king of Chu" and "decided to eat 4,600 households"; And "since the attack on Qing Bu, it has been sealed and set at 5,300 households." (Note: Hanshu Volume 4 1 Biography of the Golden Roll. ) The increase of Xingyang Food City in Jin Kui shows that the number of farmers in Xingyang County is increasing rapidly, otherwise the number of food city households could not be increased. Maybe it didn't eat the whole county in the early days, but only a part, which is unknown. But as far as the rapid economic recovery in the early Han Dynasty is concerned, it is more likely to be the former. The historical materials of food cities in Heluo area of the Western Han Dynasty are no longer listed. Because there were many food cities in Heluo area during the Western Han Dynasty, it shows that the yeoman economy here has developed to a certain level. It is inevitable that these farmers own a certain amount of private land. The yeoman handed over the tax originally paid to the government to the owner of the food city.
In addition, some policies implemented by the central government in the Western Han Dynasty in Heluo area were obviously aimed at fostering the small-scale peasant economy. Mainly manifested in the supply of small farmers with a certain area of land. For example, in the first month of spring in the third year of Zhao Hanyuanfeng (the first 78 years), "Zhongmou Garden gave poverty". (Note: Han Shu Volume 7 Zhao Diji. In the Western Han Dynasty, the emperors of Wu, Xuan, Ai and Ping took many national measures to "give the people's commons", and "fu" was interpreted by Yan Shigu as "giving" or "giving it according to the mouth". It can be seen that "giving people public land" means distributing state-owned land to farmers. In the absence of land grant regulations, such land recipients become yeomen under state control, and their land becomes private land. Under this series of policies to grant land to small farmers, small farmers in this area have also obtained a certain amount of land. This is the reason why there were still a certain number of yeomen in the counties of this area in the second year of Emperor Ping of Han Dynasty. Finally, the existence of land sale in the development of small-scale peasant private land also reflects the instability of small-scale peasant private land. The Book of Pacification, Volume 30 of Historical Records, says: "Bo Shi people are also from Henan. There is still a younger brother, a strong brother, who can be freed. You can take more than 100 cattle and sheep by yourself, and you can go to the mountains with your brother to graze for more than ten years. There are more than 1000 sheep, you can buy a farmhouse, but your brother screwed up the industry. There are many people who can go back to your brother. " After Bo Shi ceded his land and real estate to his younger brother, he became rich by herding sheep, and also "bought a farmhouse", indicating that there was land sale in Henan County where Bo Shi was located. Bo Shi's younger brother "has done his best to break his career, and few people are separated from his younger brother." The frequency of land sales is high. From the above four aspects, we can see that the private ownership of small-scale peasant land, as the source of labor and tax revenue in feudal society, existed from beginning to end and became the foundation of feudal government.
The rapid development of private ownership of land by powerful landlords in the Eastern Han Dynasty not only eroded the state-owned land, but also threatened the private land of small farmers at all times. In this social environment, the development of small farmers' private land system is extremely slow. From Zhang Di to Andy, the Central Committee has been "playing the public interest for personal gain" for many times (note: Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Volume III, Chapter II, Volume IV, Andi Ji, Volume 32, Fan Hongchuan Attached to the Falcon, Volume 44, Biography of yu zhang). ) These state-owned land originally belonging to the government has gradually become private land cultivated by farmers. In fact, this practice of "giving" or "pretending" people to use public land is a government policy aimed at supporting small farmers. Sometimes, the government will repay loans to small farmers to grow grain. For example, in the second year of Zhang's reign (86), he wrote a letter: "There are still many fertile fields today that have not been reclaimed. It knows to give the poor, give food seeds, do its best, and don't let wanderers. " (Note: Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Volume III, Chapter of the Emperor. ) He Di also wrote in the first month of the 16th year of Yongyuan that "the poor have fields and cannot grow their own crops because of lack". There is even a policy of "the poor have no one to plow, and they directly recruit scalpers". In July, it is "the imperial edict that half the world will enter this year's land rent, straw G M: O @ ①; Those affected by the disaster will be eliminated by reality. The poor are not responsible for borrowing money to grow grain, rent land or cultivate. " (Note: The History of the Later Han Dynasty, Volume 4, The Age of the Emperor. There are many imperial edicts like this, which are recorded in history books. Their purpose is to reduce the burden on farmers, so that they will not abandon their land and become refugees because of crop failure or disaster. Because the existence of small-scale peasant land is an important source of national tax revenue, the reduction of small-scale peasant and small-scale peasant land will directly threaten national tax revenue, so the feudal government must maintain the existence of small-scale peasant economy, that is, it needs a certain number of private owners of small-scale peasant land. Sometimes even the extra expropriation comes from the farmland of small farmers. For example, in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty (volume 3 1) and Lu Kangchuan, in the first year of Yonghe, "the Emperor Ling wanted to cast bronze people, but the country was in short supply, so he requisitioned the land for the people and received ten yuan per mu. Compared with floods and droughts, the people are poor. " Although this was imposed by Mu, in the dark government environment at the end of the Han Dynasty, it was obviously ordinary small farmers who were poor.
In the process of small-scale peasant economy development, the management of small-scale peasant private land ownership also reflects the status of small-scale peasant private land ownership. It is recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Volume 84, Biography of Women, that Le Yangzi's wife not only weaves to support the sheep and her mother-in-law, but also plants them in all her gardens. "Eat it if you taste it." It means that Leyangzi has a private garden. In five years in Yongping, Ming Di, because of breaking the law, Wu Lun "never returned to the fields, cultivated himself and kept away from people" (Note: The Book of the Later Han Dynasty (Volume 4 1), The Biography of Wu Lun. And "History of the East View of Hanshu" said: "Five Lun is the satrap of the meeting, and the official is exempt from returning to the field, bowing to make the slave grow wheat." (Note: "Taiping Yu Lan" Volume 822 cited. There is no difference between wulun and ordinary yeomen after the official exemption, and it is normal to farm on the land. Yang Town, Hongnong County, "Little lonely and miserable, living alone with her mother, planting in a false place to feed her. Students who have tasted the help of planting blue are shocked and even rejected. The village name is filial piety. " (Note: The History of the Later Han Dynasty (Volume 54) and Yang Zhenchuan quoted the History of the Later Han Dynasty. ) and other historical books call it "Chang Zhi Lan self-employed." Whether renting other people's land or farming by yourself, there is no doubt that its area is very small. In the historical materials handed down to this day, there are still beautiful talks about officials solving small-scale farmers' land disputes. , "Lu Gong for Zhongmou order, Xu Bo filed a lawsuit. For the vicious Zetian, the year is a county. Gongping straightened things out and gave in to each other. " (Note: Selected Works (Volume 59) Shen Yue's inscription on Zhao Haoqi's Record of Guqi 'an, and Shan Li's annotation on the East View of Han Ji. Kitazawa was originally a part of state-owned land. After the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty granted the common land to the people for many times, it became private owned by small farmers. Beizechang here may be the land near Putianze, and the resulting disputes for many years cannot be resolved, which also shows that the privatization process of state-owned land is complicated. The most unstable factor of private ownership of small-scale farmers' land comes from the misappropriation of small-scale farmers' land by private ownership of landlords. It is recorded in the Book of Later Han Dynasty (volume seventy-six) Biography of the Official History of Wang Huan that when Ming Di was in power, Wang Huan's life changed, and the county became more cunning, which made people miserable. Huan attacked it with the general's plan, and he learned to punish it. In the territory of Qingyi, businessmen sleep on the road. There are cattle herders, and the cloud is the son (Wang Huan word-leader's note), and there is no infringement. " This may be because cunning people invaded the land of small farmers, so some herders said gratefully that it was all due to Wang Huan after fighting for cunning. If this historical data is ambiguous, the following historical data clearly shows that the tyrannical landlord violated the private land of small farmers. "Wang Huan is a magistrate of a county in wen county, Henan Province, and the local customs are oppressive. I arrived and raised a sage. When the people opened the door, they all let the cows go wild. " (Note: Shu Chao, Volume 78 Sima Biao's Biography of Continuing Han Officials, quoted from Zhou Tianyou's Eight Records of the Later Han Dynasty, Volume 5, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987 edition. The autocratic regime occupied the land of small farmers, leaving them with no land to graze cattle. After Wang Huan killed these people, the land returned to the hands of small farmers, so people began to herd cattle in the wild.